玻璃体腔注射抗病毒药物治疗病毒性视网膜疾病的研究进展_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

包娅利 ,  朱丹 , 陶勇

010050 呼和浩特, 内蒙古医科大学附属医院眼科(包娅利、朱丹), 北京大学人民医院眼科教育部视觉损伤与修复重点实验室(陶勇);

Corresponding author：

朱丹, Email: zhudan1968@163.com

Keywords：

病毒性疾病/药物疗法; 视网膜疾病/药物疗法; 抗病毒药/治疗应用; 综述

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.01.028

Video：

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抗病毒药物的玻璃体腔注射能够很快在局部达到有效药物浓度，减少药物对全身其他脏器的非特异性损伤，从而高效治疗病毒性视网膜疾病。急性视网膜坏死综合征、进行性外层视网膜坏死、巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎等疾病应用玻璃体腔注射抗病毒药物治疗可取得较好的临床效果。玻璃体腔注射抗病毒药物可以作为病毒性视网膜疾病治疗的一个重要手段而在其治疗过程中首先使用。如何根据药物特性减少其注射频率、降低药物以及注射相关的并发症，提高其对病毒性视网膜疾病的治愈率，仍是值得进一步研究的问题。

Citation： 包娅利, 朱丹, 陶勇. 玻璃体腔注射抗病毒药物治疗病毒性视网膜疾病的研究进展. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2015, 31(1): 97-100. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.01.028 Copy

