Effect of Different Backpack Loads on Physiological Parame Ters in Walking_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

ZHAOMeiya , TIANShan , TANGQiaohong , NIYikun ,  WANGLizhen , FANYubo

Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Beijing 100191, China;

Corresponding author：

WANGLizhen, Email: lizhenwang@buaa.edu.cn

Keywords：

load; body posture; electromyography; muscle fatigue; backpack

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.20140184

Video：

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This study investigated the effect of prolonged walking with load carriage on body posture, muscle fatigue, heart rate and blood pressure of the tested subjects. Ten healthy volunteers performed 30 min walking trials on treadmill (speed=1.1 m/s) with different backpack loads [0% body weight (BW), 10%BW, 15%BW and 20%BW]. The change of body posture, muscle fatigue, heart rate and blood pressure before and after walking and the recovery of muscle fatigue during the rest time (0, 5, 10 and 15 min) were collected using the Bortec AMT-8 and the NDI Optotrak Certus. Results showed that the forward trunk and head angle, muscle fatigue, heart rate and blood pressure increased with the increasing backpack loads and bearing time. With the 20%BW load, the forward angle, muscle fatigue and systolic pressure were significantly higher than with lighter weights. No significantly increased heart rate and diastolic pressure were found. Decreased muscle fatigue was found after removing the backpack in each load trial. But the recovery of the person with 20%BW load was slower than that of 0%BW,10%BW and 15%BW. These findings indicated that the upper limit of backpack loads for college-aged students should be between 15% BW and 20%BW according to muscle fatigue and forward angle. It is suggested that backpack loads should be restricted to no more than 15%BW for walks of up to 30 min duration to avoid irreversible muscle fatigue.

Citation： ZHAOMeiya, TIANShan, TANGQiaohong, NIYikun, WANGLizhen, FANYubo. Effect of Different Backpack Loads on Physiological Parame Ters in Walking. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 31(5): 978-983. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.20140184 Copy

