A review of progress of real-time tumor tracking radiotherapy technology based on dynamic multi-leaf collimator_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

LIU Fubo ^1,2 , LI Guangjun ¹ , SHEN Jiuling ^1,3 , LI Liqin ^1,3 [综述] ,  BAI Sen ¹ [审校]

1. Radiation Oncology Physics Technical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China;
2. College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China;
3. School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

BAI Sen, Email: baisen@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

tumor intra-fractional motion; real-time tracking radiotherapy; dynamic multi-leaf collimator

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201607054

Video：

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While radiation treatment to patients with tumors in thorax and abdomen is being performed, further improvement of radiation accuracy is restricted by the tumor intra-fractional motion due to respiration. Real-time tumor tracking radiation is an optimal solution to tumor intra-fractional motion. A review of the progress of real-time dynamic multi-leaf collimator (DMLC) tracking is provided in the present review, including DMLC tracking method, time lag of DMLC tracking system, and dosimetric verification.

Citation： LIUFubo, LIGuangjun, SHENJiuling. A review of progress of real-time tumor tracking radiotherapy technology based on dynamic multi-leaf collimator. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2017, 34(1): 145-149. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201607054 Copy

1.	Korreman S S. Image-guided radiotherapy and motion management in lung cancer. Br J Radiol, 2015, 88(1051): 20150100.
2.	Rottmann J, Keall P, Berbeco R. Markerless EPID image guided dynamic multi-leaf collimator tracking for lung tumors. Phys Med Biol, 2013, 58(12): 4195-4204.
3.	Kubiak T. Particle therapy of moving targets-the strategies for tumour motion monitoring and moving targets irradiation. Br J Radiol, 2016: 20150275.
4.	Silva C, Mateus D, Eiras M, et al. Calypso®4D Localization System: a review. J Radiother Pract, 2014, 13(04): 473-483.
5.	Mutic S, Dempsey J F. The ViewRay system: magnetic resonance-guided and controlled radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol, 2014, 24(3): 196-199.
6.	Zachiu C, Papadakis N, Ries M, et al. An improved optical flow tracking technique for real-time MR-guided beam therapies in moving organs. Phys Med Biol, 2015, 60(23): 9003-9029.
7.	Nguyen V H, Pyun J Y. Location detection and tracking of moving targets by a 2D IR-UWB radar system. Sensors (Basel), 2015, 15(3): 6740-6762.
8.	Depuydt T, Verellen D, Haas O, et al. Geometric accuracy of a novel gimbals based radiation therapy tumor tracking system. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 98(3): 365-372.
9.	Fast M F, Nill S, Bedford J L, et al. Dynamic tumor tracking using the Elekta Agility MLC. Med Phys, 2014, 41(11): 111719.
10.	Obayomi-Davies O, Kole T P, Oppong B, et al. Stereotactic accelerated partial breast irradiation for early-stage breast cancer: rationale, feasibility, and early experience using the CyberKnife radiosurgery delivery platform. Front Oncol, 2016, 6: 129.
11.	Sothmann T, Blanck O, Poels K, et al. Real time tracking in liver SBRT: comparison of CyberKnife and Vero by planning structure-based gamma-evaluation and dose-area-histograms. Phys Med Biol, 2016, 61(4): 1677-1691.
12.	Wilbert J, Baier K, Hermann C, et al. Accuracy of real-time couch tracking during 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and volumetric modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013, 85(1): 237-242.
13.	Lang S, Zeimetz J, Ochsner G, et al. Development and evaluation of a prototype tracking system using the treatment couch. Med Phys, 2014, 41(2): 21720.
14.	Chang K H, Lee S, Kim K H, et al. Evaluation of the dosimetric accuracy for a couch-based tracking system (CBTS). Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 2016, 69(2): 241-247.
15.	Pepin E W, Wu H, Shirato H. Use of dMLC for implementation of dynamic respiratory-gated radiation therapy. Med Phys, 2013, 40(10): 101708.
