Research progress and clinical application of retinal vascular diameter measurement_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Lou Wei , Wang Xiangning ,  Wu Qiang

Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;

Corresponding author：

Wu Qiang, Email: qiang.wu@shsmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Retinal vessels; Review; Retinal vascular diameter measurement

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190801-00248

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Retinal blood vessels are the only circulatory system that can be observed under non-invasive conditions. By observing the morphological changes of retinal blood vessels, the changes of blood circulation can be indirectly reflected. The occurrence, development and evolution of different diseases can be discovered. With the development of new detection technologies, especially the wide application of fundus photography and optical coherence tomography, a more intuitive and non-invasive quantitative index is provided for retinal vascular measurement. It is important for the diagnosis, guiding treatment and follow-up of related vascular diseases. This article reviews the development of retinal vessel diameter measurement methods and related applications in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Citation： Lou Wei, Wang Xiangning, Wu Qiang. Research progress and clinical application of retinal vascular diameter measurement. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2020, 36(11): 902-905. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20190801-00248 Copy

1.	Walsh JB. Hypertensive retinopathy: description, classification, and prognosis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1982, 89(10): 1127-1131. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(82)34664-3.
2.	Wagener HP, Clay GE, Gipner JF. Classification of retinal lesions in the presence of vascular hypertension: report submitted to the American Ophthalmological Society by the committee on classification of hypertensive disease of the retina[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1947, 45(1): 57-73.
3.	Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis[J]. Am J Med Sci, 1974, 268(6): 336-345. DOI: 10.1097/00000441-197412000-00004.
4.	Parr JC, Spears GF. Mathematic relationships between the width of a retinal artery and the widths of its branches[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1974, 77(4): 478-483. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(74)90458-9.
5.	Hubbard LD, Brothers RJ, King WN, et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the atherosclerosis risk in communities Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 1999, 106(12): 2269-2280. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)90525-0.
6.	Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Hubbard LD, et al. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2003, 27(3): 143-149. DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.27.3.143.16049.
7.	Eaton AM, Hatchell DL. Measurement of retinal blood vessel width using computerized image analysis[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1988, 29(8): 1258-1264.
8.	Suzuki Y. Direct measurement of retinal vessel diameter: comparison with microdensitometric methods based on fundus photographs[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 1995, 39 Suppl 1: S57-65. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80074-8.
9.	Roy MS, Klein R, Janal MN. Relationship of retinal vessel caliber to cardiovascular disease and mortality in African Americans with type 1 diabetes mellitus[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(5): 561-567. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.2725.
10.	Myers CE, Klein R, Knudtson MD, et al. Determinants of retinal venular diameter: the beaver dam eye study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(12): 2563-2571. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.038.
11.	Klein R, Lee KE, Danforth L, et al. The relationship of retinal vessel geometric characteristics to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Ophthalmology, 2018, 125(11): 1784-1792. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.023.
12.	Kumagai K, Tabara Y, Yamashiro K, et al. Central blood pressure relates more strongly to retinal arteriolar narrowing than brachial blood pressure: the Nagahama study[J]. J Hypertens, 2015, 33(2): 323-329. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000391.
13.	Hanssen H, Minghetti A, Faude O, et al. Effects of different endurance exercise modalities on retinal vessel diameters in unipolar depression[J]. Microvasc Res, 2018, 120: 111-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.07.003.
14.	Hanssen H, Minghetti A, Magon S, et al. Effects of different endurance exercise modalities on migraine days and cerebrovascular health in episodic migraineurs: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2018, 28(3): 1103-1112. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13023.
15.	Van Aart C, Nawrot TS, Sioen I, et al. Longitudinal association between psychosocial stress and retinal microvasculature in children and adolescents[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2018, 92: 50-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.022.
16.	Wei FF, Raaijmakers A, Zhang ZY, et al. Association between cognition and the retinal microvasculature in 11-year old children born preterm or at term[J]. Early Hum Dev, 2018, 118: 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.018.