1.	SIMPSON K M, MUNRO B J, STEELE J R. Does load position affect gait and subjective responses of females during load carriage?[J]. Appl Ergon, 2012, 43(3): 479-485.
2.	BIRRELL S A, HASLAM R A. Subjective skeletal discomfort measured using a comfort questionnaire following a load carriage exercise[J]. Mil Med, 2009, 174(2): 177-182.
3.	MEHTA T B, THORPE D E, FREBURGER J K. Development of a survey to assess backpack use and neck and back pain in seventh and eighth graders[J]. Pediatr Phys Ther, 2002, 14(4): 171-184.
4.	MOORE M J, WHITE G L, MOORE D L. Association of relative backpack weight with reported pain, pain sites, medical utilization, and lost school time in children and adolescents[J]. J Sch Health, 2007, 77(5): 232-239.
5.	NAVULURI N, NAVULURI R B. Study on the relationship between backpack use and back and neck pain among adolescents[J]. Nurs Health Sci, 2006, 8(4): 208-215.
6.	KOROVESSIS P, KOUREAS G, ZACHARATOS S, et al. Backpacks, back pain, sagittal spinal curves and trunk alignment in adolescents: a logistic and multinomial logistic analysis[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2005, 30(2): 247-255.
7.	LAI J P, JONES A Y. The effect of shoulder-girdle loading by a school bag on lung volumes in Chinese primary school children[J]. Early Hum Dev, 2001, 62(1): 79-86.
8.	JONES G T, MACFARLANE J G. Epidemiology of low back pain in children and adolescents[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2005, 90(3): 312-316.
9.	莫仕围,李静先.背书包对儿童生理学和生物力学的影响[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(8):1022-1024.
10.	BIRRELL S A, HASLAM R A. The effect of military load carriage on 3-D lower limb kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters[J]. Ergonomics, 2009, 52(10): 1298-1304.
11.	LAFIANDRA M, WAGENAAR R C, HOLT K G, et al. How do load carriage and walking speed influence trunk coordination and stride parameters?[J]. J Biomech, 2003, 36(1): 87-95.
12.	SMITH B, ASHTON K M, BOHL D, et al. Influence of carrying a backpack on pelvic tilt, rotation, and obliquity in female college students[J]. Gait Posture, 2006, 23(3): 263-267.
13.	FOISSAC M, MILLET G Y, GEYSSANT A, et al. Characterization of the mechanical properties of backpacks and their influence on the energetics of walking[J]. J Biomech, 2009, 42(2): 125-130.
14.	HONG Y, LI J X, FONG D T. Effect of prolonged walking with backpack loads on trunk muscle activity and fatigue in children[J]. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2008, 18(6): 990-996.
15.	MOTMANS R R, TOMLOW S, VISSERS D. Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags[J]. Ergonomics, 2006, 49(2): 127-138.
16.	PISCIONE J, GAMET D. Effect of mechanical compression due to load carrying on shoulder muscle fatigue during sustained isometric arm abduction: an electromyographic study[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2006, 97(5): 573-581.
17.	LEGG S J, CRUZ C O. Effect of single and double strap backpacks on lung function[J]. Ergonomics, 2004, 47(3): 318-323.
18.	HONG Y, LI J X, WONG A S, et al. Effects of load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure and energy expenditure in children[J]. Ergonomics, 2000, 43(6): 717-727.
19.	LI J X, HONG Y, ROBINSON P D. The effect of load carriage on movement kinematics and respiratory parameters in children during walking[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2003, 90(1-2): 35-43.
20.	DEVROEY C, JONKERS I, DE BECKER A, et al. Evaluation of the effect of backpack load and position during standing and walking using biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures[J]. Ergonomics, 2007, 50(5): 728-742.
21.	STUEMPFLE K J, DRURY D G, WILSON A L. Effect of load position on physiological and perceptual responses during load carriage with an internal frame backpack[J]. Ergonomics, 2004, 47(7): 784-789.
22.	ATTWELLS R L, BIRRELL S A, HOOPER R H, et al. Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers'posture, movements and gait[J]. Ergonomics, 2006, 49(14): 1527-1537.
23.	FIOLKOWSKI P, HORODYSKI M, BISHOP M, et al. Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a front pack[J]. Ergonomics, 2006, 49(9): 885-894.
24.	HONG Y, CHEUNG C K. Gait and posture responses to backpack load during level walking in children[J]. Gait Posture, 2003, 17(1): 28-33.
25.	CHANSIRINUKOR W, WILSON D, GRIMMER K, et al. Effects of backpacks on students: measurement of cervical and shoulder posture[J]. Aust J Physiother, 2001, 47(2): 110-116.
26.	BOBET J, NORMAN R W. Use of the average electromyogram in design evaluation. Investigation of a whole-body task[J]. Ergonomics, 1982, 25(12): 1155-1163.
27.	胡淑娴,施俊.基于希尔伯特-黄变换的肌动图估计肌肉疲劳研究[J].生物医学工程学杂志,2011,28(2):243-247.
28.	DE LUCA C J. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics[J]. J Appl Biomech, 1997, 13(2):135-163.
29.	马军,朱虹,王海俊,等.中小学生背负不同重量行走时生理功能变化[J].中国公共卫生,2002,18(6):651-653.
30.	GRIMMER K, DANSIE B, MILANESE S, et al. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2002, 3: 10.
31.	洪友廉,陈家琦,李静先,等. 儿童在背负四种不同重量书包下行走时的生理反应[J]. 中国应用生理学杂志,1999,15(2):137-140.

