Clinical research status and progress of acquired syphilis uveitis_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Du Qian , Lu Yinglong , Li Xiaorong ,  Zhang Xiaomin

Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China;

Corresponding author：

Zhang Xiaomin, Email: xiaomzh@126.cm

Keywords：

Syphilis/complications; Uveitis/diagnosis; Uveitis/therapy; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.029

Video：

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Acquired syphilis uveitis, due to lack of the characteristic features, presents with various types. The most common type is posterior uveitis and panuveitis, including chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, optic nerve retinitis. The diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment depends mainly on the serological diagnostic tests, including nontreponemal and treponemal test. Acquired syphilis uveitis often presents with manifestations similar to various types of uveitis, especially to autoimmune uveitis and other infectious uveitis, so differential diagnosis is important. The gold standard treatment for active syphilitic uveitis is penicillin G, or doxycycline if patient is allergy to penicillin. Clinically misdiagnosis and delayed treatment may result in irreversible visual impairment and severe systemic and eye complications. However such timely treatment always has a good prognosis.

Citation： Du Qian, Lu Yinglong, Li Xiaorong, Zhang Xiaomin. Clinical research status and progress of acquired syphilis uveitis. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2017, 33(2): 217-220. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.029 Copy

1.	Kiss S, Damico FM, Young LH. Ocular manifestations and treatment of syphilis [J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2005, 20(3): 161-167. DOI: 10.1080/08820530500232092.
2.	Lee MI, Lee AW, Sumsion SM, et al. Don't forget what you can't see: a case of ocular syphilis[J]. West J Emerg Med, 2016, 17(4): 473-476. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2016.5.28933.
3.	Kuo A, Ziaee SM, Hosseini H, et al. The great imitator: ocular syphilis presenting as posterior uveitis[J]. Am J Case Rep, 2015, 16: 434-437. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.893907.
4.	Yang P, Zhang N, Li F, et al. Ocular manifestations of syphilitic uveitis in Chinese patients[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(9): 1906-1914. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182509796.
5.	Tsan GL, Amin P, Sullivan-Mee M. Nongranulomatous uveitis as the first manifestation of syphilis[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2016, 93(6): 647-651. DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000838.
6.	Freitas-Neto CA, Castro VM, Vasconcelos-Santos DV. Bilateral nongranulomatous anterior uveitis associated with chancre of the tongue: initial presentation of syphilis[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2013, 3(1): 33. DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-33.
7.	Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ. Syphilitic uveitis: a review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients[J]. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2010, 38(1): 68-74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x.
8.	Bollemeijer JG, Wieringa WG, Missotten TO, et al. Clinical manifestations and outcome of syphilitic uveitis[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(2): 404-411. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17906.
9.	Yap SC, Tan YL, Chio MT, et al. Syphilitic uveitis in a Singaporean population[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2014, 22(1): 9-14. DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.829106.
10.	Reddy S, Cubillan LD, Hovakimyan A, et al. Inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome (IOHS) in patients with syphilitic uveitis[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2007, 91(12): 1610-1612. DOI: 10.1136/ bjo.2007.123174.
11.	Sahin O, Ziaei A. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of ocular syphilis, co-infection, and therapy response[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2016, 10: 13-28. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S94376.
12.	Reddy S, Cunningham ET Jr, Spaide RF. Syphilitic retinitis with focal inflammatory accumulations[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging, 2006, 37(5): 429-431.
13.	Weng CY, Albini TA. Syphilitic posterior uveitis[J/OL]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015, 133(4): 144630[2015-04-09]. . DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.4630.
14.	Li SY, Birnbaum AD, Tessler HH, et al. Posterior syphilitic uveitis: clinical characteristics, co-infection with HIV, response to treatment[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(5): 486-494. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0053-z.
15.	Gupta G, Pyatetsky D. Posterior uveitis secondary to syphilis[J]. Clin Med Res, 2009, 7(3): 106. DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2009.832.
16.	Zhang R, Qian J, Guo J, et al. Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in a Chinese population[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2016, 2016: 2797028[2016-04-10]. . DOI: 10.1155/2016/2797028.
17.	Bonnin N, Laurichesse H, Beytout J, et al. Ophthalmologists play a key role in the management of syphilis presenting with ocular involvement[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(4): 328-329. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12315.
18.	Patton ME, Su JR, Nelson R, et al. Primary and secondary syphilis--United States, 2005-2013[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2014, 63(18): 402-406.
19.	Northey LC, Skalicky SE, Gurbaxani A, et al. Syphilitic uveitis and optic neuritis in Sydney, Australia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2015, 99(9): 1215-1219. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306168.
20.	Mathew RG, Goh BT, Westcott MC. British Ocular Syphilis Study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(8): 5394-5400. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14559.