16.	Keall P J, Kini V R, Vedam S S, et al. Motion adaptive x-ray therapy: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol, 2001, 46(1): 1-10.
17.	Neicu T, Shirato H, Seppenwoolde Y, et al. Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): average tumour trajectory for lung patients. Phys Med Biol, 2003, 48(5): 587-598.
18.	McClelland J R, Webb S, McQuaid D, et al. Tracking `differential organ motion' with a `breathing' multileaf collimator: magnitude of problem assessed using 4D CT data and a motion-compensation strategy. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(16): 4805-4826.
19.	Harada K, Katoh N, Suzuki R, et al. Evaluation of the motion of lung tumors during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) using real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system (RTRT). Phys Med, 2016, 32(2): 305-311.
20.	McQuaid D, Webb S. IMRT delivery to a moving target by dynamic MLC tracking: delivery for targets moving in two dimensions in the beam’s-eye view. Phys Med Biol, 2006, 33(6): 2296-2297.
21.	Sawant A, Venkat R, Srivastava V, et al. Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking. Med Phys, 2008, 35(5): 2050-2061.
22.	Davies G A, Poludniowski G, McQuaid D, et al. A modelling study of Elekta VMAT dMLC tracking for realistic respiratory motion//Long M. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013: 1941-1944.
23.	Kyriakou E, Mckenzie D R. Changes in lung tumor shape during respiration. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(4): 919-935.
24.	Feng M, Balter J M, Normolle D, et al. Characterization of pancreatic tumor motion using cine MRI: surrogates for tumor position should be used with caution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74(3): 884-891.
25.	Xu Q, Hamilton R J, Schowengerdt R A. A deformable lung tumor tracking method in fluoroscopic video using active shape models: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(17): 5277-5293.
26.	Ge Y, O'Brien R T, Shieh C C, et al. Toward the development of intrafraction tumor deformation tracking using a dynamic multi-leaf collimator. Med Phys, 2014, 41(6): 61703.
27.	Regmi R, Lovelock D M, Zhang P, et al. Technical Note: Intrafractional changes in time lag relationship between anterior-posterior external and superior-inferior internal motion signals in abdominal tumor sites. Med Phys, 2015, 42(6): 2813-2817.
28.	Rottmann J, Berbeco R. Using an external surrogate for predictor model training in real-time motion management of lung tumors. Med Phys, 2014, 41(12): 121706.
29.	Cho B, Poulsen P R, Sloutsky A, et al. First Demonstration of combined kV/MV image-guided real-time dynamic multileaf-collimator target tracking. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74(3): 859-867.
30.	Poulsen P R, Cho B, Sawant A, et al. Detailed analysis of latencies in image-based dynamic MLC tracking. Med Phys, 2010, 37(9): 4998-5005.
31.	Fledelius W, Keall P J, Cho B, et al. Tracking latency in image-based dynamic MLC tracking with direct image access. Acta Oncol, 2011, 50(6): 952-959.
32.	Crijns S P M, Raaymakers B W, Lagendijk J J W. Proof of concept of MRI-guided tracked radiation delivery: tracking one-dimensional motion. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(23): 7863-7872.
33.	Keall P J, Colvill E, O'Brien R, et al. The first clinical implementation of electromagnetic transponder-guided MLC tracking. Med Phys, 2014, 41(2): 20702.
34.	Smith R L, Sawant A, Santanam L, et al. Integration of real-time internal electromagnetic position monitoring coupled with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking: an intensity-modulated radiation therapy feasibility study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74(3): 868-875.
35.	Colvill E, Poulsen P R, Booth J T, et al. DMLC tracking and gating can improve dose coverage for prostate VMAT. Med Phys, 2014, 41(9): 091705.
36.	Menten M J, Fast M F, Nill S, et al. Lung stereotactic body radiotherapy with an MR-linac-Quantifying the impact of the magnetic field and real-time tumor tracking. Radiother Oncol, 2016, 119(3): 461-466.

