Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Ma Junling ¹ , Gao Qi ¹ , Liu Ge ¹ , Han Mei ² , Tian Xiuying ¹ ,  Zheng Jun ¹

1. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin 300100, China;
2. Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China;

Corresponding author：

Zheng Jun, Email: zhengjun.1964@163.com

Keywords：

Retinopathy of prematurity/epidemiology; Retinopathy of prematurity/etiology; Infant, small for gestational age

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20191011-00325

Video：

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Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely preterm infants (EPI) before 28 weeks of gestation during 8-years period.Methods A retrospective study. From January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2018, 300 EPI infants with a gestational age of less than 28 weeks admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics were included in the study. EPI birth gestational week (GA), birth weight (BW), gender and other basic information, as well as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, oxygen (≥10 d), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and other hospitalizations and complications were recorded. According to ROP international classification standards, ROP was staged. Severe ROP was defined as ROP that requires treatment. The screening start time, screening interval, and intervention time of all children tested were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the “Guidelines for Screening Retinopathy of Prematurity” until the end of follow-up. The most severe ROP during the follow-up of each examined child was recorded as the final screening result of the examined child, and those with asymmetric eyes with the screening results of the severe side of the diseas was recorded. A retrospective analysis of the overall incidence of EPI ROP showed the incidence of severe ROP, and the first and second stages of EPI ROP during the 8 years (from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014, and January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018), changes in the rate of severe illness. Logistic regression analysis was used to screen independent risk factors for severe ROP.Results Among 300 EPI infants, the average GA was (26.7±1.8) weeks; the average BW was (993.3±178.7) g. Two hundred and five infants (68.3%) were diagnosed with ROP, 116 (56.6%), 57 (27.8%), and 32 (15.6%) infants of stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ disease, respectively. There were no infants of stage IV and V. There were 30 infants (14.6%) with additional lesions and 59 infants (19.7%) with severe ROP requiring treatment. With the increase of GA (χ²=52.391, 44.521; P=0.000, 0.000) and BW (χ²=43.772, 26.138; P=0.000, 0.000), the incidence of EPI ROP and the incidence of severe ROP decreased significantly. From 2011 to 2018, the number of people surviving EPI obviously increased, especially those with small GA (26 weeks) and low BW (750 g). The average GA of the second stage EPI was lower than that of the first stage, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.243, P=0.026); the average BW of the second stage EPI was lower than the first stage, the difference was not statistically significant (t=1.428, P=0.154). The incidence of ROP in the second stage EPI was slightly higher than that in the first stage, and the incidence of severe ROP was lower than that in the first stage, the difference was not statistically significant (χ²=1.069, 1.723; P=0.301, 0.189). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GA＜27 weeks (β=－2.584, P=0.032), maternal chorioamnionitis (CA) (β=－0.935, P=0.038) and BPD (β=－1.432, P=0.001) was an independent risk factor for severe ROP.Conclusions The incidence of EPI ROP and severe ROP are 68.3% and 19.7%, respectively. From 2011 to 2018, the number of survivors of EPI obviously increase, and those with small GA and low BW increase significantly; however, the incidence of ROP and severe ROP remaine stable. GA, CA and BPD are independent risk factors for severe ROP.

Citation： Ma Junling, Gao Qi, Liu Ge, Han Mei, Tian Xiuying, Zheng Jun. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2021, 37(1): 40-46. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20191011-00325 Copy

