Recent Technical Research Hot Spots and Development Progresses in Medical Whole-body Positron Emission Tomography_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

SHIHan ^1,4 , DUDong ¹ , SUZhihong ² , XUJianfeng ³ , ZOUYirong ¹ ,  PENGQiyu

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
3. School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
4. Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720, USA;

Corresponding author：

PENGQiyu, Email: qpeng@lbl.gov

Keywords：

positron emission tomography; sensitivity; spatial resolution; depth-of-interaction; time of flight

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.20150040

Video：

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Medical whole-body positron emission tomography (PET), one of the most successful molecular imaging technologies, has been widely used in the fields of cancer diagnosis, cardiovascular disease diagnosis and cranial nerve study. But, on the other hand, the sensitivity, spatial resolution and signal-noise-ratio of the commercial medical whole-body PET systems still have some shortcomings and a great room for improvement. The sensitivity, spatial resolution and signal-noise-ratio of PET system are largely affected by the performances of the scintillators and the photo detectors. The design of a PET system is usually a trade-off in cost and performance. A better image quality can be achieved by optimizing and balancing the key components which affect the system performance the most without dramatically increases in cost. With the development of the scintillator, photo-detector and high speed electronic system, the performance of medical whole-body PET system would be dramatically improved. In this paper, we report current progresses and discuss future directions of the developments of technologies in medical whole-body PET system.

Citation： SHIHan, DUDong, SUZhihong, XUJianfeng, ZOUYirong, PENGQiyu. Recent Technical Research Hot Spots and Development Progresses in Medical Whole-body Positron Emission Tomography. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2015, 32(1): 218-224. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.20150040 Copy