1.	Liesegang TJ. Diagnosis and therapy of herpes zoster ophthalmicus[J]. Ophthalmology, 1991, 98(8):1216-1229.
2.	Axer-Siegel R, Dotan A, Mimouni K, et al. Intravitreous bevacizumab treatment for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2012, 37(9):818-822.
3.	Yilmaz T, Cordero-Coma M, Gallagher MJ, et al. Systematic review of intravitreal bevacizumab injection for treatment of primary diabetic macular oedema[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2011, 89(8):709-717.
4.	Liu F, Kwok AK, Cheung BM, et al. The efficacy of intravitreal vancomycin and dexamethasone in the treatment of experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2008, 33(9):761-768.
5.	戴德银, 代升平.实用新药特药手册[M]. 5版.北京:人民军医出版社, 2012:180-181.
6.	Choopong P, Tesavibul N, Rodanant N. Crystallization after intravitreal ganciclovir injection[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2010, 30(4):709-711.
7.	Wagstaff AJ, Bryson HM. Foscarnet. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections[J]. Drugs, 1994, 48(2):199-226.
8.	Crumpacker CS. Mechanism of action of foscarnet against viral polymerases[J]. Am J Med, 1992, 92(2A):3S-7S.
9.	Patil AJ, Sharma A, Kenney MC, et al. Valganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2010, 4(4):111-119.
10.	Berthe P, Baudouin C, Garraffo R, et al. Toxicologic and pharmacokinetic analysis of intravitreal injections of foscarnet, either alone or in combination with ganciclovir[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1994, 35(3):1038-1045.
11.	Claro C, Ruiz R, Cordero E, et al. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2009, 88(3):528-534.
12.	Martínez-Castillo S, Marín-Lambíes C, Gallego-Pinazo R, et al. Crystallization after intravitreous foscarnet injections[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(5):658-659.
13.	Azad RF, Brown-Driver V, Buckheit RW Jr, et al. Antiviral activity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to human cytomegalovirus RNA when used in combination with antiviral nucleoside analogs[J]. Antiviral Res, 1995, 28(2):101-111.
14.	Azad RF, Driver VB, Tanaka K, et al. Antiviral activity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to RNA of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early region[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993, 37(9):1945-1954.
15.	Anderson KP, Fox MC, Brown-Driver V, et al. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression by an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to immediate-early RNA[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1996, 40(9):2004-2011.
16.	Geary RS, Henry SP, Grillone LR. Fomivirsen:clinical pharmacology and potential drug interactions[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet, 2002, 41(4):255-260.
17.	Vitravene Study Group. A randomized controlled clinical trial of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of newly diagnosed peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):467-474.
18.	Vitravene Study Group. Randomized dose-comparison studies of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis that has reactivated or is persistently active despite other therapies in patients with AIDS[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):475-483.
19.	The Vitravene Study Group. Safety of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):484-498.
20.	Jabs DA, Griggiths PD. Fomivirsen for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):552-556.
21.	Piascik P. Fomivirson sodium approved to treat CMV retinitis[J]. J Am Pham Assoc, 1999, 39(1):84-85.
22.	Hou CH, Chen SN, Ho JD, et al. Surgical treatment of retinal detachment following acute retinal necrosis syndrome:surgical results in four patients[J]. Chang Gung Med J, 2003, 26(11):835-842.
23.	郭立斌, 孙鼎, 叶俊杰, 等.更昔洛韦玻璃体腔注药术治疗急性视网膜坏死[J].中华眼科杂志, 2007, 43(7):613-617.
24.	Bonfioli AA, Eller AW. Acute retinal necrosis[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2005, 20(3):155-160.
25.	Chau Tran TH, Cassoux N, Bodaghi B, et al. Successful treatment with combination of systemic antiviral drugs and intravitreal ganciclovir injections in the management of severe necrotizing herpetic retinitis[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2003, 11(2):141-144.
26.	Lee MY, Kim KS, Lee WK. Intravitreal foscarnet for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant acute retinal necrosis caused by varicella zoster virus[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2011, 19(3):212-213.
27.	Wong R, Pavesio CE, Laidlaw DA, et al. Acute retinal necrosis:the effects of intravitreal foscarnet and virus type on outcome[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(3):556-560.
28.	Purdy KW, Heckenlively JR, Church JA, et al. Progressive outer retinal necrosis caused by varicella zoster virus in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2003, 22(4):384-386.
29.	Topilow HW, Ackerman AL, Friedman A. Progressive outer retinal necrosis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(12):1737-1739.
30.	Gore DM, Gore SK, Visser L. Progressive outer retinal necrosis:outcomes in the intravitreal era[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(6):700-706.
31.	Pérez-Blázquez E, Traspas R, Méndez Marín I, et al. Intravitreal ganciclovir treatment in progressive outer retinal necrosis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1997, 124(3):418-421.
32.	Sittivarakul W, Aui-aree N. Clinical features, management and outcomes of progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) in southern Thailand[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2009, 92(3):360-366.