1.	Broxterman EC, Hug DA. Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of current screening guidelines and treatment options[J]. Mo Med, 2016, 113(3): 187-190.
2.	Fang JL, Sorita A, Carey WA, et al. Interventions to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis[J/OL]. Pediatrics, 2016, 137(4): 20153387[2016-03-09]. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/4/e20153387.long. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3387.
3.	Quinn GE, Gilbert C, Darlow BA, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity: an epidemic in the making[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2010, 123(20): 2929-2937.
4.	Hellström A, Smith LE, Dammann O. Retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Lancet, 2013, 382(9902): 1445-1457. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60178-6.
5.	Chan-Ling T, Gole GA, Quinn GE, et al. Pathophysiology, screening and treatment of ROP: a multi-disciplinary perspective[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2018, 62: 77-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.002.
6.	Holmström G, Hellström A, Gränse L, et al. New modifications of Swedish ROP guidelines based on 10-year data from the SWED ROP register[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(7): 943-949. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314874.
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9.	Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2003, 121(12): 1684-1694. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.121.12.1684.
10.	Ballard JL, Novak KK, Driver M. A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants[J]. J Pedlatr, 1979, 95(5 Pt 1): 769-774. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80734-9.
11.	中国新生儿重症监护室协作性质量改进研究协作组. 我国25家Ⅲ级新生儿重症监护病房极低出生体重儿出院结局的横断面调查[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2018, 21(6): 394-400. DOI: 10.3760/cma.J.Issn.10079408.2018.06.007.Reduction of Infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Units Using the Evidence—Based Practicefor Improving Quality (REIN-EPiQ) Study Group. Outcomes of very low birth weight infants at discharge: a multicentered cross—sectional study of 25 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in China[J]. Chin J Perinat Med, 2018, 21(6): 394-400. DOI: 10.3760/cma.J.Issn.10079408.2018.06.007.
12.	Goldstein GP, Leonard SA, Kan P, et al. Prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. J perinatol, 2019, 39(7): 964-973. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0357-2.
13.	Porta R, Capdevila E, Botet F, et al. Morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight multiples compared with singletons[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2019, 32(3): 389-397. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1379073.
14.	Su BH, Hsieh WS, Hsu CH, et al. Neonatal outcome of extremely preterm infants from Taiwan: comparision with Canada, Japan, and the USA[J]. Pediatrics and Neonatol, 2015, 56(1): 46-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ped.neo.2014.05.002.
15.	Beck K, Young R, Read S, et al. The severity and associated comorbidities of retinopathy of prematurity among micro-premature infants with birth weights less than 750 grams[J]. J Neonatal Perinatal Med, 2019, 12(1): 41-45. DOI: 10.3233/npm-17158.
16.	Quinn GE, Barr C, Bremer D, et al. Changes in course of retinopathy of prematurity from 1986 to 2013: comparison of three studies in the United States[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(7): 1595-1600. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.03.026.
17.	Kang EY, Lien R, Wang NK, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity trends in Taiwan: a 10-year nationwide population study[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(8): 3599-3607. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24020.
18.	Darlow BA, Lui K, Kusuda S, et al. International variations and trends in the treatment for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(10): 1399-1404. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310041.
19.	深圳市早产儿视网膜病变协作组. 深圳地区早产儿视网膜病变10年发病情况分析[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2014, 30(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2014.01.004.Cooperative Group of Shenzhen Retinopathy of Prematurity. The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in Shenzhen during the past ten years[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2014, 30(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2014.01.004.
20.	Horbar Jeffrey D, Edwards Erika M, Greenberg Lucy T, et al.Variation in performance of neonatal intensive care unitsin the United States[J/OL]. JAMA Pediatr, 2017, 171(3): 164396[2017-03-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068438/. DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4396.
21.	早产儿视网膜病变多中心调查协作组. 中国大陆早产儿视网膜病变临床特点和眼底病变的多中心调查[J]. 中国循证儿科杂志, 2015, 10(3): 933-935. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.03.001.Colloboration Group of Retinopathy of Premature Infants. Multicenter survey on the clinical features and fundus lesions of retinopathy in premature infants in mainland China[J]. Chin J Evid Based Pediatr, 2015, 10(3): 933-935. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.03.001.
22.	储昭节, 王雨生. 我国大陆地区近20年早产儿视网膜病变发病概况[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2012, 48(2): 179-183. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2012.02.020.Chu ZJ, Wang YS. Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in mainland of China over the last 20 years[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2012, 48(2): 179-183. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2012.02.020.
23.	李秋平, 周细中, 章晟, 等. 2185例早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果及其高危因素[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2013, 16(2): 71-75. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-9408.2013.02.002.Li QP, Zhou XZ, Zhang S, et al. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity——analysis of 2185 premature infants[J]. Chin J Perinat Med, 2013, 16(2): 71-75. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-9408.2013.02.002.
24.	林冰纯, 连朝辉. 小于28周超早产儿的早产儿视网膜病临床特征及疗效分析[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2015, 9(10): 95-99. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2015.10.024.Lin BC, Lian CH. Analysis on the risk factors and treatment outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation[J]. Chin J Clinicians (Electronic Edition), 2015, 9(10): 95-99. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2015.10.024.
25.	Kennedy KA, Wrage LA, Higgins RD, et al. Evaluating retinopathy of prematurity screening guidelines for 24- to 27-week gestational age infants[J]. J Perinatol, 2014, 34(4): 311-318. DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.12.
26.	Isaza G, Arora S. Incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2012, 47(3): 296-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.027.
27.	Petriçli İS, Kara C, Demirel N, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants: multiple births versus single births[J]. Turk J Med Sci, 2018, 48(1): 131-135. DOI: 10.3906/sag-1706-52.
28.	Aikawa H, Noro M. Low incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy of prematurity in infants born before 28 weeks gestation at a neonatal intensive care unit in Japan[J]. Tohoku J Exp Med, 2013, 230(3): 185-190. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.230.185.
29.	Poletti E, Grisan E, Ruggeri A. Image-level tortuosity estimation in wide-field retinal images from infants with retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Annu Int Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2012, 2012: 4958-4961. DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347105.
30.	Villamor-Martinez E, Cavallaro G, Raffaeli G, et al. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. PLoS One 2018, 13(10): 0205838[2018-10-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332485/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205838.
31.	Lee J, Dammann O. Perinatal infection, inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 2012, 17(1): 26-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2011.08.007.
32.	Friddle K. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity: does inflammation play a role?[J]. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev, 2013, 13(4): 161-165. DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2013.09.003.
33.	Zin A, Gole GA. Retinopathy of prematurity-incidence today[J]. Clin Perinatol, 2013, 40(2): 185-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.02.001.

