Current status and progress of torpedo maculopathy_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Shi Jie ,  Peng Xiaoyan

Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China;

Corresponding author：

Peng Xiaoyan, Email: Drpengxy2017@163.com

Keywords：

Retinal pigment epithelium/injuries; Macular degeneration; Review; Torpedo maculopathy

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2020.02.018

Video：

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Torpedo maculopathy is a rare, congenital lesion of RPE, which locates temporal to the macula and along the horizontal raphe. The lesion is torpedo-shaped with its torpedo-like tip pointing towards the fovea. As an incidental finding, it often affects only one eye with no damage to central visual acuity. According to its characteristics on OCT, it is divided into 2 types: typeⅠ, attenuation of outer retinal structures without outer retinal cavitation; typeⅡ, those with both attenuation of outer retinal structures and outer retinal cavitation. Diseases with pigment changes in the RPE layer similar to torpedo maculopathy include congenital hypertrophy of the RPE, RPE lesions in Gardner syndrome, etc. The main point to distinguish the disease from other diseases is its unique location and shape. Most of the torpedo maculopathy lesions are stable and do not require special treatment, but the disease can be complicated by neurosensory retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization and so on, and symptomatic treatment is needed if necessary.

Citation： Shi Jie, Peng Xiaoyan. Current status and progress of torpedo maculopathy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2020, 36(2): 162-165. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2020.02.018 Copy

1.	Golchet PR, Jampol LM, Mathura JR, et al. Torpedo maculopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 94(3): 302-306. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2009.162669.
2.	Gass JD. Focal congenital anomalies of the retinal pigment epithelium[J]. Eye, 1989, 3(Pt 1): 1-18.
3.	Roseman RL, Gass JD. Solitary hypopigmented nevus of the retinal pigment epithelium in the macula[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1992, 110(10): 1358-1359. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1992.01080220020005.
4.	Daily MJ. Torpedo maculopathy or paramacular spot syndrome[C]. New Dimensions in Retina Symposium, Chicago, USA, 1993.
5.	Richez F, Gueudry J, Brasseur G, et al. Bilateral torpedo maculopathy[J]. J Fr Ophtalmol, 2010, 33(4): 296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2009.12.013.
6.	Sanabria MR, Coco RM, Sanchidrian M. OCT findings in torpedo maculopathy[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2008, 2(2): 109-111. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0b013e318033a130.
7.	Cullen C, Zaborowski AG. A case report of torpedo maculopathy in an African boy[J]. J AAPOS, 2013, 17(6): 625-626. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.07.009.
8.	Pian D, Ferrucci S, Anderson SF, et al. Paramacular coloboma[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2003, 80(8): 556-563. DOI: 10.1097/00006324-200308000-00008.
9.	Williams PJ, Salek S, Prinzi RA, et al. Distribution patterns of torpedo maculopathy: further evidence of a congenital retinal nerve fiber layer-driven etiology[J]. Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2019, 33(3): 260-267. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.07.010.
10.	Teitelbaum BA, Hachey DL, Messner LV. Torpedo maculopathy[J]. J Am Optom Assoc, 1997, 68(6): 373-376.
11.	Giannakaki-Zimmermann H, Munk MR, Dysli C, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography features of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2017, 13(4): 337-342. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000589.
12.	Chawla R, Pujari A, Rakheja V, et al. Torpedo maculopathy: a primary choroidal capillary abnormality?[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(2): 328-329. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_784_17.
13.	Shields CL, Guzman JM, Shapiro MJ, et al. Torpedo maculopathy at the site of the fetal "bulge"[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2010, 128(4): 499-501. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.29.
14.	Trevino R, Kiani S, Raveendranathan P. The expanding clinical spectrum of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2014, 9191(4 Suppl 1): S71-78. DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000181.
15.	Wong EN, Fraser-Bell S, Hunyor AP, et al. Novel optical coherence tomography classification of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2015, 43(4): 342-348. DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12435.