33.	Vichitvejpaisal P, Reeponmahar S, Tantisiriwat W. Atypical manifestation of progressive outer retinal necrosis in AIDS patient with CD4⁺ T-cell counts more than 100 cells/microL on highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2009, 92 Suppl 3:S52-56.
34.	Kim SJ, Equi R, Belair ML, et al. Long term preservation of vision in progressive outer retinal necrosis treated with combination antiviral drugs and highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2007, 15(6):425-427.
35.	Scott IU, Luu KM, Davis JL. Intravitreal antivirals in the management of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with progressive outer retinal necrosis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2002, 120(9):1219-1222.
36.	张开颜.急性视网膜坏死与进行性外层视网膜坏死[J].中华眼底病杂志, 2012, 28(6):650-653.
37.	Roig-Melo EA, Macky TA, Heredia-Elizondo ML, et al. Progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome:successful treatment with a new combination of antiviral drugs[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2001, 11(2):200-202.
38.	Yutthitham K, Ruamviboonsuk P. The high-dose, alternate-week intravitreal ganciclovir injections for cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2005, 88(9):63-68.
39.	Ausayakhun S, Yuvaves P, Ngamtiphakom S, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients with intravitreal ganciclovir[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2005, 88(9):15-20.
40.	Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Mendoza AJ. High-dose(5000μg) intravitreal ganciclovir combined with highly actiretroviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients in venezuela[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2005, 15(5):610-618.
41.	Lopez-Cortes LF, Pastor-Ramos T, Cordero E, et al. Influence of the response to induction therapy on the rate of progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients on intravitreal maintenance therapy[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2001, 20(6):385-388.
42.	Young S, Morlet N, Besen G, et al. High-does(2000-microgram) intravitreous ganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1998, 105(8):1404-1410.
43.	Cochereau-Massin I, Lehoang P, Lautier-Frau M, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of intravitreal ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome[J]. Ophthalmology, 1991, 98(9):1348-1355.
44.	Wang B, Tian B, Tao Y, et al. Continued decline of aqueous interleukin-8 after multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 30(7):587-592.
45.	Miao H, Tao Y, Jiang YR, et al. Multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis after stem-cell transplantation[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2013, 251(7):1829-1833.
46.	Diaz-Lopis M, España E, Muñoz G, et al. High dose intravitreal foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1994, 78(2):120-124.
47.	Perry CM, Balfour JA. Fomivirson[J]. Drug, 1999, 57(3):375-381.
48.	何太雯, 石英.巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的治疗进展[J].眼科新进展, 2008, 28(3):234-237.
49.	Banker AS, Arevalo JF, Munquia D, et al. Intraocular perssur and aqueous humor dynamice in parients with AIDS treated with intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) for cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1997, 124(2):168-180.
50.	Kim SJ, Toma HS. Ophthalmic antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance a randomized, controlled study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(7):1358-1363.
51.	Baldanti F, Lurain N, Gerna G. Clinical and biologic aspects of human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs[J]. Hum Immunol, 2004, 65(5):403-409.
52.	Baldanti F, Gerna G. Human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs:diagnosis, monitoring and clinical impact[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2003, 52(3):324-330.
53.	Yin VT, Weisbrod DJ, Enq KT, et al. Antibiotic resistance of ocular surface flora with repeated use of a topical antibiotic after intravitreal injection[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2013, 131(4):456-461.
54.	Wang J, Jiang A, Joshi M, et al. Drug delivery implants in the treatment of vitreous inflammation[J/OL]. Mediators Inflamm, 2013, 2013:780634[2013-09-28].http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2013/780634/.
55.	Hoffman VF, Skiest DJ. Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 2000, 9(2):207-220.
56.	Hostetler KY. Alkoxyalkyl prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates enhance oral antiviral activity and reduce toxicity:current state of the art[J]. Antiviral Res, 2009, 82(2):84-98.
57.	Biron KK. Antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus diseases[J]. Antiviral Res, 2006, 71(2-3):154-163.
58.	Engstrom RE Jr, Holland GN. Local therapy for cytomegalovirus retinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1995, 120(3):376-385.
59.	Jabs DA. Ocular manifestations of HIV infection[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1995, 93:623-683.
60.	Kempen JH, Jabs DA, Wilson LA, et al. Incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in second eyes of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and unilateral CMV retinitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2005, 139(6):1028-1034.
61.	Stewart MW. Optimal management of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS[J]. Clinical Ophthalmology, 2010, 4:285-299.

