Macular pigment optical density and its relation with fundus disease_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Ji Yuying ,  Wen Feng

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China;

Corresponding author：

Wen Feng, Email: wenfeng208@foxmail.com

Keywords：

Macular degeneration/etiology; Retinal telangiectasis/etiology; Review; Macular pigment optical density

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190411-00141

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Macular pigment (MP) is composed of lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin, which accumulate mainly at the macula. MP has antioxidant function and can filtering blue wave. Measurement of MP is about its optical density, that is, macular pigment optical density (MPOD). This review summarizes the function and clinical use of MP and MPOD. Researches has show that MPOD is related to some ocular disease such as age-related macular degeneration, macular telangiectasia type 2, diabetic retinopathy, Stargardt disease et al. MPOD can be used in the judgment of clinical diagnosis, treatment effect. The specific mechanism of MP metabolism in the retina and in the pathogenesis of the disease, genotype specific nutritional therapy of xanthophyll, the establishment of a database combined with artificial intelligence and the rapid and convenient MP determination are all issues of great contention that need to be resolved.

Citation： Ji Yuying, Wen Feng. Macular pigment optical density and its relation with fundus disease. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2020, 36(6): 489-493. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190411-00141 Copy

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2. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SL. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment[J]. Vision Res, 1985, 25(11): 1531-1535. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(85)90123-3.
3. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Hime GW, et al. Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1993, 34(6): 2033-2040.
4. Nolan JM, Meagher K, Kashani S, et al. What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from?[J]. Eye (Lond), 2013, 27(8): 899-905. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.98.
5. Arunkumar R, Gorusupudi A, Bernstein PS. The macular carotenoids: a biochemical overview[J/OL]. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids, 2020, 2020: E158617[2020-01-10]. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1388-1981(20)30009-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158617. [published online ahead of print].
6. van der Veen RL, Berendschot TT, Makridaki M, et al. Correspondence between retinal reflectometry and a flicker-based technique in the measurement of macular pigment spatial profiles[J/OL]. J Biomed Opt, 2009, 14(6): 64046[2009-12-01]. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3275481. DOI: 10.1117/1.3275481.
7. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Fernandez L, et al. Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1988, 29(6): 843-849.
8. Junghans A, Sies H, Stahl W. Macular pigments lutein and zeaxanthin as blue light filters studied in liposomes[J]. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2001, 391(2): 160-164. DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2411.
9. Trevithick-Sutton CC, Foote CS, Collins M, et al. The retinal carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals: a chemiluminescence and ESR study[J]. Mol Vis, 2006, 12: 1127-1135.
10. Hammond BJ, Wooten BR, Engles M, et al. The influence of filtering by the macular carotenoids on contrast sensitivity measured under simulated blue haze conditions[J]. Vision Res, 2012, 63: 58-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.04.019.
11. Murray IJ, Makridaki M, van der Veen RL, et al. Lutein supplementation over a one-year period in early AMD might have a mild beneficial effect on visual acuity: The CLEAR study[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(3): 1781-1788. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10715.
12. Loughman J, Nolan JM, Beatty S. Impact of dietary carotenoid deprivation on macular pigment and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin[J]. Br J Nutr, 2012, 108(11): 2102-2103. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512004461.
13. Fujimura S, Ueda K, Nomura Y, et al. Preliminary analysis of the relationship between serum lutein and zeaxanthin levels and macular pigment optical density[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2016, 10: 2149-2155. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S119251.
14. Iannaccone A, Carboni G, Forma G, et al. Macular pigment optical density and measures of macular function: test-retest variability, cross-sectional correlations, and findings from the zeaxanthin pilot study of response to supplementation (ZEASTRESS-Pilot)[J]. Foods, 2016, 5(2): 32. DOI: 10.3390/foods5020032.
15. Hammond BR, Fletcher LM, Roos F, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(12): 8583-8589. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573.
16. Howells O, Eperjesi F, Bartlett H. Measuring macular pigment optical density in vivo: a review of techniques[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2011, 249(3): 315-347. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1577-5.
17. Putnam CM. Clinical imaging of macular pigment optical density and spatial distribution[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2017, 100(4): 333-340. DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12500.
18. Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: the basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2016, 50: 34-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003.
19. Obana A, Gohto Y, Sasano H, et al. Grade of cataract and its influence on measurement of macular pigment optical density using autofluorescence imaging[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(7): 3011-3019. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23699.
20. Conrady CD, Bell JP, Besch BM, et al. Correlations between macular, skin, and serum carotenoids[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(9): 3616-3627. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21818.
21. Green-Gomez M, Bernstein PS, Curcio CA, et al. Standardizing the assessment of macular pigment using a Dual-Wavelength autofluorescence technique[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2019, 8(6): 41. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.41.
22. Arunkumar R, Calvo CM, Conrady CD, et al. What do we know about the macular pigment in AMD: the past, the present, and the future[J]. Eye (Lond), 2018, 32(5): 992-1004. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0044-0.
23. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1993, 111(1): 104-109. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090010108035.
24. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group[J]. JAMA, 1994, 272(18): 1413-1420. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032.
25. Ma L, Liu R, Du JH, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation associated with macular pigment optical density[J]. Nutrients, 2016, 8(7): 426. DOI: 10.3390/nu8070426.
26. Obana A, Hiramitsu T, Gohto Y, et al. Macular carotenoid levels of normal subjects and age-related maculopathy patients in a Japanese population[J]. Ophthalmology, 2008, 115(1): 147-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.02.028.
27. Nolan JM, Stack J, O'Connell E, et al. The relationships between macular pigment optical density and its constituent carotenoids in diet and serum[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(2): 571-582. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0864.
28. Gorusupudi A, Nelson K, Bernstein PS. The Age-Related Eye Disease 2 study: micronutrients in the treatment of macular degeneration[J]. Adv Nutr, 2017, 8(1): 40-53. DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013177.
29. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report No. 8[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2001, 119(10): 1417-1436. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417.
30. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2013, 309(19): 2005-2015. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997.
31. Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agron E, et al. Long-term effects of vitamins c and e, beta-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 35[J]. Ophthalmology, 2013, 120(8): 1604-1611. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.021.
32. Beatty S, Chakravarthy U, Nolan JM, et al. Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration[J]. Ophthalmology, 2013, 120(3): 600-606. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.040.
33. Liu R, Wang T, Zhang B, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2015, 56(1): 252-258. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15553.
34. van der Made SM, Kelly ER, Kijlstra A, et al. Increased macular pigment optical density and visual acuity following consumption of a buttermilk drink containing lutein-enriched egg yolks: a randomized, double-Blind, placebo-controlled trial[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2016, 2016: 9035745[2016-03-14]. http://europepmc.org/article/MED/27064326. DOI: 10.1155/2016/9035745.
35. Chew EY, Clemons TE, Sangiovanni JP, et al. Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2014, 132(2): 142-149. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376.
36. Meyers KJ, Mares JA, Igo RJ, et al. Genetic evidence for role of carotenoids in age-related macular degeneration in the carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS)[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(1): 587-599. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13216.
37. Awh CC, Lane AM, Hawken S, et al. CFH and ARMS2 genetic polymorphisms predict response to antioxidants and zinc in patients with age-related macular degeneration[J]. Ophthalmology, 2013, 120(11): 2317-2323. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.039.
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