1. Broxterman EC, Hug DA. Retinopathy of prematurity: a review of current screening guidelines and treatment options[J]. Mo Med, 2016, 113(3): 187-190.
2. Fang JL, Sorita A, Carey WA, et al. Interventions to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis[J/OL]. Pediatrics, 2016, 137(4): 20153387[2016-03-09]. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/4/e20153387.long. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3387.
3. Quinn GE, Gilbert C, Darlow BA, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity: an epidemic in the making[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2010, 123(20): 2929-2937.
4. Hellström A, Smith LE, Dammann O. Retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Lancet, 2013, 382(9902): 1445-1457. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60178-6.
5. Chan-Ling T, Gole GA, Quinn GE, et al. Pathophysiology, screening and treatment of ROP: a multi-disciplinary perspective[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2018, 62: 77-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.002.
6. Holmström G, Hellström A, Gränse L, et al. New modifications of Swedish ROP guidelines based on 10-year data from the SWED ROP register[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(7): 943-949. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314874.
7. 中华医学会眼科学分会眼底病学组. 中国早产儿视网膜病变筛查指南(2014年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2014, 50(2): 933-935. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2014.12.017.Ocular Fundus Group of Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Society. Chinese guidelines for screening retinopathy of prematurity (2014)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmology, 2014, 50(2): 933-935. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2014.12.017.
8. International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (2005). The international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2005, 123(7): 991-999. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.123.7.991.
9. Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2003, 121(12): 1684-1694. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.121.12.1684.
10. Ballard JL, Novak KK, Driver M. A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants[J]. J Pedlatr, 1979, 95(5 Pt 1): 769-774. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80734-9.
11. 中国新生儿重症监护室协作性质量改进研究协作组. 我国25家Ⅲ级新生儿重症监护病房极低出生体重儿出院结局的横断面调查[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2018, 21(6): 394-400. DOI: 10.3760/cma.J.Issn.10079408.2018.06.007.Reduction of Infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Units Using the Evidence—Based Practicefor Improving Quality (REIN-EPiQ) Study Group. Outcomes of very low birth weight infants at discharge: a multicentered cross—sectional study of 25 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in China[J]. Chin J Perinat Med, 2018, 21(6): 394-400. DOI: 10.3760/cma.J.Issn.10079408.2018.06.007.
12. Goldstein GP, Leonard SA, Kan P, et al. Prenatal and postnatal inflammation-related risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. J perinatol, 2019, 39(7): 964-973. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0357-2.
13. Porta R, Capdevila E, Botet F, et al. Morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight multiples compared with singletons[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2019, 32(3): 389-397. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1379073.
14. Su BH, Hsieh WS, Hsu CH, et al. Neonatal outcome of extremely preterm infants from Taiwan: comparision with Canada, Japan, and the USA[J]. Pediatrics and Neonatol, 2015, 56(1): 46-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ped.neo.2014.05.002.
15. Beck K, Young R, Read S, et al. The severity and associated comorbidities of retinopathy of prematurity among micro-premature infants with birth weights less than 750 grams[J]. J Neonatal Perinatal Med, 2019, 12(1): 41-45. DOI: 10.3233/npm-17158.
16. Quinn GE, Barr C, Bremer D, et al. Changes in course of retinopathy of prematurity from 1986 to 2013: comparison of three studies in the United States[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(7): 1595-1600. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.03.026.
17. Kang EY, Lien R, Wang NK, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity trends in Taiwan: a 10-year nationwide population study[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(8): 3599-3607. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24020.
18. Darlow BA, Lui K, Kusuda S, et al. International variations and trends in the treatment for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(10): 1399-1404. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310041.