1. Liesegang TJ. Diagnosis and therapy of herpes zoster ophthalmicus[J]. Ophthalmology, 1991, 98(8):1216-1229.
2. Axer-Siegel R, Dotan A, Mimouni K, et al. Intravitreous bevacizumab treatment for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2012, 37(9):818-822.
3. Yilmaz T, Cordero-Coma M, Gallagher MJ, et al. Systematic review of intravitreal bevacizumab injection for treatment of primary diabetic macular oedema[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2011, 89(8):709-717.
4. Liu F, Kwok AK, Cheung BM, et al. The efficacy of intravitreal vancomycin and dexamethasone in the treatment of experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2008, 33(9):761-768.
5. 戴德银, 代升平.实用新药特药手册[M]. 5版.北京:人民军医出版社, 2012:180-181.
6. Choopong P, Tesavibul N, Rodanant N. Crystallization after intravitreal ganciclovir injection[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2010, 30(4):709-711.
7. Wagstaff AJ, Bryson HM. Foscarnet. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections[J]. Drugs, 1994, 48(2):199-226.
8. Crumpacker CS. Mechanism of action of foscarnet against viral polymerases[J]. Am J Med, 1992, 92(2A):3S-7S.
9. Patil AJ, Sharma A, Kenney MC, et al. Valganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2010, 4(4):111-119.
10. Berthe P, Baudouin C, Garraffo R, et al. Toxicologic and pharmacokinetic analysis of intravitreal injections of foscarnet, either alone or in combination with ganciclovir[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1994, 35(3):1038-1045.
11. Claro C, Ruiz R, Cordero E, et al. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2009, 88(3):528-534.
12. Martínez-Castillo S, Marín-Lambíes C, Gallego-Pinazo R, et al. Crystallization after intravitreous foscarnet injections[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(5):658-659.
13. Azad RF, Brown-Driver V, Buckheit RW Jr, et al. Antiviral activity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to human cytomegalovirus RNA when used in combination with antiviral nucleoside analogs[J]. Antiviral Res, 1995, 28(2):101-111.
14. Azad RF, Driver VB, Tanaka K, et al. Antiviral activity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to RNA of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early region[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993, 37(9):1945-1954.
15. Anderson KP, Fox MC, Brown-Driver V, et al. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression by an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to immediate-early RNA[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1996, 40(9):2004-2011.
16. Geary RS, Henry SP, Grillone LR. Fomivirsen:clinical pharmacology and potential drug interactions[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet, 2002, 41(4):255-260.
17. Vitravene Study Group. A randomized controlled clinical trial of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of newly diagnosed peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):467-474.
18. Vitravene Study Group. Randomized dose-comparison studies of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis that has reactivated or is persistently active despite other therapies in patients with AIDS[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):475-483.
19. The Vitravene Study Group. Safety of intravitreous fomivirsen for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):484-498.
20. Jabs DA, Griggiths PD. Fomivirsen for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(4):552-556.
21. Piascik P. Fomivirson sodium approved to treat CMV retinitis[J]. J Am Pham Assoc, 1999, 39(1):84-85.
22. Hou CH, Chen SN, Ho JD, et al. Surgical treatment of retinal detachment following acute retinal necrosis syndrome:surgical results in four patients[J]. Chang Gung Med J, 2003, 26(11):835-842.
23. 郭立斌, 孙鼎, 叶俊杰, 等.更昔洛韦玻璃体腔注药术治疗急性视网膜坏死[J].中华眼科杂志, 2007, 43(7):613-617.
24. Bonfioli AA, Eller AW. Acute retinal necrosis[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2005, 20(3):155-160.
25. Chau Tran TH, Cassoux N, Bodaghi B, et al. Successful treatment with combination of systemic antiviral drugs and intravitreal ganciclovir injections in the management of severe necrotizing herpetic retinitis[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2003, 11(2):141-144.
26. Lee MY, Kim KS, Lee WK. Intravitreal foscarnet for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant acute retinal necrosis caused by varicella zoster virus[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2011, 19(3):212-213.
27. Wong R, Pavesio CE, Laidlaw DA, et al. Acute retinal necrosis:the effects of intravitreal foscarnet and virus type on outcome[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(3):556-560.
28. Purdy KW, Heckenlively JR, Church JA, et al. Progressive outer retinal necrosis caused by varicella zoster virus in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2003, 22(4):384-386.
29. Topilow HW, Ackerman AL, Friedman A. Progressive outer retinal necrosis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(12):1737-1739.
30. Gore DM, Gore SK, Visser L. Progressive outer retinal necrosis:outcomes in the intravitreal era[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(6):700-706.
31. Pérez-Blázquez E, Traspas R, Méndez Marín I, et al. Intravitreal ganciclovir treatment in progressive outer retinal necrosis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1997, 124(3):418-421.
32. Sittivarakul W, Aui-aree N. Clinical features, management and outcomes of progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) in southern Thailand[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2009, 92(3):360-366.