1.	MOSES W W, JANECEK M, SPURRIER M A, et al. Optimization of a LSO-based detector module for time-of-flight pet[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(3): 1570-1576.
2.	CAO N N, HUESMAN R H, MOSES W W, et al. Detection performance analysis for time-of-flight pet[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2010, 55(22): 6931-6950.
3.	LIU S T, AN S H, LI H D, et al. A dual-layer TOF-DOI detector block for whole-body PET[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 59(5): 1805-1808.
4.	AN S H, LI H D, LIU S T, et al. Timing performance evaluation of PMT-quadrant-sharing LYSO detectors for time-of-flight PET[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2011, 58(5): 2155-2160.
5.	POON J K, DAHLBOM M L, MOSES W W, et al. Optimal whole-body pet scanner configurations for different volumes of LSO scintillator: a simulation study[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(13): 4077-4094.
6.	JANECEK M, MOSES W W. Simulating scintillator light collection using measured optical reflectance[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(3): 964-970.
7.	HABTE F, FOUDRAY A M, OLCOTT P D, et al. Effects of system geometry and other physical factors on photon sensitivity of high-resolution positron emission tomography[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(13): 3753-3772.
8.	PENG H, LEVIN C S. Recent developments in PET instrumentation[J]. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2010, 11(6):555-571.
9.	BAO Q, NEWPORT D, CHEN M, et al. Performance evaluation of the inveon dedicated PET preclinical tomograph based on the NEMA NU-4 standards[J]. J Nucl Med, 2009, 50(3): 401-408.
10.	MACDONALD L R, HARRISON R L, ALESSIO A M, et al. Effective count rates for pet scanners with reduced and extended axial field of view[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2011, 56(12): 3629-3643.
11.	ERIKSSON L, CONTI M, MELCHER C L, et al. Towards sub-minute PET examination times[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2011, 58(1): 76-81.
12.	TASHIMA H, YAMAYA T, YOSHIDA E, et al. A single-ring OpenPET enabling PET imaging during radiotherapy[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(14): 4705-4718.
13.	YAMAMOTO S. Investigation of depth-of-interaction (DOI) effects in single-and dual-layer block detectors by the use of light sharing in scintillators[J]. Radiol Phys Technol, 2012, 5(1): 40-45.
14.	MOSES W W. Fundamental limits of spatial resolution in pet[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2011, 648(Suppl 1): S236-S240.
15.	SCHAART D R, VAN DAM H, SEIFERT S, et al. A novel, SiPM-array-based, monolithic scintillator detector for pet[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2009, 54(11): 3501-3512.
16.	ITO M, LEE J S, KWON S I, et al. A four-layer DOI detector with a relative offset for use in an animal PET system[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(3): 976-981.
17.	MORROCCHI M, MARCATILI S, BELCARI N, et al. Timing performances of a data acquisition system for Time of Flight PET[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2012, 695(11): 210-212.
18.	CONTI M. Improving time resolution in time-of-flight PET[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2011, 648(Suppl 1): S194-S198.
19.	CONTI M. Focus on time-of-flight PET: the benefits of improved time resolution[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2011, 38(6): 1147-1157.
20.	CONTI M. Why is TOF PET reconstruction a more robust method in the presence of inconsistent data?[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2011, 56(1): 155-168.
21.	ARICÒ D, MINUTOLI F, MARINO C, et al. Comparison of different acquisition times for 18F-FDG PET/CT in overweight patients using a TOF LYSO PET/CT scanner[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2012, 39(suppl 2): S185-S186.
22.	CRESPO P, REIS J, COUCEIRO M, et al. Whole-body single-bed time-of-flight RPC-PET: Simulation of axial and planar sensitivities with NEMA and anthropomorphic phantoms[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 59(3): 520-529.
23.	WANG Y, ZHU W, CHENG X, et al. 3D position estimation using an artificial neural network for a continuous scintillator pet detector[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2013, 58(5): 1375-1390.
24.	GUNDACKER S, AUFFRAY E, DI VARA N, et al. SiPM time resolution: From single photon to saturation[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2013, 718: 569-572.
25.	CABELLO J, BARRILLON P, BARRIO J, et al. High resolution detectors based on continuous crystals and SiPMs for small animal pet[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2013, 718: 148-150.
26.	LIU C Y, GOERTZEN A L. Improved event positioning in a gamma ray detector using an iterative position-weighted centre-of-gravity algorithm[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2013, 58(14): N189-N200.
27.	LAWRENCE J, ROHREN E, PROVENZALE J. PET/CT today and tomorrow in veterinary cancer diagnosis and monitoring: fundamentals, early results and future perspectives[J]. Vet Comp Oncol, 2010, 8(3): 163-187.
28.	ZAIDI H, OJHA N, MORICH M, et al. Design and performance evaluation of a whole-body ingenuity TF pet-MRI system[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2011, 56(10): 3091-3106.
29.	THOMPSON C J, GOERTZEN A L, BERG E J, et al. Evaluation of high density pixellated crystal blocks with SiPM readout as candidates for PET/MR detectors in a small animal PET insert[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2012, 59(5): 1791-1797.
30.	HUBER J S, PENG Q Y, MOSES W W, et al. Development of a PET-transrectal ultrasound prostate imaging system[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2011, 58(3): 674-681.
31.	MOSES W W, BUCKLEY S, VU C, et al. OpenPET: A flexible electronics system for radiotracer imaging[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(5): 2532-2537.