16.	Shirley K, O'Neill M, Gamble R, et al. Torpedo maculopathy: disease spectrum and associated choroidal neovascularisation in a paediatric population[J]. Eye (Lond), 2018, 32(8): 1315-1320. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0074-7.
17.	Tripathy K, Sarma B, Mazumdar S. Commentary: inner retinal excavation in torpedo maculopathy and proposed type 3 lesions in optical coherence tomography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(8): 1213-1214. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_656_18.
18.	Papastefanou VP, Vázquez-Alfageme C, Keane PA, et al. Multimodality imaging of torpedo maculopathy with swept-source, en face optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2018, 12(2): 153-157. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000456.
19.	Villegas VM, Schwartz SG, Flynn HW, et al. Distinguishing torpedo maculopathy from similar lesions of the posterior segment[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2014, 45(3): 222-226. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140410-01.
20.	Panigrahi PK, Minj A, Satapathy J. Torpedo maculopathy with multifocal central serous chorioretinopathy: a rare case report[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(2): 330-331. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_812_17.
21.	石婕, 李杨, 彭晓燕. 鱼雷样黄斑病变一例[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2018, 54(4): 294-296. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.04.012.Shi J, Li Y, Peng XY, et al. A case of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54(4): 294-296. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.04.012.
22.	Rohl A, Vance S. Hyperpigmented torpedo maculopathy with pseudo-lacuna: a 5-year follow-up[J]. Case Rep Ophthalmol, 2016, 7(1): 184-190. DOI: 10.1159/000445497.
23.	Ali Z, Shields C, Jasani K, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in torpedo maculopathy[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2017, 48(11): 932-935. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20171030-10.
24.	Hamm C, Shechtman D, Reynolds S. A deeper look at torpedo maculopathy[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2017, 100(6): 563-568. DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12540.
25.	Hugo J, Beylerian M, Denion E, et al. Multimodal imaging of torpedo maculopathy including adaptive optics[J/OL]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2019, 2019: 1120672119827772[2019-02-08]. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1120672119827772?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed. DOI: 10.1177/112067211982777237.
26.	Venkatesh R, Yadav NK, Sinha S, et al. Structural-functional correlation using adaptive optics, visual fields, optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinogram in a case of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(9): 1502-1505. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2044_18.
27.	Buzzonetti L, Petroni S, Catena G, et al. Optical coherence tomography and electrophysiological findings in torpedo maculopathy[J]. Doc Ophthalmol, 2015, 130(1): 65-70. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9472-8.
28.	Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Ho T, et al. Solitary congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium: clinical features and frequency of enlargement in 330 patients[J]. Ophthalmology, 2003, 110(10): 1968-1976. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00618-3.
29.	Shields JA, Shields CL. Tumors and related lesions of the pigmented epithelium[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2017, 6(2): 215-223. DOI: 10.22608/APO.201705.
30.	Su Y, Gurwood AS. Neurosensory retinal detachment secondary to torpedo maculopathy[J]. Optometry, 2010, 81(8): 405-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2010.06.001.
31.	Jurjevic D, Böni C, Barthelmes D, et al. Torpedo maculopathy associated with choroidal neovascularization[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2017, 234(4): 508-514. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-100230.
32.	Touriño R, Rodríguez-Ares MT, López-Valladares MJ, et al. Fluorescein angiographic features of the congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in the familial adenomatous polyposis[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2005, 26(1-2): 59-65. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-006-0007-5.
33.	Dolz-Marco R, Saffra NA, Freund KB. Torpedo maculopathy presenting with a vitelliform lesion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(2): 19-20. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001305.