17.	Nunley KA, Metti AL, Klein R, et al. Long-term changes in retinal vascular diameter and cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetes[J]. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 2018, 15(3): 223-232. DOI: 10.1177/1479164118758581.
18.	Evliyaoglu F, Akpolat C, Kurt MM, et al. Retinal vascular caliber changes after topical nepafenac treatment for diabetic macular edema[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2018, 43(3): 357-361. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1399425.
19.	Eibenberger K, Schmetterer L, Rezar-Dreindl S, et al. Effects of intravitreal dexamethasone implants on retinal oxygen saturation, vessel diameter, and retrobulbar blood flow velocity in ME secondary to RVO[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(12): 5022-5029. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22229.
20.	Wickremasinghe SS, Fraser-Bell S, Alessandrello E, et al. Retinal vascular calibre changes after intravitreal bevacizumab or dexamethasone implant treatment for diabetic macular oedema[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(10): 1329-1333. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309882.
21.	Grauslund J, Frydkjaer-Olsen U, Peto T, et al. Topical treatment with brimonidine and somatostatin causes retinal vascular dilation in patients with early diabetic retinopathy from the Eurocondor[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(6): 2257-2262. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26487.
22.	Adiarti R, Ekantini R, Agni AN, et al. Retinal arteriolar narrowing in young adults with glaucomatous optic disc[J]. J Glaucoma, 2018, 27(8): 699-702. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000997.
23.	Yoo E, Yoo C, Lee TE, et al. Retinal vessel diameter in bilateral glaucoma suspects: comparison between the eye converted to glaucoma and the contralateral non-converted eye[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(8): 1599-1608. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3392-0.
24.	Pedersen L, Jeppesen P, Knudsen ST, et al. Improvement of mild retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients correlates with narrowing of retinal arterioles. a prospective observational study[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(10): 1561-1567. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2614-6.
25.	Moradi A, Sepah YJ, Ibrahim MA, et al. Association of retinal vessel calibre and visual outcome in eyes with diabetic macular oedema treated with ranibizumab[J]. Eye (Lond), 2014, 28(11): 1315-1320. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.186.
26.	Pakter HM, Fuchs SC, Maestri MK, et al. Computer-assisted methods to evaluate retinal vascular caliber: what are they measuring?[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(2): 810-815. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5876.
27.	Unlu M, Sevim DG, Karaca C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of fluorescein angiography on retinal vessel diameter: an optical coherence tomography study[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2018, 38(1): 75-82. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0425-y.
28.	陈长征, 王晓玲. 正确分析周边部视网膜超广角荧光素眼底血管造影特征[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2020, 38(7): 562-565. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20190401-00158.Chen CZ, Wang XL. To correctly analyze ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography in peripheral retina[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2020, 38(7): 562-565. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20190401-00158.
29.	Yannuzzi LA, Rohrer KT, Tindel LJ, et al. Fluorescein angiography complication survey[J]. Ophthalmology, 1986, 93(5): 611-617. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33697-2.
30.	Michelson G, Schmauss B, Langhans MJ, et al. Principle, validity, and reliability of scanning laser Doppler flowmetry[J]. J Glaucoma, 1996, 5(2): 99-105.
31.	Harazny JM, Raff U, Welzenbach J, et al. New software analyses increase the reliability of measurements of retinal arterioles morphology by scanning laser Doppler flowmetry in humans[J]. J Hypertens, 2011, 29(4): 777-782. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328343c27a.
32.	Harazny JM, Ott C, Raff U, et al. First experience in analysing pulsatile retinal capillary flow and arteriolar structural parameters measured noninvasively in hypertensive patients[J]. J Hypertens, 2014, 32(11): 2246-2252. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000308.
33.	Goldenberg D, Shahar J, Loewenstein A, et al. Diameters of retinal blood vessels in a healthy cohort as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(9): 1888-1894. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31829477f2.
34.	Benatti L, Corvi F, Tomasso L, et al. Inter-method agreement in retinal blood vessels diameter analysis between dynamic vessel analyzer and optical coherence tomography[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(6): 1079-1083. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3602-4.
