Make full use of the new imaging technology to further explore the key problems of retinal branch vein occlusion_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Wang Yusheng ¹ , Wang Haiyan ² , Zhang Lei ²

1. Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
2. Xi' an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Shaanxi Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital Affiliated to Northwest University, Xi'an 710004, China;

Corresponding author：

Wang Yusheng, Email: wangys003@126.com

Keywords：

Branch retinal vein occlusion; Clinical imaging features; Fluorescein angiography; Tomography, optic coherence; Multimode image; Editorial

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230418-00170

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

With high morbidity, branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common retinal vascular disease in the clinic. Although the classic characteristics of BRVO have been recognized for a long time, the traditional understanding of BRVO has been challenged along with development and application of new imaging technologies, including the reasonable classification and staging of the disease, and the vascular characteristics at the occlusive site via multimodal imaging, etc. Thus, re-summarizing and refining these features as well as further improving and optimizing traditional imaging evaluation, can not only deepen the correct acknowledge of the entity, but also find biomarkers of prognosis of visual function, which is helpful to establish better diagnosis and treatment strategy. In the meanwhile, it is necessary that clinical characteristics of BRVO on imaging and the reliability of these imaging techniques are worth correct understanding and objective assessment.

Citation： Wang Yusheng, Wang Haiyan, Zhang Lei. Make full use of the new imaging technology to further explore the key problems of retinal branch vein occlusion. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2023, 39(5): 355-359. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230418-00170 Copy