21.	Jamrozy-Witkowska A, Skonieczna K, Kowalska-Bylak K, et al. Multifocal syphilitic chorioretinitis--a case report[J]. Klin Oczna, 2014, 116(1): 24-27.
22.	Eandi CM, Neri P, Adelman RA, et al. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis: report of a case series and comprehensive review of the literature [J]. Retina, 2012, 32(9): 1915-1941. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825f3851.
23.	Gass JD, Braunstein RA, Chenoweth RG. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1990, 97(10): 1288-1297.
24.	Tsimpida M, Low LC, Posner E, et al. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis in late latent syphilis[J]. Int J STD AIDS, 2009, 20(3): 207-208. DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008283.
25.	Monje-Fernandez L, Martin-Garcia E, Cordero-Coma M. Syphilitic placoid chorioretinitis: a case-report[J]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol, 2016, 91(5): 232-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2016.01.005.
26.	Park JH, Joe SG, Yoon YH. Delayed diagnosis of ocular syphilis that manifested as retinal vasculitis and acute posterior multifocal placoid epitheliopathy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2013, 61(11): 676-678. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.119415.
27.	Zambon F, Silva FL, Cavalcante AF, et al. Syphilitic retinitis and panuveitis simulating acute retinal necrosis: case report[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2010, 73(3): 288-290.
28.	Queiroz RP, Diniz AV, Vasconcelos-Santos DV. Fulminant proliferative vitreoretinopathy in syphilitic uveitis[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2016, 6(1): 6. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-016-0075-2.
29.	Moradi A, Salek S, Daniel E, et al. Clinical features and incidence rates of ocular complications in patients with ocular syphilis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 159(2): 334-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo. 2014.10.030.
30.	Haug SJ, Takakura A, Jumper JM, et al. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients with acute syphilitic panuveitis[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2016, 24(1): 69-76. DOI: 10.3109/09273948. 2014.925122.
31.	Davis JL. Ocular syphilis[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2014, 25(6): 513-518. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000099.
32.	Aldave AJ, King JA, Cunningham EJ. Ocular syphilis[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2001, 12(6): 433-441.
33.	Wickremasinghe S, Ling C, Stawell R, et al. Syphilitic punctate inner retinitis in immunocompetent gay men[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(6): 1195-1200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.055.
34.	Fu EX, Geraets RL, Dodds EM, et al. Superficial retinal precipitates in patients with syphilitic retinitis[J]. Retina, 2010, 30(7): 1135-1143. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181cdf3ae.
35.	Chhablani JK, Biswas J, Sudharshan S. Panuveitis as a manifestation of ocular syphilis leading to HIV diagnosis[J]. Oman J Ophthalmol, 2010, 3(1): 29-31. DOI: 10.4103/0974-620X.60019.
36.	Rodrigues RA, Nascimento HM, Muccioli C. Yellowish dots in the retina: a finding of ocular syphilis?[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2014, 77(5): 324-326.
37.	Morgan CM, Webb RM, O'Connor GR. Atypical syphilitic chorioretinitis and vasculitis[J]. Retina, 1984, 4(4): 225-231.
38.	Tucker JD, Li JZ, Robbins GK, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature [J]. Sex Transm Infect, 2011, 87(1): 4-8. DOI: 10.1136/sti.2010.043042.
39.	Browning DJ. Posterior segment manifestations of active ocular syphilis, their response to a neurosyphilis regimen of penicillin therapy, and the influence of human immunodeficiency virus status on response[J]. Ophthalmology, 2000, 107(11): 2015-2023.
40.	McLeish WM, Pulido JS, Holland S, et al. The ocular manifestations of syphilis in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected host[J]. Ophthalmology, 1990, 97(2): 196-203.
41.	Spoor TC, Ramocki JM, Nesi FA, et al. Ocular syphilis 1986. Prevalence of FTA-ABS reactivity and cerebrospinal fluid findings[J]. J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 1987, 7(4): 191-197.
42.	Becerra LI, Ksiazek SM, Savino PJ, et al. Syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected patients[J]. Ophthalmology, 1989, 96(12): 1727-1730.
43.	Dai T, Wu X, Zhou S, et al. Clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid status in ocular syphilis in HIV-Negative patients[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2016, 16: 245. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1586-z.
44.	Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines [J]. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2010, 59(RR-12): 1-110.
45.	Shen J, Feng L, Li Y. Ocular syphilis: an alarming infectious eye disease[J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(5): 7770-7777.
46.	Lee SY, Cheng V, Rodger D, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of ocular syphilis: a new face in the era of HIV co-infection[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2015, 5(1): 56. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-015-0056-x.
47.	Afonso VC, Nascimento H, Belfort RM, et al. Visual loss resulting from immunosuppressive therapy in patients with syphilitic uveitis[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2015, 78(3): 185-186. DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20150047.
48.	Sahin O, Ziaei A. The role of methotrexate in resolving ocular inflammation after specific therapy for presumed latent syphilitic uveitis and presumed tuberculosis-related uveitis[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(7): 1451-1459. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000080.
49.	Balaskas K, Sergentanis TN, Giulieri S, et al. Analysis of significant factors influencing visual acuity in ocular syphilis[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2011, 95(11): 1568-1572. DOI: 10.1136/bjo. 2010.194498.