19. 深圳市早产儿视网膜病变协作组. 深圳地区早产儿视网膜病变10年发病情况分析[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2014, 30(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2014.01.004.Cooperative Group of Shenzhen Retinopathy of Prematurity. The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in Shenzhen during the past ten years[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2014, 30(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2014.01.004.
20. Horbar Jeffrey D, Edwards Erika M, Greenberg Lucy T, et al.Variation in performance of neonatal intensive care unitsin the United States[J/OL]. JAMA Pediatr, 2017, 171(3): 164396[2017-03-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068438/. DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4396.
21. 早产儿视网膜病变多中心调查协作组. 中国大陆早产儿视网膜病变临床特点和眼底病变的多中心调查[J]. 中国循证儿科杂志, 2015, 10(3): 933-935. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.03.001.Colloboration Group of Retinopathy of Premature Infants. Multicenter survey on the clinical features and fundus lesions of retinopathy in premature infants in mainland China[J]. Chin J Evid Based Pediatr, 2015, 10(3): 933-935. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.03.001.
22. 储昭节, 王雨生. 我国大陆地区近20年早产儿视网膜病变发病概况[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2012, 48(2): 179-183. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2012.02.020.Chu ZJ, Wang YS. Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in mainland of China over the last 20 years[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2012, 48(2): 179-183. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2012.02.020.
23. 李秋平, 周细中, 章晟, 等. 2185例早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果及其高危因素[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2013, 16(2): 71-75. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-9408.2013.02.002.Li QP, Zhou XZ, Zhang S, et al. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity——analysis of 2185 premature infants[J]. Chin J Perinat Med, 2013, 16(2): 71-75. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-9408.2013.02.002.
24. 林冰纯, 连朝辉. 小于28周超早产儿的早产儿视网膜病临床特征及疗效分析[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2015, 9(10): 95-99. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2015.10.024.Lin BC, Lian CH. Analysis on the risk factors and treatment outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation[J]. Chin J Clinicians (Electronic Edition), 2015, 9(10): 95-99. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0785.2015.10.024.
25. Kennedy KA, Wrage LA, Higgins RD, et al. Evaluating retinopathy of prematurity screening guidelines for 24- to 27-week gestational age infants[J]. J Perinatol, 2014, 34(4): 311-318. DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.12.
26. Isaza G, Arora S. Incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2012, 47(3): 296-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.027.
27. Petriçli İS, Kara C, Demirel N, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants: multiple births versus single births[J]. Turk J Med Sci, 2018, 48(1): 131-135. DOI: 10.3906/sag-1706-52.
28. Aikawa H, Noro M. Low incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy of prematurity in infants born before 28 weeks gestation at a neonatal intensive care unit in Japan[J]. Tohoku J Exp Med, 2013, 230(3): 185-190. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.230.185.
29. Poletti E, Grisan E, Ruggeri A. Image-level tortuosity estimation in wide-field retinal images from infants with retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Annu Int Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2012, 2012: 4958-4961. DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347105.
30. Villamor-Martinez E, Cavallaro G, Raffaeli G, et al. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J/OL]. PLoS One 2018, 13(10): 0205838[2018-10-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332485/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205838.
31. Lee J, Dammann O. Perinatal infection, inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 2012, 17(1): 26-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2011.08.007.
32. Friddle K. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity: does inflammation play a role?[J]. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev, 2013, 13(4): 161-165. DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2013.09.003.
33. Zin A, Gole GA. Retinopathy of prematurity-incidence today[J]. Clin Perinatol, 2013, 40(2): 185-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.02.001.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants

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