35.	Schuster AK, Fischer JE, Vossmerbaeumer C, et al. Optical coherence tomography-based retinal vessel analysis for the evaluation of hypertensive vasculopathy[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015, 93(2): 148-153. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12509.
36.	Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A, Kumagai K, et al. Age-and hypertension-dependent changes in retinal vessel diameter and wall thickness: an optical coherence tomography study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 156(4): 706-714. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.021.
37.	Shao Q, Heussen FM, Ouyang Y, et al. Retinal vessel diameter changes in different severities of diabetic retinopathy by SD-OCT[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2016, 26(4): 342-346. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000694.
38.	Gulmez SD, Unlu M, Sonmez S, et al. Retinal vessel diameter obtained by optical coherence tomography is spared in Parkinson's disease[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2019, 39(4): 813-819. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0873-7.
39.	Oruc Y, Kirgiz A. Alteration of retinal vessel diameter of the patients with pseudoexfoliation and optical coherence tomography images[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2019, 44(11): 1253-1257. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1632351.
40.	Sogawa K, Nagaoka T, Tani T, et al. Anteroposterior tortuosity of the retinal vein at arteriovenous crossings in healthy subjects[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2015, 40(10): 1040-1045. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.971930.
41.	Abdelhak A, Hübers A, Böhm K, et al. In vivo assessment of retinal vessel pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J]. J Neurol, 2018, 265(4): 949-953. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8787-x.
42.	Yabana T, Shiga Y, Kawasaki R, et al. Evaluating retinal vessel diameter with optical coherence tomography in normal-tension glaucoma patients[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2017, 61(5): 378-387. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0523-z.
43.	杨沫, 魏世辉, 徐全刚. 光学相干断层扫描血管成像在眼科的应用[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2017, 35(5): 469-473. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2017.05.017.Yang M, Wei SW, Xu QG. Application of optical coherence tomography angiography for ophthalmology[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 35(5): 469-473. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2017.05.017.
44.	Ghasemi FK, Al-Sheikh M, Darvizeh F, et al. Retinal vessel calibre measurements by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(7): 989-992. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309678.
45.	Wong TY, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, et al. Does refractive error influence the association of blood pressure and retinal vessel diameters? The blue mountains eye study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 137(6): 1050-1055. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.01.035.
46.	Lim LS, Cheung CY, Lin X, et al. Influence of refractive error and axial length on retinal vessel geometric characteristics[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(2): 669-678. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6184.
47.	Pauli TW, Gangaputra S, Hubbard LD, et al. Effect of image compression and resolution on retinal vascular caliber[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(9): 5117-5123. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9643.

1. Walsh JB. Hypertensive retinopathy: description, classification, and prognosis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1982, 89(10): 1127-1131. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(82)34664-3.
2. Wagener HP, Clay GE, Gipner JF. Classification of retinal lesions in the presence of vascular hypertension: report submitted to the American Ophthalmological Society by the committee on classification of hypertensive disease of the retina[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1947, 45(1): 57-73.
3. Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis[J]. Am J Med Sci, 1974, 268(6): 336-345. DOI: 10.1097/00000441-197412000-00004.
4. Parr JC, Spears GF. Mathematic relationships between the width of a retinal artery and the widths of its branches[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1974, 77(4): 478-483. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(74)90458-9.
5. Hubbard LD, Brothers RJ, King WN, et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the atherosclerosis risk in communities Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 1999, 106(12): 2269-2280. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)90525-0.
6. Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Hubbard LD, et al. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2003, 27(3): 143-149. DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.27.3.143.16049.
7. Eaton AM, Hatchell DL. Measurement of retinal blood vessel width using computerized image analysis[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1988, 29(8): 1258-1264.
8. Suzuki Y. Direct measurement of retinal vessel diameter: comparison with microdensitometric methods based on fundus photographs[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 1995, 39 Suppl 1: S57-65. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80074-8.
9. Roy MS, Klein R, Janal MN. Relationship of retinal vessel caliber to cardiovascular disease and mortality in African Americans with type 1 diabetes mellitus[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(5): 561-567. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.2725.