1. Kiss S, Damico FM, Young LH. Ocular manifestations and treatment of syphilis [J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2005, 20(3): 161-167. DOI: 10.1080/08820530500232092.
2. Lee MI, Lee AW, Sumsion SM, et al. Don't forget what you can't see: a case of ocular syphilis[J]. West J Emerg Med, 2016, 17(4): 473-476. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2016.5.28933.
3. Kuo A, Ziaee SM, Hosseini H, et al. The great imitator: ocular syphilis presenting as posterior uveitis[J]. Am J Case Rep, 2015, 16: 434-437. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.893907.
4. Yang P, Zhang N, Li F, et al. Ocular manifestations of syphilitic uveitis in Chinese patients[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(9): 1906-1914. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182509796.
5. Tsan GL, Amin P, Sullivan-Mee M. Nongranulomatous uveitis as the first manifestation of syphilis[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2016, 93(6): 647-651. DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000838.
6. Freitas-Neto CA, Castro VM, Vasconcelos-Santos DV. Bilateral nongranulomatous anterior uveitis associated with chancre of the tongue: initial presentation of syphilis[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2013, 3(1): 33. DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-33.
7. Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ. Syphilitic uveitis: a review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients[J]. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2010, 38(1): 68-74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x.
8. Bollemeijer JG, Wieringa WG, Missotten TO, et al. Clinical manifestations and outcome of syphilitic uveitis[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(2): 404-411. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17906.
9. Yap SC, Tan YL, Chio MT, et al. Syphilitic uveitis in a Singaporean population[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2014, 22(1): 9-14. DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.829106.
10. Reddy S, Cubillan LD, Hovakimyan A, et al. Inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome (IOHS) in patients with syphilitic uveitis[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2007, 91(12): 1610-1612. DOI: 10.1136/ bjo.2007.123174.
11. Sahin O, Ziaei A. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of ocular syphilis, co-infection, and therapy response[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2016, 10: 13-28. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S94376.
12. Reddy S, Cunningham ET Jr, Spaide RF. Syphilitic retinitis with focal inflammatory accumulations[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging, 2006, 37(5): 429-431.
13. Weng CY, Albini TA. Syphilitic posterior uveitis[J/OL]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015, 133(4): 144630[2015-04-09]. . DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.4630.
14. Li SY, Birnbaum AD, Tessler HH, et al. Posterior syphilitic uveitis: clinical characteristics, co-infection with HIV, response to treatment[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(5): 486-494. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0053-z.
15. Gupta G, Pyatetsky D. Posterior uveitis secondary to syphilis[J]. Clin Med Res, 2009, 7(3): 106. DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2009.832.
16. Zhang R, Qian J, Guo J, et al. Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in a Chinese population[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2016, 2016: 2797028[2016-04-10]. . DOI: 10.1155/2016/2797028.
17. Bonnin N, Laurichesse H, Beytout J, et al. Ophthalmologists play a key role in the management of syphilis presenting with ocular involvement[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(4): 328-329. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12315.
18. Patton ME, Su JR, Nelson R, et al. Primary and secondary syphilis--United States, 2005-2013[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2014, 63(18): 402-406.
19. Northey LC, Skalicky SE, Gurbaxani A, et al. Syphilitic uveitis and optic neuritis in Sydney, Australia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2015, 99(9): 1215-1219. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306168.
20. Mathew RG, Goh BT, Westcott MC. British Ocular Syphilis Study (BOSS): 2-year national surveillance study of intraocular inflammation secondary to ocular syphilis[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(8): 5394-5400. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14559.
21. Jamrozy-Witkowska A, Skonieczna K, Kowalska-Bylak K, et al. Multifocal syphilitic chorioretinitis--a case report[J]. Klin Oczna, 2014, 116(1): 24-27.
22. Eandi CM, Neri P, Adelman RA, et al. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis: report of a case series and comprehensive review of the literature [J]. Retina, 2012, 32(9): 1915-1941. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825f3851.
23. Gass JD, Braunstein RA, Chenoweth RG. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 1990, 97(10): 1288-1297.
24. Tsimpida M, Low LC, Posner E, et al. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis in late latent syphilis[J]. Int J STD AIDS, 2009, 20(3): 207-208. DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008283.