1.	Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90316-7.
2.	Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2018, 63(6): 816-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005.
3.	Chan CK, Ip MS, Vanveldhuisen PC, et al. SCORE Study report #11: incidences of neovascular events in eyes with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(7): 1364-1372. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.020.
4.	Tsui I, Kaines A, Havunjian MA, et al. Ischemic index and neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(1): 105-110. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181e36c6d.
5.	Franco-Cardenas V, Shah SU, Apap D, et al. Assessment of ischemic index in retinal vascular diseases using ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography: single versus summarized image[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2017, 32(3): 353-357. DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2015.1095304.
6.	Šínová I, Řehák J, Nekolová J, et al. Correlation between ischemic index of retinal vein occlusion and oxygen saturation in retinal vessels[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2018, 188(1): 74-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.01.015.
7.	Tan CS, Chew MC, van Hemert J, et al. Measuring the precise area of peripheral retinal non-perfusion using ultra-widefield imaging and its correlation with the ischaemic index[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2016, 100(2): 235-239. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306652.
8.	Singer M, Tan CS, Bell D, et al. Area of peripheral retinal nonperfusion and treatment response in branch and central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(9): 1736-1742. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000148.
9.	Yasuda Y, Hirano Y, Esaki Y, et al. Peripheral microvascular abnormalities detected by wide-field fluorescein angiography in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmic Res, 2019, 61(2): 107-114. DOI: 10.1159/000488496.
10.	Orth DH, Patz A. Retinal branch vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 1978, 22(6): 357-376. DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(78)90132-7.
11.	Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P. Incidence of various types of retinal vein occlusion and their recurrence and demographic characteristics[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1994, 117(4): 429-441. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70001-7.
12.	Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Fundus changes in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(5): 1016-1027. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000418.
13.	Hayreh SS. Ocular vascular occlusive disorders: natural history of visual outcome[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2014, 41(1): 1-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.04.001.
14.	Hamid S, Mirza SA, Shokh I. Anatomic pattern of arteriovenous crossings in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Pak Med Assoc, 2008, 58(5): 233-236.
15.	Wang J, Li Y, Fang SF, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal Lucentis injection on major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 274-278. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01544-4.
16.	Iida-Miwa Y, Muraoka Y, Iida Y, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: treatment outcomes according to the retinal nonperfusion area, clinical subtype, and crossing pattern[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 6569-6580. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42982-5.
17.	Parodi MB, Bandello F. Branch retinal vein occlusion: classification and treatment[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2009, 223(5): 298-305. DOI: 10.1159/000213640.
18.	Feist RM, Ticho BH, Shapiro MJ, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion and quadratic variation in arteriovenous crossings[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1992, 113(6): 664-668. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74791-9.
19.	Oztas Z, Akkin C, Nalcaci S, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: the importance of the topographical distribution of retinal vessels among risk factors[J]. Eye (Lond), 2017, 31(5): 726-731. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.318.
20.	Lee JJ, Wu PC, Chen CH, et al. The role of a second isolated retinal artery in branch retinal vein obstruction[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2005, 219(6): 386-389. DOI: 10.1159/000088383.
21.	Kawasaki R, Nagano E, Uno M, et al. Retinal vascular features associated with risk of branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2013, 38(9): 989-993. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.798420.
22.	Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A. Arteriovenous crossing associated with branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2019, 63(5): 353-364. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-019-00676-5.
23.	Iida Y, Muraoka Y, Ooto S, et al. Morphologic and functional retinal vessel changes in branch retinal vein occlusion: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182(1): 168-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.08.004.
24.	Zhao J, Sastry SM, Sperduto RD, et al. Arteriovenous crossing patterns in branch retinal vein occlusion. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group[J]. Ophthalmology, 1993, 100(3): 423-428. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31633-7.