1. SIMPSON K M, MUNRO B J, STEELE J R. Does load position affect gait and subjective responses of females during load carriage?[J]. Appl Ergon, 2012, 43(3): 479-485.
2. BIRRELL S A, HASLAM R A. Subjective skeletal discomfort measured using a comfort questionnaire following a load carriage exercise[J]. Mil Med, 2009, 174(2): 177-182.
3. MEHTA T B, THORPE D E, FREBURGER J K. Development of a survey to assess backpack use and neck and back pain in seventh and eighth graders[J]. Pediatr Phys Ther, 2002, 14(4): 171-184.
4. MOORE M J, WHITE G L, MOORE D L. Association of relative backpack weight with reported pain, pain sites, medical utilization, and lost school time in children and adolescents[J]. J Sch Health, 2007, 77(5): 232-239.
5. NAVULURI N, NAVULURI R B. Study on the relationship between backpack use and back and neck pain among adolescents[J]. Nurs Health Sci, 2006, 8(4): 208-215.
6. KOROVESSIS P, KOUREAS G, ZACHARATOS S, et al. Backpacks, back pain, sagittal spinal curves and trunk alignment in adolescents: a logistic and multinomial logistic analysis[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2005, 30(2): 247-255.
7. LAI J P, JONES A Y. The effect of shoulder-girdle loading by a school bag on lung volumes in Chinese primary school children[J]. Early Hum Dev, 2001, 62(1): 79-86.
8. JONES G T, MACFARLANE J G. Epidemiology of low back pain in children and adolescents[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2005, 90(3): 312-316.
9. 莫仕围,李静先.背书包对儿童生理学和生物力学的影响[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(8):1022-1024.
10. BIRRELL S A, HASLAM R A. The effect of military load carriage on 3-D lower limb kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters[J]. Ergonomics, 2009, 52(10): 1298-1304.
11. LAFIANDRA M, WAGENAAR R C, HOLT K G, et al. How do load carriage and walking speed influence trunk coordination and stride parameters?[J]. J Biomech, 2003, 36(1): 87-95.
12. SMITH B, ASHTON K M, BOHL D, et al. Influence of carrying a backpack on pelvic tilt, rotation, and obliquity in female college students[J]. Gait Posture, 2006, 23(3): 263-267.
13. FOISSAC M, MILLET G Y, GEYSSANT A, et al. Characterization of the mechanical properties of backpacks and their influence on the energetics of walking[J]. J Biomech, 2009, 42(2): 125-130.
14. HONG Y, LI J X, FONG D T. Effect of prolonged walking with backpack loads on trunk muscle activity and fatigue in children[J]. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2008, 18(6): 990-996.
15. MOTMANS R R, TOMLOW S, VISSERS D. Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags[J]. Ergonomics, 2006, 49(2): 127-138.
16. PISCIONE J, GAMET D. Effect of mechanical compression due to load carrying on shoulder muscle fatigue during sustained isometric arm abduction: an electromyographic study[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2006, 97(5): 573-581.
17. LEGG S J, CRUZ C O. Effect of single and double strap backpacks on lung function[J]. Ergonomics, 2004, 47(3): 318-323.
18. HONG Y, LI J X, WONG A S, et al. Effects of load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure and energy expenditure in children[J]. Ergonomics, 2000, 43(6): 717-727.
19. LI J X, HONG Y, ROBINSON P D. The effect of load carriage on movement kinematics and respiratory parameters in children during walking[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2003, 90(1-2): 35-43.
20. DEVROEY C, JONKERS I, DE BECKER A, et al. Evaluation of the effect of backpack load and position during standing and walking using biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures[J]. Ergonomics, 2007, 50(5): 728-742.
21. STUEMPFLE K J, DRURY D G, WILSON A L. Effect of load position on physiological and perceptual responses during load carriage with an internal frame backpack[J]. Ergonomics, 2004, 47(7): 784-789.
22. ATTWELLS R L, BIRRELL S A, HOOPER R H, et al. Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers'posture, movements and gait[J]. Ergonomics, 2006, 49(14): 1527-1537.
23. FIOLKOWSKI P, HORODYSKI M, BISHOP M, et al. Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a front pack[J]. Ergonomics, 2006, 49(9): 885-894.
24. HONG Y, CHEUNG C K. Gait and posture responses to backpack load during level walking in children[J]. Gait Posture, 2003, 17(1): 28-33.
25. CHANSIRINUKOR W, WILSON D, GRIMMER K, et al. Effects of backpacks on students: measurement of cervical and shoulder posture[J]. Aust J Physiother, 2001, 47(2): 110-116.
26. BOBET J, NORMAN R W. Use of the average electromyogram in design evaluation. Investigation of a whole-body task[J]. Ergonomics, 1982, 25(12): 1155-1163.
27. 胡淑娴,施俊.基于希尔伯特-黄变换的肌动图估计肌肉疲劳研究[J].生物医学工程学杂志,2011,28(2):243-247.
28. DE LUCA C J. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics[J]. J Appl Biomech, 1997, 13(2):135-163.
29. 马军,朱虹,王海俊,等.中小学生背负不同重量行走时生理功能变化[J].中国公共卫生,2002,18(6):651-653.
30. GRIMMER K, DANSIE B, MILANESE S, et al. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2002, 3: 10.
31. 洪友廉,陈家琦,李静先,等. 儿童在背负四种不同重量书包下行走时的生理反应[J]. 中国应用生理学杂志,1999,15(2):137-140.

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