10. Myers CE, Klein R, Knudtson MD, et al. Determinants of retinal venular diameter: the beaver dam eye study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(12): 2563-2571. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.038.
11. Klein R, Lee KE, Danforth L, et al. The relationship of retinal vessel geometric characteristics to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Ophthalmology, 2018, 125(11): 1784-1792. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.023.
12. Kumagai K, Tabara Y, Yamashiro K, et al. Central blood pressure relates more strongly to retinal arteriolar narrowing than brachial blood pressure: the Nagahama study[J]. J Hypertens, 2015, 33(2): 323-329. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000391.
13. Hanssen H, Minghetti A, Faude O, et al. Effects of different endurance exercise modalities on retinal vessel diameters in unipolar depression[J]. Microvasc Res, 2018, 120: 111-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.07.003.
14. Hanssen H, Minghetti A, Magon S, et al. Effects of different endurance exercise modalities on migraine days and cerebrovascular health in episodic migraineurs: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2018, 28(3): 1103-1112. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13023.
15. Van Aart C, Nawrot TS, Sioen I, et al. Longitudinal association between psychosocial stress and retinal microvasculature in children and adolescents[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2018, 92: 50-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.022.
16. Wei FF, Raaijmakers A, Zhang ZY, et al. Association between cognition and the retinal microvasculature in 11-year old children born preterm or at term[J]. Early Hum Dev, 2018, 118: 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.01.018.
17. Nunley KA, Metti AL, Klein R, et al. Long-term changes in retinal vascular diameter and cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetes[J]. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 2018, 15(3): 223-232. DOI: 10.1177/1479164118758581.
18. Evliyaoglu F, Akpolat C, Kurt MM, et al. Retinal vascular caliber changes after topical nepafenac treatment for diabetic macular edema[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2018, 43(3): 357-361. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1399425.
19. Eibenberger K, Schmetterer L, Rezar-Dreindl S, et al. Effects of intravitreal dexamethasone implants on retinal oxygen saturation, vessel diameter, and retrobulbar blood flow velocity in ME secondary to RVO[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(12): 5022-5029. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22229.
20. Wickremasinghe SS, Fraser-Bell S, Alessandrello E, et al. Retinal vascular calibre changes after intravitreal bevacizumab or dexamethasone implant treatment for diabetic macular oedema[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(10): 1329-1333. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309882.
21. Grauslund J, Frydkjaer-Olsen U, Peto T, et al. Topical treatment with brimonidine and somatostatin causes retinal vascular dilation in patients with early diabetic retinopathy from the Eurocondor[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(6): 2257-2262. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26487.
22. Adiarti R, Ekantini R, Agni AN, et al. Retinal arteriolar narrowing in young adults with glaucomatous optic disc[J]. J Glaucoma, 2018, 27(8): 699-702. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000997.
23. Yoo E, Yoo C, Lee TE, et al. Retinal vessel diameter in bilateral glaucoma suspects: comparison between the eye converted to glaucoma and the contralateral non-converted eye[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(8): 1599-1608. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3392-0.
24. Pedersen L, Jeppesen P, Knudsen ST, et al. Improvement of mild retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients correlates with narrowing of retinal arterioles. a prospective observational study[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(10): 1561-1567. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2614-6.
25. Moradi A, Sepah YJ, Ibrahim MA, et al. Association of retinal vessel calibre and visual outcome in eyes with diabetic macular oedema treated with ranibizumab[J]. Eye (Lond), 2014, 28(11): 1315-1320. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.186.
26. Pakter HM, Fuchs SC, Maestri MK, et al. Computer-assisted methods to evaluate retinal vascular caliber: what are they measuring?[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(2): 810-815. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5876.
27. Unlu M, Sevim DG, Karaca C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of fluorescein angiography on retinal vessel diameter: an optical coherence tomography study[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2018, 38(1): 75-82. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0425-y.
28. 陈长征, 王晓玲. 正确分析周边部视网膜超广角荧光素眼底血管造影特征[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2020, 38(7): 562-565. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20190401-00158.Chen CZ, Wang XL. To correctly analyze ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography in peripheral retina[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2020, 38(7): 562-565. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115989-20190401-00158.