1. Korreman S S. Image-guided radiotherapy and motion management in lung cancer. Br J Radiol, 2015, 88(1051): 20150100.
2. Rottmann J, Keall P, Berbeco R. Markerless EPID image guided dynamic multi-leaf collimator tracking for lung tumors. Phys Med Biol, 2013, 58(12): 4195-4204.
3. Kubiak T. Particle therapy of moving targets-the strategies for tumour motion monitoring and moving targets irradiation. Br J Radiol, 2016: 20150275.
4. Silva C, Mateus D, Eiras M, et al. Calypso®4D Localization System: a review. J Radiother Pract, 2014, 13(04): 473-483.
5. Mutic S, Dempsey J F. The ViewRay system: magnetic resonance-guided and controlled radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol, 2014, 24(3): 196-199.
6. Zachiu C, Papadakis N, Ries M, et al. An improved optical flow tracking technique for real-time MR-guided beam therapies in moving organs. Phys Med Biol, 2015, 60(23): 9003-9029.
7. Nguyen V H, Pyun J Y. Location detection and tracking of moving targets by a 2D IR-UWB radar system. Sensors (Basel), 2015, 15(3): 6740-6762.
8. Depuydt T, Verellen D, Haas O, et al. Geometric accuracy of a novel gimbals based radiation therapy tumor tracking system. Radiother Oncol, 2011, 98(3): 365-372.
9. Fast M F, Nill S, Bedford J L, et al. Dynamic tumor tracking using the Elekta Agility MLC. Med Phys, 2014, 41(11): 111719.
10. Obayomi-Davies O, Kole T P, Oppong B, et al. Stereotactic accelerated partial breast irradiation for early-stage breast cancer: rationale, feasibility, and early experience using the CyberKnife radiosurgery delivery platform. Front Oncol, 2016, 6: 129.
11. Sothmann T, Blanck O, Poels K, et al. Real time tracking in liver SBRT: comparison of CyberKnife and Vero by planning structure-based gamma-evaluation and dose-area-histograms. Phys Med Biol, 2016, 61(4): 1677-1691.
12. Wilbert J, Baier K, Hermann C, et al. Accuracy of real-time couch tracking during 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and volumetric modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013, 85(1): 237-242.
13. Lang S, Zeimetz J, Ochsner G, et al. Development and evaluation of a prototype tracking system using the treatment couch. Med Phys, 2014, 41(2): 21720.
14. Chang K H, Lee S, Kim K H, et al. Evaluation of the dosimetric accuracy for a couch-based tracking system (CBTS). Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 2016, 69(2): 241-247.
15. Pepin E W, Wu H, Shirato H. Use of dMLC for implementation of dynamic respiratory-gated radiation therapy. Med Phys, 2013, 40(10): 101708.
16. Keall P J, Kini V R, Vedam S S, et al. Motion adaptive x-ray therapy: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol, 2001, 46(1): 1-10.
17. Neicu T, Shirato H, Seppenwoolde Y, et al. Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): average tumour trajectory for lung patients. Phys Med Biol, 2003, 48(5): 587-598.
18. McClelland J R, Webb S, McQuaid D, et al. Tracking `differential organ motion' with a `breathing' multileaf collimator: magnitude of problem assessed using 4D CT data and a motion-compensation strategy. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(16): 4805-4826.
19. Harada K, Katoh N, Suzuki R, et al. Evaluation of the motion of lung tumors during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) using real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system (RTRT). Phys Med, 2016, 32(2): 305-311.
20. McQuaid D, Webb S. IMRT delivery to a moving target by dynamic MLC tracking: delivery for targets moving in two dimensions in the beam’s-eye view. Phys Med Biol, 2006, 33(6): 2296-2297.
21. Sawant A, Venkat R, Srivastava V, et al. Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking. Med Phys, 2008, 35(5): 2050-2061.
22. Davies G A, Poludniowski G, McQuaid D, et al. A modelling study of Elekta VMAT dMLC tracking for realistic respiratory motion//Long M. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013: 1941-1944.
23. Kyriakou E, Mckenzie D R. Changes in lung tumor shape during respiration. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(4): 919-935.
24. Feng M, Balter J M, Normolle D, et al. Characterization of pancreatic tumor motion using cine MRI: surrogates for tumor position should be used with caution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74(3): 884-891.
25. Xu Q, Hamilton R J, Schowengerdt R A. A deformable lung tumor tracking method in fluoroscopic video using active shape models: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol, 2007, 52(17): 5277-5293.
26. Ge Y, O'Brien R T, Shieh C C, et al. Toward the development of intrafraction tumor deformation tracking using a dynamic multi-leaf collimator. Med Phys, 2014, 41(6): 61703.
27. Regmi R, Lovelock D M, Zhang P, et al. Technical Note: Intrafractional changes in time lag relationship between anterior-posterior external and superior-inferior internal motion signals in abdominal tumor sites. Med Phys, 2015, 42(6): 2813-2817.
28. Rottmann J, Berbeco R. Using an external surrogate for predictor model training in real-time motion management of lung tumors. Med Phys, 2014, 41(12): 121706.
29. Cho B, Poulsen P R, Sloutsky A, et al. First Demonstration of combined kV/MV image-guided real-time dynamic multileaf-collimator target tracking. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74(3): 859-867.
30. Poulsen P R, Cho B, Sawant A, et al. Detailed analysis of latencies in image-based dynamic MLC tracking. Med Phys, 2010, 37(9): 4998-5005.
31. Fledelius W, Keall P J, Cho B, et al. Tracking latency in image-based dynamic MLC tracking with direct image access. Acta Oncol, 2011, 50(6): 952-959.
32. Crijns S P M, Raaymakers B W, Lagendijk J J W. Proof of concept of MRI-guided tracked radiation delivery: tracking one-dimensional motion. Phys Med Biol, 2012, 57(23): 7863-7872.
33. Keall P J, Colvill E, O'Brien R, et al. The first clinical implementation of electromagnetic transponder-guided MLC tracking. Med Phys, 2014, 41(2): 20702.
34. Smith R L, Sawant A, Santanam L, et al. Integration of real-time internal electromagnetic position monitoring coupled with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking: an intensity-modulated radiation therapy feasibility study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 74(3): 868-875.
35. Colvill E, Poulsen P R, Booth J T, et al. DMLC tracking and gating can improve dose coverage for prostate VMAT. Med Phys, 2014, 41(9): 091705.
36. Menten M J, Fast M F, Nill S, et al. Lung stereotactic body radiotherapy with an MR-linac-Quantifying the impact of the magnetic field and real-time tumor tracking. Radiother Oncol, 2016, 119(3): 461-466.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

A review of progress of real-time tumor tracking radiotherapy technology based on dynamic multi-leaf collimator

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