1. Golchet PR, Jampol LM, Mathura JR, et al. Torpedo maculopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 94(3): 302-306. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2009.162669.
2. Gass JD. Focal congenital anomalies of the retinal pigment epithelium[J]. Eye, 1989, 3(Pt 1): 1-18.
3. Roseman RL, Gass JD. Solitary hypopigmented nevus of the retinal pigment epithelium in the macula[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1992, 110(10): 1358-1359. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1992.01080220020005.
4. Daily MJ. Torpedo maculopathy or paramacular spot syndrome[C]. New Dimensions in Retina Symposium, Chicago, USA, 1993.
5. Richez F, Gueudry J, Brasseur G, et al. Bilateral torpedo maculopathy[J]. J Fr Ophtalmol, 2010, 33(4): 296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2009.12.013.
6. Sanabria MR, Coco RM, Sanchidrian M. OCT findings in torpedo maculopathy[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2008, 2(2): 109-111. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0b013e318033a130.
7. Cullen C, Zaborowski AG. A case report of torpedo maculopathy in an African boy[J]. J AAPOS, 2013, 17(6): 625-626. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.07.009.
8. Pian D, Ferrucci S, Anderson SF, et al. Paramacular coloboma[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2003, 80(8): 556-563. DOI: 10.1097/00006324-200308000-00008.
9. Williams PJ, Salek S, Prinzi RA, et al. Distribution patterns of torpedo maculopathy: further evidence of a congenital retinal nerve fiber layer-driven etiology[J]. Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2019, 33(3): 260-267. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.07.010.
10. Teitelbaum BA, Hachey DL, Messner LV. Torpedo maculopathy[J]. J Am Optom Assoc, 1997, 68(6): 373-376.
11. Giannakaki-Zimmermann H, Munk MR, Dysli C, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography features of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2017, 13(4): 337-342. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000589.
12. Chawla R, Pujari A, Rakheja V, et al. Torpedo maculopathy: a primary choroidal capillary abnormality?[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(2): 328-329. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_784_17.
13. Shields CL, Guzman JM, Shapiro MJ, et al. Torpedo maculopathy at the site of the fetal "bulge"[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2010, 128(4): 499-501. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.29.
14. Trevino R, Kiani S, Raveendranathan P. The expanding clinical spectrum of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2014, 9191(4 Suppl 1): S71-78. DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000181.
15. Wong EN, Fraser-Bell S, Hunyor AP, et al. Novel optical coherence tomography classification of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2015, 43(4): 342-348. DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12435.
16. Shirley K, O'Neill M, Gamble R, et al. Torpedo maculopathy: disease spectrum and associated choroidal neovascularisation in a paediatric population[J]. Eye (Lond), 2018, 32(8): 1315-1320. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0074-7.
17. Tripathy K, Sarma B, Mazumdar S. Commentary: inner retinal excavation in torpedo maculopathy and proposed type 3 lesions in optical coherence tomography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(8): 1213-1214. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_656_18.
18. Papastefanou VP, Vázquez-Alfageme C, Keane PA, et al. Multimodality imaging of torpedo maculopathy with swept-source, en face optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2018, 12(2): 153-157. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000456.
19. Villegas VM, Schwartz SG, Flynn HW, et al. Distinguishing torpedo maculopathy from similar lesions of the posterior segment[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2014, 45(3): 222-226. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140410-01.
20. Panigrahi PK, Minj A, Satapathy J. Torpedo maculopathy with multifocal central serous chorioretinopathy: a rare case report[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(2): 330-331. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_812_17.
21. 石婕, 李杨, 彭晓燕. 鱼雷样黄斑病变一例[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2018, 54(4): 294-296. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.04.012.Shi J, Li Y, Peng XY, et al. A case of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54(4): 294-296. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.04.012.
22. Rohl A, Vance S. Hyperpigmented torpedo maculopathy with pseudo-lacuna: a 5-year follow-up[J]. Case Rep Ophthalmol, 2016, 7(1): 184-190. DOI: 10.1159/000445497.
23. Ali Z, Shields C, Jasani K, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in torpedo maculopathy[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2017, 48(11): 932-935. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20171030-10.
24. Hamm C, Shechtman D, Reynolds S. A deeper look at torpedo maculopathy[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2017, 100(6): 563-568. DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12540.
25. Hugo J, Beylerian M, Denion E, et al. Multimodal imaging of torpedo maculopathy including adaptive optics[J/OL]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2019, 2019: 1120672119827772[2019-02-08]. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1120672119827772?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed. DOI: 10.1177/112067211982777237.
26. Venkatesh R, Yadav NK, Sinha S, et al. Structural-functional correlation using adaptive optics, visual fields, optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinogram in a case of torpedo maculopathy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(9): 1502-1505. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2044_18.
27. Buzzonetti L, Petroni S, Catena G, et al. Optical coherence tomography and electrophysiological findings in torpedo maculopathy[J]. Doc Ophthalmol, 2015, 130(1): 65-70. DOI: 10.1007/s10633-014-9472-8.
28. Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Ho T, et al. Solitary congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium: clinical features and frequency of enlargement in 330 patients[J]. Ophthalmology, 2003, 110(10): 1968-1976. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00618-3.
29. Shields JA, Shields CL. Tumors and related lesions of the pigmented epithelium[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2017, 6(2): 215-223. DOI: 10.22608/APO.201705.
30. Su Y, Gurwood AS. Neurosensory retinal detachment secondary to torpedo maculopathy[J]. Optometry, 2010, 81(8): 405-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2010.06.001.
31. Jurjevic D, Böni C, Barthelmes D, et al. Torpedo maculopathy associated with choroidal neovascularization[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2017, 234(4): 508-514. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-100230.
32. Touriño R, Rodríguez-Ares MT, López-Valladares MJ, et al. Fluorescein angiographic features of the congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in the familial adenomatous polyposis[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2005, 26(1-2): 59-65. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-006-0007-5.
33. Dolz-Marco R, Saffra NA, Freund KB. Torpedo maculopathy presenting with a vitelliform lesion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(2): 19-20. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001305.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Current status and progress of torpedo maculopathy

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