33. Vichitvejpaisal P, Reeponmahar S, Tantisiriwat W. Atypical manifestation of progressive outer retinal necrosis in AIDS patient with CD4⁺ T-cell counts more than 100 cells/microL on highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2009, 92 Suppl 3:S52-56.
34. Kim SJ, Equi R, Belair ML, et al. Long term preservation of vision in progressive outer retinal necrosis treated with combination antiviral drugs and highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2007, 15(6):425-427.
35. Scott IU, Luu KM, Davis JL. Intravitreal antivirals in the management of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with progressive outer retinal necrosis[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2002, 120(9):1219-1222.
36. 张开颜.急性视网膜坏死与进行性外层视网膜坏死[J].中华眼底病杂志, 2012, 28(6):650-653.
37. Roig-Melo EA, Macky TA, Heredia-Elizondo ML, et al. Progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome:successful treatment with a new combination of antiviral drugs[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2001, 11(2):200-202.
38. Yutthitham K, Ruamviboonsuk P. The high-dose, alternate-week intravitreal ganciclovir injections for cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2005, 88(9):63-68.
39. Ausayakhun S, Yuvaves P, Ngamtiphakom S, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients with intravitreal ganciclovir[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2005, 88(9):15-20.
40. Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Mendoza AJ. High-dose(5000μg) intravitreal ganciclovir combined with highly actiretroviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients in venezuela[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2005, 15(5):610-618.
41. Lopez-Cortes LF, Pastor-Ramos T, Cordero E, et al. Influence of the response to induction therapy on the rate of progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients on intravitreal maintenance therapy[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2001, 20(6):385-388.
42. Young S, Morlet N, Besen G, et al. High-does(2000-microgram) intravitreous ganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1998, 105(8):1404-1410.
43. Cochereau-Massin I, Lehoang P, Lautier-Frau M, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of intravitreal ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome[J]. Ophthalmology, 1991, 98(9):1348-1355.
44. Wang B, Tian B, Tao Y, et al. Continued decline of aqueous interleukin-8 after multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 30(7):587-592.
45. Miao H, Tao Y, Jiang YR, et al. Multiple intravitreal injections of ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis after stem-cell transplantation[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2013, 251(7):1829-1833.
46. Diaz-Lopis M, España E, Muñoz G, et al. High dose intravitreal foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1994, 78(2):120-124.
47. Perry CM, Balfour JA. Fomivirson[J]. Drug, 1999, 57(3):375-381.
48. 何太雯, 石英.巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的治疗进展[J].眼科新进展, 2008, 28(3):234-237.
49. Banker AS, Arevalo JF, Munquia D, et al. Intraocular perssur and aqueous humor dynamice in parients with AIDS treated with intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) for cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1997, 124(2):168-180.
50. Kim SJ, Toma HS. Ophthalmic antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance a randomized, controlled study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(7):1358-1363.
51. Baldanti F, Lurain N, Gerna G. Clinical and biologic aspects of human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs[J]. Hum Immunol, 2004, 65(5):403-409.
52. Baldanti F, Gerna G. Human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs:diagnosis, monitoring and clinical impact[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2003, 52(3):324-330.
53. Yin VT, Weisbrod DJ, Enq KT, et al. Antibiotic resistance of ocular surface flora with repeated use of a topical antibiotic after intravitreal injection[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2013, 131(4):456-461.
54. Wang J, Jiang A, Joshi M, et al. Drug delivery implants in the treatment of vitreous inflammation[J/OL]. Mediators Inflamm, 2013, 2013:780634[2013-09-28].http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2013/780634/.
55. Hoffman VF, Skiest DJ. Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis[J]. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 2000, 9(2):207-220.
56. Hostetler KY. Alkoxyalkyl prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates enhance oral antiviral activity and reduce toxicity:current state of the art[J]. Antiviral Res, 2009, 82(2):84-98.
57. Biron KK. Antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus diseases[J]. Antiviral Res, 2006, 71(2-3):154-163.
58. Engstrom RE Jr, Holland GN. Local therapy for cytomegalovirus retinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1995, 120(3):376-385.
59. Jabs DA. Ocular manifestations of HIV infection[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1995, 93:623-683.
60. Kempen JH, Jabs DA, Wilson LA, et al. Incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in second eyes of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and unilateral CMV retinitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2005, 139(6):1028-1034.
61. Stewart MW. Optimal management of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS[J]. Clinical Ophthalmology, 2010, 4:285-299.

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影响渗出型老年性黄斑变性患者玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗反应的临床特征与基因因素

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

玻璃体腔注射抗病毒药物治疗病毒性视网膜疾病的研究进展

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