25.	Shin YU, Lee MJ, Lee BR. Choroidal maps in different types of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 160(2): 328-334. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.05.003.
26.	Hwang HS, Chae JB, Kim JY, et al. Association between hyperreflective dots on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in macular edema and response to treatment[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(13): 5958-5967. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22725.
27.	Ogino K, Murakami T, Tsujikawa A, et al. Characteristics of optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(1): 77-85. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318217ffc7.
28.	Kim JT, Chun YS, Lee JK, et al. Comparison of vessel density reduction in the deep and superficial capillary plexuses in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2020, 243(1): 66-74. DOI: 10.1159/000502385.
29.	Roy R, Saurabh K, Ghose A, et al. Quantitative reduction in central foveal thickness after first anti-VEGF injection as a predictor of final outcome in BRVO patients[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2017, 6(3): 261-265. DOI: 10.22608/APO.201644.
30.	Yu JJ, Thomas AS, Berry D, et al. Association of retinal inner layer disorganization with ultra-widefield fluorescein angiographic features and visual acuity in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2019, 50(6): 354-364. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20190605-03.
31.	Moussa M, Leila M, Bessa AS, et al. Grading of macular perfusion in retinal vein occlusion using en-face swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography: a retrospective observational case series[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2019, 19(1): 127-140. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1134-x.
32.	Kang JW, Lee H, Chung H, et al. Correlation between optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci and visual outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(9): 1413-1421. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2595-5.
33.	Mo B, Zhou HY, Jiao X, et al. Evaluation of hyperreflective foci as a prognostic factor of visual outcome in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2017, 10(4): 605-612. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.04.17.
34.	Wons J, Pfau M, Wirth MA, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the foveal avascular zone in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2016, 235(4): 195-202. DOI: 10.1159/000445482.
35.	Brar M, Sharma M, Grewal S, et al. Quantification of retinal microvasculature and neurodegeneration changes in branch retinal vein occlusion after resolution of cystoid macular edema on optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(11): 1864-1869. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1554_18.
36.	沈丽君, 吴素兰. 视网膜分支静脉阻塞以及继发黄斑水肿治疗现状困惑与思考[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(2): 114-118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.002.Shen LJ, Wu SL. Rethinking strategies for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion and secondary macular edema[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2017, 33(2): 114-118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.002.
37.	Turczyńska MJ, Krajewski P, Brydak-Godowska JE. Wide-field fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis and management of retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective single-center study[J/OL]. Med Sci Monit, 2021, 27(1): e927782[2021-01-15]. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33449920. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.927782.
38.	Im CY, Lee SY, Kwon OW. Collateral vessels in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2002, 16(2): 82-87. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2002.16.2.82.
39.	Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern®[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(2): 288-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.029.
40.	Seknazi D, Coscas F, Sellam A, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal vein occlusion: correlations between macular vascular density, visual acuity, and peripheral nonperfusion area on fluorescein angiography[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(8): 1562-1570. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001737.
41.	Singh A, Agarwal A, Mahajan S, et al. Morphological differences between optic disc collaterals and neovascularization on optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(4): 753-759. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3565-x.
42.	Rudnick ND, Vingopoulos F, Wang JC, et al. Characterising collateral vessels in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusions using widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 2022: bjophthalmol-2021-320356[2022-11-02]. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2022/11/02/bjo-2021-320356.long. DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2021-320356. [published online ahead of print].
43.	Suzuki N, Hirano Y, Tomiyasu T, et al. Collateral vessels on optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019, 103(10):1373-1379. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313322.
44.	Ryu G, Park D, Lim J, et al. Macular microvascular changes and their correlation with peripheral nonperfusion in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2021, 225(1): 57-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.12.026.

1. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90316-7.
2. Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2018, 63(6): 816-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005.
3. Chan CK, Ip MS, Vanveldhuisen PC, et al. SCORE Study report #11: incidences of neovascular events in eyes with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(7): 1364-1372. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.020.
4. Tsui I, Kaines A, Havunjian MA, et al. Ischemic index and neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(1): 105-110. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181e36c6d.
5. Franco-Cardenas V, Shah SU, Apap D, et al. Assessment of ischemic index in retinal vascular diseases using ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography: single versus summarized image[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2017, 32(3): 353-357. DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2015.1095304.
6. Šínová I, Řehák J, Nekolová J, et al. Correlation between ischemic index of retinal vein occlusion and oxygen saturation in retinal vessels[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2018, 188(1): 74-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.01.015.
7. Tan CS, Chew MC, van Hemert J, et al. Measuring the precise area of peripheral retinal non-perfusion using ultra-widefield imaging and its correlation with the ischaemic index[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2016, 100(2): 235-239. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306652.
8. Singer M, Tan CS, Bell D, et al. Area of peripheral retinal nonperfusion and treatment response in branch and central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(9): 1736-1742. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000148.
9. Yasuda Y, Hirano Y, Esaki Y, et al. Peripheral microvascular abnormalities detected by wide-field fluorescein angiography in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmic Res, 2019, 61(2): 107-114. DOI: 10.1159/000488496.
10. Orth DH, Patz A. Retinal branch vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 1978, 22(6): 357-376. DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(78)90132-7.
11. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P. Incidence of various types of retinal vein occlusion and their recurrence and demographic characteristics[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1994, 117(4): 429-441. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70001-7.
12. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Fundus changes in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(5): 1016-1027. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000418.
13. Hayreh SS. Ocular vascular occlusive disorders: natural history of visual outcome[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2014, 41(1): 1-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.04.001.
14. Hamid S, Mirza SA, Shokh I. Anatomic pattern of arteriovenous crossings in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Pak Med Assoc, 2008, 58(5): 233-236.
15. Wang J, Li Y, Fang SF, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal Lucentis injection on major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 274-278. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01544-4.
16. Iida-Miwa Y, Muraoka Y, Iida Y, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: treatment outcomes according to the retinal nonperfusion area, clinical subtype, and crossing pattern[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 6569-6580. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42982-5.
17. Parodi MB, Bandello F. Branch retinal vein occlusion: classification and treatment[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2009, 223(5): 298-305. DOI: 10.1159/000213640.
18. Feist RM, Ticho BH, Shapiro MJ, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion and quadratic variation in arteriovenous crossings[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1992, 113(6): 664-668. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74791-9.
19. Oztas Z, Akkin C, Nalcaci S, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: the importance of the topographical distribution of retinal vessels among risk factors[J]. Eye (Lond), 2017, 31(5): 726-731. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.318.
20. Lee JJ, Wu PC, Chen CH, et al. The role of a second isolated retinal artery in branch retinal vein obstruction[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2005, 219(6): 386-389. DOI: 10.1159/000088383.
21. Kawasaki R, Nagano E, Uno M, et al. Retinal vascular features associated with risk of branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2013, 38(9): 989-993. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.798420.
22. Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A. Arteriovenous crossing associated with branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2019, 63(5): 353-364. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-019-00676-5.
23. Iida Y, Muraoka Y, Ooto S, et al. Morphologic and functional retinal vessel changes in branch retinal vein occlusion: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182(1): 168-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.08.004.
24. Zhao J, Sastry SM, Sperduto RD, et al. Arteriovenous crossing patterns in branch retinal vein occlusion. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group[J]. Ophthalmology, 1993, 100(3): 423-428. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31633-7.
25. Shin YU, Lee MJ, Lee BR. Choroidal maps in different types of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 160(2): 328-334. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.05.003.
26. Hwang HS, Chae JB, Kim JY, et al. Association between hyperreflective dots on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in macular edema and response to treatment[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(13): 5958-5967. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22725.
27. Ogino K, Murakami T, Tsujikawa A, et al. Characteristics of optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(1): 77-85. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318217ffc7.
28. Kim JT, Chun YS, Lee JK, et al. Comparison of vessel density reduction in the deep and superficial capillary plexuses in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2020, 243(1): 66-74. DOI: 10.1159/000502385.
29. Roy R, Saurabh K, Ghose A, et al. Quantitative reduction in central foveal thickness after first anti-VEGF injection as a predictor of final outcome in BRVO patients[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2017, 6(3): 261-265. DOI: 10.22608/APO.201644.
30. Yu JJ, Thomas AS, Berry D, et al. Association of retinal inner layer disorganization with ultra-widefield fluorescein angiographic features and visual acuity in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2019, 50(6): 354-364. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20190605-03.
31. Moussa M, Leila M, Bessa AS, et al. Grading of macular perfusion in retinal vein occlusion using en-face swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography: a retrospective observational case series[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2019, 19(1): 127-140. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1134-x.
32. Kang JW, Lee H, Chung H, et al. Correlation between optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci and visual outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(9): 1413-1421. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2595-5.
33. Mo B, Zhou HY, Jiao X, et al. Evaluation of hyperreflective foci as a prognostic factor of visual outcome in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2017, 10(4): 605-612. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.04.17.
34. Wons J, Pfau M, Wirth MA, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the foveal avascular zone in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2016, 235(4): 195-202. DOI: 10.1159/000445482.
35. Brar M, Sharma M, Grewal S, et al. Quantification of retinal microvasculature and neurodegeneration changes in branch retinal vein occlusion after resolution of cystoid macular edema on optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(11): 1864-1869. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1554_18.
36. 沈丽君, 吴素兰. 视网膜分支静脉阻塞以及继发黄斑水肿治疗现状困惑与思考[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(2): 114-118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.002.Shen LJ, Wu SL. Rethinking strategies for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion and secondary macular edema[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2017, 33(2): 114-118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.002.
37. Turczyńska MJ, Krajewski P, Brydak-Godowska JE. Wide-field fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis and management of retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective single-center study[J/OL]. Med Sci Monit, 2021, 27(1): e927782[2021-01-15]. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33449920. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.927782.
38. Im CY, Lee SY, Kwon OW. Collateral vessels in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2002, 16(2): 82-87. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2002.16.2.82.
39. Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern®[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(2): 288-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.029.
40. Seknazi D, Coscas F, Sellam A, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal vein occlusion: correlations between macular vascular density, visual acuity, and peripheral nonperfusion area on fluorescein angiography[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(8): 1562-1570. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001737.
41. Singh A, Agarwal A, Mahajan S, et al. Morphological differences between optic disc collaterals and neovascularization on optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(4): 753-759. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3565-x.
42. Rudnick ND, Vingopoulos F, Wang JC, et al. Characterising collateral vessels in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusions using widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 2022: bjophthalmol-2021-320356[2022-11-02]. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2022/11/02/bjo-2021-320356.long. DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2021-320356. [published online ahead of print].
43. Suzuki N, Hirano Y, Tomiyasu T, et al. Collateral vessels on optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019, 103(10):1373-1379. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313322.
44. Ryu G, Park D, Lim J, et al. Macular microvascular changes and their correlation with peripheral nonperfusion in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2021, 225(1): 57-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.12.026.

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Make full use of the new imaging technology to further explore the key problems of retinal branch vein occlusion

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