- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Key Laboratory of Eye Diseases, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China;
Ma Xiubin,
Email: maxiubin2005@126.com
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes and a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. In recent years, the role of intestinal and ocular microecology in DR has received increasing attention. Diabetic patients often present with dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, which is characterized by a decrease in anti-inflammatory bacteria, an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria and a decrease in diversity, and may be involved in the progression of DR through inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Localized flora changes in the eye may also be associated with DR. Animal experiments have shown that probiotics, prebiotics and fecal transplants have potential in improving flora, stabilizing blood glucose and attenuating retinopathy, but clinical applications need further validation. In the future, it is necessary to combine with multi-omics technology to study the function of bacterial flora in depth and explore novel therapeutic strategies, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of DR.
Copyright © the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
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- 4. Silva KC, Pinto CC, Biswas SK, et al. Hypertension increases retinal inflammation in experimental diabetes: a possible mechanism for aggravation of diabetic retinopathy by hypertension[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2007, 32(6): 533-541. DOI: 10.1080/02713680701435391.
- 5. Choi YH. Reduction of high glucose-induced oxidative injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by sarsasapogenin through inhibition of ROS generation and inactivation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway[J]. Genes Genom, 2023, 45(9): 1153-1163. DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01417-2.
- 6. Keil JM, Zhao PY, Durrani AF, et al. Endophthalmitis, visual outcomes, and management strategies in eyes with intraocular foreign bodies[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2022, 16: 1401-1411. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S358064.
- 7. Kovoor E, Chauhan SK, Hajrasouliha A. Role of inflammatory cells in pathophysiology and management of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2022, 67(6): 1563-1573. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.07.008.
- 8. Wong TY, Cheung CMG, Larsen M, et al. Diabetic retinopathys[J/OL]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2016, 2(1): 16012[2016-04-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27159554/. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.12.
- 9. Liu Q, Zhang F, Zhang X, et al. Fenofibrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by modulating Nrf2 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activations[J]. Mol Cell Biochem, 2018, 445(1-2): 105-115. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3256-x.
- 10. Hollister EB, Gao C, Versalovic J. Compositional and functional features of the gastrointestinal microbiome and their effects on human health[J]. Gastroenterology, 2014, 146(6): 1449-1458. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.052.
- 11. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora[J]. Science, 2005, 308(5728): 1635-1638. DOI: 10.1126/science.1110591.
- 12. Walsh CJ, Guinane CM, O'Toole PW, et al. Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota[J]. FEBS Lett., 2014, 588(22): 4120-4130. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.035.
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- 14. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes[J]. Nature, 2012, 490(7418): 55-60. DOI: 10.1038/nature11450.
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- 17. Jabbehdari S, Sallam AB. Gut microbiome and diabetic retinopathy[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2022, 32(5): 2494-2497. DOI: 10.1177/11206721221083068.
- 18. Rowan S, Taylor A. The role of microbiota in retinal disease[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018, 1074: 429-435. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-453.
- 19. Liu K, Zou J, Fan H, et al. Causal effects of gut microbiota on diabetic retinopathy: a mendelian randomization study[J/OL]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 930318[2022-09-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36159877/. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930318.
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- 27. Maiuolo J, Carresi C, Gliozzi M, et al. The contribution of gut microbiota and endothelial dysfunction in the development of arterial hypertension in animal models and in humans[J/OL]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(7): 3698[2022-03-28]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35409057/. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073698.
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- 30. Yao Y, Yan L, Chen H, et al. Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides alleviate type 2 diabetic symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids[J/OL]. Phytomedicine, 2020, 77: 153268[2020-06-30]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32663709/. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153268.
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- 33. Ma X, Liu Q, Song F, et al. Differentially expressed genes of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from eyes with keratitis and healthy conjunctival sacs[J]. Infect Drug Resist, 2022, 15: 4495-4506. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S374335.
- 34. Ren Z, Liu Q, Li W, et al. Profiling of diagnostic information of and latent susceptibility to bacterial keratitis from the perspective of ocular bacterial microbiota[J/OL]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2021, 11: 645907[2021-05-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34055665/. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.645907.
- 35. Kugadas A, Gadjeva M. Impact of microbiome on ocular health[J]. Ocul Surf, 2016, 14(3): 342-349. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.04.004.
- 36. Lu LJ, Liu J. Human microbiota and ophthalmic disease[J]. Yale J Biol Med, 2016, 89(3): 325-330.
- 37. Manfredo Vieira S, Hiltensperger M, Kumar V, et al. Translocation of a gut pathobiont drives autoimmunity in mice and humans[J]. Science, 2018, 359(6380): 1156-1161. DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7201.
- 38. Borroni D, Paytuví-Gallart A, Sanseverino W, et al. Exploring the healthy eye microbiota niche in a multicenter study[J/OL]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(18): 10229[2022-09-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142138/. DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810229.
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