29. Yannuzzi LA, Rohrer KT, Tindel LJ, et al. Fluorescein angiography complication survey[J]. Ophthalmology, 1986, 93(5): 611-617. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33697-2.
30. Michelson G, Schmauss B, Langhans MJ, et al. Principle, validity, and reliability of scanning laser Doppler flowmetry[J]. J Glaucoma, 1996, 5(2): 99-105.
31. Harazny JM, Raff U, Welzenbach J, et al. New software analyses increase the reliability of measurements of retinal arterioles morphology by scanning laser Doppler flowmetry in humans[J]. J Hypertens, 2011, 29(4): 777-782. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328343c27a.
32. Harazny JM, Ott C, Raff U, et al. First experience in analysing pulsatile retinal capillary flow and arteriolar structural parameters measured noninvasively in hypertensive patients[J]. J Hypertens, 2014, 32(11): 2246-2252. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000308.
33. Goldenberg D, Shahar J, Loewenstein A, et al. Diameters of retinal blood vessels in a healthy cohort as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(9): 1888-1894. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31829477f2.
34. Benatti L, Corvi F, Tomasso L, et al. Inter-method agreement in retinal blood vessels diameter analysis between dynamic vessel analyzer and optical coherence tomography[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(6): 1079-1083. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3602-4.
35. Schuster AK, Fischer JE, Vossmerbaeumer C, et al. Optical coherence tomography-based retinal vessel analysis for the evaluation of hypertensive vasculopathy[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015, 93(2): 148-153. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12509.
36. Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A, Kumagai K, et al. Age-and hypertension-dependent changes in retinal vessel diameter and wall thickness: an optical coherence tomography study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 156(4): 706-714. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.021.
37. Shao Q, Heussen FM, Ouyang Y, et al. Retinal vessel diameter changes in different severities of diabetic retinopathy by SD-OCT[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2016, 26(4): 342-346. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000694.
38. Gulmez SD, Unlu M, Sonmez S, et al. Retinal vessel diameter obtained by optical coherence tomography is spared in Parkinson's disease[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2019, 39(4): 813-819. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0873-7.
39. Oruc Y, Kirgiz A. Alteration of retinal vessel diameter of the patients with pseudoexfoliation and optical coherence tomography images[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2019, 44(11): 1253-1257. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1632351.
40. Sogawa K, Nagaoka T, Tani T, et al. Anteroposterior tortuosity of the retinal vein at arteriovenous crossings in healthy subjects[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2015, 40(10): 1040-1045. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.971930.
41. Abdelhak A, Hübers A, Böhm K, et al. In vivo assessment of retinal vessel pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J]. J Neurol, 2018, 265(4): 949-953. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8787-x.
42. Yabana T, Shiga Y, Kawasaki R, et al. Evaluating retinal vessel diameter with optical coherence tomography in normal-tension glaucoma patients[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2017, 61(5): 378-387. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0523-z.
43. 杨沫, 魏世辉, 徐全刚. 光学相干断层扫描血管成像在眼科的应用[J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2017, 35(5): 469-473. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2017.05.017.Yang M, Wei SW, Xu QG. Application of optical coherence tomography angiography for ophthalmology[J]. Chin J Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 35(5): 469-473. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-0160.2017.05.017.
44. Ghasemi FK, Al-Sheikh M, Darvizeh F, et al. Retinal vessel calibre measurements by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(7): 989-992. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309678.
45. Wong TY, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, et al. Does refractive error influence the association of blood pressure and retinal vessel diameters? The blue mountains eye study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 137(6): 1050-1055. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.01.035.
46. Lim LS, Cheung CY, Lin X, et al. Influence of refractive error and axial length on retinal vessel geometric characteristics[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(2): 669-678. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6184.
47. Pauli TW, Gangaputra S, Hubbard LD, et al. Effect of image compression and resolution on retinal vascular caliber[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(9): 5117-5123. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9643.

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