25. Monje-Fernandez L, Martin-Garcia E, Cordero-Coma M. Syphilitic placoid chorioretinitis: a case-report[J]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol, 2016, 91(5): 232-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2016.01.005.
26. Park JH, Joe SG, Yoon YH. Delayed diagnosis of ocular syphilis that manifested as retinal vasculitis and acute posterior multifocal placoid epitheliopathy[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2013, 61(11): 676-678. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.119415.
27. Zambon F, Silva FL, Cavalcante AF, et al. Syphilitic retinitis and panuveitis simulating acute retinal necrosis: case report[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2010, 73(3): 288-290.
28. Queiroz RP, Diniz AV, Vasconcelos-Santos DV. Fulminant proliferative vitreoretinopathy in syphilitic uveitis[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2016, 6(1): 6. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-016-0075-2.
29. Moradi A, Salek S, Daniel E, et al. Clinical features and incidence rates of ocular complications in patients with ocular syphilis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 159(2): 334-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo. 2014.10.030.
30. Haug SJ, Takakura A, Jumper JM, et al. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients with acute syphilitic panuveitis[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2016, 24(1): 69-76. DOI: 10.3109/09273948. 2014.925122.
31. Davis JL. Ocular syphilis[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2014, 25(6): 513-518. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000099.
32. Aldave AJ, King JA, Cunningham EJ. Ocular syphilis[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2001, 12(6): 433-441.
33. Wickremasinghe S, Ling C, Stawell R, et al. Syphilitic punctate inner retinitis in immunocompetent gay men[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(6): 1195-1200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.055.
34. Fu EX, Geraets RL, Dodds EM, et al. Superficial retinal precipitates in patients with syphilitic retinitis[J]. Retina, 2010, 30(7): 1135-1143. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181cdf3ae.
35. Chhablani JK, Biswas J, Sudharshan S. Panuveitis as a manifestation of ocular syphilis leading to HIV diagnosis[J]. Oman J Ophthalmol, 2010, 3(1): 29-31. DOI: 10.4103/0974-620X.60019.
36. Rodrigues RA, Nascimento HM, Muccioli C. Yellowish dots in the retina: a finding of ocular syphilis?[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2014, 77(5): 324-326.
37. Morgan CM, Webb RM, O'Connor GR. Atypical syphilitic chorioretinitis and vasculitis[J]. Retina, 1984, 4(4): 225-231.
38. Tucker JD, Li JZ, Robbins GK, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature [J]. Sex Transm Infect, 2011, 87(1): 4-8. DOI: 10.1136/sti.2010.043042.
39. Browning DJ. Posterior segment manifestations of active ocular syphilis, their response to a neurosyphilis regimen of penicillin therapy, and the influence of human immunodeficiency virus status on response[J]. Ophthalmology, 2000, 107(11): 2015-2023.
40. McLeish WM, Pulido JS, Holland S, et al. The ocular manifestations of syphilis in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected host[J]. Ophthalmology, 1990, 97(2): 196-203.
41. Spoor TC, Ramocki JM, Nesi FA, et al. Ocular syphilis 1986. Prevalence of FTA-ABS reactivity and cerebrospinal fluid findings[J]. J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 1987, 7(4): 191-197.
42. Becerra LI, Ksiazek SM, Savino PJ, et al. Syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected patients[J]. Ophthalmology, 1989, 96(12): 1727-1730.
43. Dai T, Wu X, Zhou S, et al. Clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid status in ocular syphilis in HIV-Negative patients[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2016, 16: 245. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1586-z.
44. Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines [J]. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2010, 59(RR-12): 1-110.
45. Shen J, Feng L, Li Y. Ocular syphilis: an alarming infectious eye disease[J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(5): 7770-7777.
46. Lee SY, Cheng V, Rodger D, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of ocular syphilis: a new face in the era of HIV co-infection[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2015, 5(1): 56. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-015-0056-x.
47. Afonso VC, Nascimento H, Belfort RM, et al. Visual loss resulting from immunosuppressive therapy in patients with syphilitic uveitis[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2015, 78(3): 185-186. DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20150047.
48. Sahin O, Ziaei A. The role of methotrexate in resolving ocular inflammation after specific therapy for presumed latent syphilitic uveitis and presumed tuberculosis-related uveitis[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(7): 1451-1459. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000080.
49. Balaskas K, Sergentanis TN, Giulieri S, et al. Analysis of significant factors influencing visual acuity in ocular syphilis[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2011, 95(11): 1568-1572. DOI: 10.1136/bjo. 2010.194498.

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Clinical research status and progress of acquired syphilis uveitis

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