1. MOSES W W, JANECEK M, SPURRIER M A, et al. Optimization of a LSO-based detector module for time-of-flight pet[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(3): 1570-1576.
2. CAO N N, HUESMAN R H, MOSES W W, et al. Detection performance analysis for time-of-flight pet[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2010, 55(22): 6931-6950.
3. LIU S T, AN S H, LI H D, et al. A dual-layer TOF-DOI detector block for whole-body PET[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 59(5): 1805-1808.
4. AN S H, LI H D, LIU S T, et al. Timing performance evaluation of PMT-quadrant-sharing LYSO detectors for time-of-flight PET[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2011, 58(5): 2155-2160.
5. POON J K, DAHLBOM M L, MOSES W W, et al. Optimal whole-body pet scanner configurations for different volumes of LSO scintillator: a simulation study[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(13): 4077-4094.
6. JANECEK M, MOSES W W. Simulating scintillator light collection using measured optical reflectance[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(3): 964-970.
7. HABTE F, FOUDRAY A M, OLCOTT P D, et al. Effects of system geometry and other physical factors on photon sensitivity of high-resolution positron emission tomography[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(13): 3753-3772.
8. PENG H, LEVIN C S. Recent developments in PET instrumentation[J]. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2010, 11(6):555-571.
9. BAO Q, NEWPORT D, CHEN M, et al. Performance evaluation of the inveon dedicated PET preclinical tomograph based on the NEMA NU-4 standards[J]. J Nucl Med, 2009, 50(3): 401-408.
10. MACDONALD L R, HARRISON R L, ALESSIO A M, et al. Effective count rates for pet scanners with reduced and extended axial field of view[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2011, 56(12): 3629-3643.
11. ERIKSSON L, CONTI M, MELCHER C L, et al. Towards sub-minute PET examination times[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2011, 58(1): 76-81.
12. TASHIMA H, YAMAYA T, YOSHIDA E, et al. A single-ring OpenPET enabling PET imaging during radiotherapy[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(14): 4705-4718.
13. YAMAMOTO S. Investigation of depth-of-interaction (DOI) effects in single-and dual-layer block detectors by the use of light sharing in scintillators[J]. Radiol Phys Technol, 2012, 5(1): 40-45.
14. MOSES W W. Fundamental limits of spatial resolution in pet[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2011, 648(Suppl 1): S236-S240.
15. SCHAART D R, VAN DAM H, SEIFERT S, et al. A novel, SiPM-array-based, monolithic scintillator detector for pet[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2009, 54(11): 3501-3512.
16. ITO M, LEE J S, KWON S I, et al. A four-layer DOI detector with a relative offset for use in an animal PET system[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(3): 976-981.
17. MORROCCHI M, MARCATILI S, BELCARI N, et al. Timing performances of a data acquisition system for Time of Flight PET[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2012, 695(11): 210-212.
18. CONTI M. Improving time resolution in time-of-flight PET[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2011, 648(Suppl 1): S194-S198.
19. CONTI M. Focus on time-of-flight PET: the benefits of improved time resolution[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2011, 38(6): 1147-1157.
20. CONTI M. Why is TOF PET reconstruction a more robust method in the presence of inconsistent data?[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2011, 56(1): 155-168.
21. ARICÒ D, MINUTOLI F, MARINO C, et al. Comparison of different acquisition times for 18F-FDG PET/CT in overweight patients using a TOF LYSO PET/CT scanner[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2012, 39(suppl 2): S185-S186.
22. CRESPO P, REIS J, COUCEIRO M, et al. Whole-body single-bed time-of-flight RPC-PET: Simulation of axial and planar sensitivities with NEMA and anthropomorphic phantoms[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 59(3): 520-529.
23. WANG Y, ZHU W, CHENG X, et al. 3D position estimation using an artificial neural network for a continuous scintillator pet detector[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2013, 58(5): 1375-1390.
24. GUNDACKER S, AUFFRAY E, DI VARA N, et al. SiPM time resolution: From single photon to saturation[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2013, 718: 569-572.
25. CABELLO J, BARRILLON P, BARRIO J, et al. High resolution detectors based on continuous crystals and SiPMs for small animal pet[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A, 2013, 718: 148-150.
26. LIU C Y, GOERTZEN A L. Improved event positioning in a gamma ray detector using an iterative position-weighted centre-of-gravity algorithm[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2013, 58(14): N189-N200.
27. LAWRENCE J, ROHREN E, PROVENZALE J. PET/CT today and tomorrow in veterinary cancer diagnosis and monitoring: fundamentals, early results and future perspectives[J]. Vet Comp Oncol, 2010, 8(3): 163-187.
28. ZAIDI H, OJHA N, MORICH M, et al. Design and performance evaluation of a whole-body ingenuity TF pet-MRI system[J]. Phys Med Biol, 2011, 56(10): 3091-3106.
29. THOMPSON C J, GOERTZEN A L, BERG E J, et al. Evaluation of high density pixellated crystal blocks with SiPM readout as candidates for PET/MR detectors in a small animal PET insert[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2012, 59(5): 1791-1797.
30. HUBER J S, PENG Q Y, MOSES W W, et al. Development of a PET-transrectal ultrasound prostate imaging system[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2011, 58(3): 674-681.
31. MOSES W W, BUCKLEY S, VU C, et al. OpenPET: A flexible electronics system for radiotracer imaging[J]. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 2010, 57(5): 2532-2537.

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