Ligaments are dense fibrous connective tissue that maintains joint stability through bone-to-bone connections. Ligament tears that due to sports injury or tissue aging usually require surgical intervention, and transplanting autologous, allogeneic, or artificial ligaments for reconstruction is the gold standard for treating such diseases in spite of many drawbacks. With the development of materialogy and manufacturing technology, engineered ligament tissue based on bioscaffold is expected to become a new substitute, which can lead to tissue regeneration by simulating the structure, composition, and biomechanical properties of natural tissue. This paper reviewed some recently published in vitro and animal researches focusing on ligament tissue engineering, then evaluated the properties and the effects on tissue repair and reconstruction of fiber structure scaffolds, multi-phase interface scaffolds and bio-derived scaffolds designed by bionic principle and made of different materials, manufacturing techniques and biological factors. Finally, summarization followed by the prospection for future development direction of biological scaffolds in ligament tissue engineering research is given.
Citation： XU Fei, ZHANG Lei. The research progress of bionic scaffolds in ligament tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2021, 38(4): 812-818. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202009085 Copy
| 1. | Wu F, Nerlich M, Docheva D. Tendon injuries: Basic science and new repair proposals. EFORT Open Rev, 2017, 2(7): 332-342. |
| 2. | Butler D L, Juncosa N, Dressler M R. Functional efficacy of tendon repair processes. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 2004, 6: 303-329. |
| 3. | Yang G, Rothrauff B B, Tuan R S. Tendon and ligament regeneration and repair: clinical relevance and developmental paradigm. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2013, 99(3): 203-222. |
| 4. | Lim W L, Liau L L, Ng M H, et al. Current progress in tendon and ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2019, 16(6): 549-571. |
| 5. | 孙文爽. 肌腱损伤治疗的研究进展. 医学研究生学报, 2017, 30(3): 324-328. |
| 6. | 陈天午, 陈世益. 人工韧带用于前交叉韧带修复重建: 目前产品与经验. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2020, 34(1): 1-9. |
| 7. | Chen T, Jiang J, Chen S. Status and headway of the clinical application of artificial ligaments. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol, 2015, 2(1): 15-26. |
| 8. | Olvera D, Schipani R, Sathy B N, et al. Electrospinning of highly porous yet mechanically functional microfibrillar scaffolds at the human scale for ligament and tendon tissue engineering. Biomed Mater, 2019, 14(3): 035016. |
| 9. | Frauz K, Teodoro L F R, Carneiro G D, et al. Transected tendon treated with a new fibrin sealant alone or associated with adipose-derived stem cells. Cells, 2019, 8(1): 56. |
| 10. | Khatib M, Mauro A, Mattia M, et al. Electrospun PLGA fiber diameter and alignment of tendon biomimetic fleece potentiate tenogenic differentiation and immunomodulatory function of amniotic epithelial stem cells. Cells, 2020, 9(5): 1207. |
| 11. | Gwiazda M, Kumar S, Swieszkowski W, et al. The effect of melt electrospun writing fiber orientation onto cellular organization and mechanical properties for application in Anterior Cruciate Ligament tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2020, 104: 103631. |
| 12. | Calejo I, Costa-Almeida R, Reis R L, et al. A textile platform using continuous aligned and textured composite microfibers to engineer tendon-to-bone interface gradient scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater, 2019, 8(15): e1900200. |
| 13. | Teuschl A, Heimel P, Nurnberger S, et al. A novel silk fiber-based scaffold for regeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: Histological results from a study in sheep. Am J Sports Med, 2016, 44(6): 1547-1557. |
| 14. | Teuschl A H, Tangl S, Heimel P, et al. Osteointegration of a novel silk fiber-based ACL scaffold by formation of a ligament-bone interface. Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(3): 620-627. |
| 15. | Fan J, Sun L, Chen X, et al. Implementation of a stratified approach and gene immobilization to enhance the osseointegration of a silk-based ligament graft. J Mater Chem B, 2017, 5(34): 7035-7050. |
| 16. | Mengsteab P Y, Otsuka T, McClinton A, et al. Mechanically superior matrices promote osteointegration and regeneration of anterior cruciate ligament tissue in rabbits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020, 117(46): 28655-28666. |
| 17. | Hu Y, Ran J, Zheng Z, et al. Exogenous stromal derived factor-1 releasing silk scaffold combined with intra-articular injection of progenitor cells promotes bone-ligament-bone regeneration. Acta Biomater, 2018, 71: 168-183. |
| 18. | Gogele C, Hahn J, Elschner C, et al. Enhanced growth of lapine anterior cruciate ligament-derived fibroblasts on scaffolds embroidered from poly(l-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) and polylactic acid threads functionalized by fluorination and hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linked collagen foams. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(3): 1132. |
| 19. | Cao Y, Yang S, Zhao D, et al. Three-dimensional printed multiphasic scaffolds with stratified cell-laden gelatin methacrylate hydrogels for biomimetic tendon-to-bone interface engineering. J Orthop Translat, 2020, 23: 89-100. |
| 20. | Park S H, Choi Y J, Moon S W, et al. Three-dimensional bio-printed scaffold sleeves with mesenchymal stem cells for enhancement of tendon-to-bone healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using soft-tissue tendon graft. Arthroscopy, 2018, 34(1): 166-179. |
| 21. | Lui H, Vaquette C, Denbeigh J M, et al. Multiphasic scaffold for scapholunate interosseous ligament reconstruction: A study in the rabbit knee. J Orthop Res, 2020(1). DOI: 10.1002/jor.24785. |
| 22. | Dong R K, Jung S, Jang J, et al. A 3-dimensional bioprinted scaffold with human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells improves regeneration of chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tear in a rabbit model. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(4): 947-958. |
| 23. | Pagan A, Aznar-Cervantes S D, Perez-Rigueiro J, et al. Potential use of silkworm gut fiber braids as scaffolds for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2019, 107(7): 2209-2215. |
| 24. | Sensini A, Gualandi C, Zucchelli A, et al. Tendon fascicle-inspired nanofibrous scaffold of polylactic acid/collagen with enhanced 3D-structure and biomechanical properties. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 17167. |
| 25. | Sensini A, Gualandi C, Cristofolini L, et al. Biofabrication of bundles of poly(lactic acid)-collagen blends mimicking the fascicles of the human Achille tendon. Biofabrication, 2017, 9(1): 015025. |
| 26. | Ramos D M, Abdulmalik S, Arul M R, et al. Insulin immobilized PCL-cellulose acetate micro-nanostructured fibrous scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering. Polym Adv Technol, 2019, 30(5): 1205-1215. |
| 27. | Lin Y, Zhang L, Liu N Q, et al. In vitro behavior of tendon stem/progenitor cells on bioactive electrospun nanofiber membranes for tendon-bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 5831-5848. |
| 28. | Rinoldi C, Kijenska E, Chlanda A, et al. Nanobead-on-string composites for tendon tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B, 2018, 6(19): 3116-3127. |
| 29. | Wu G, Deng X, Song J, et al. Enhanced biological properties of biomimetic apatite fabricated polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibrous bio-composite for tendon and ligament regeneration. J Photochem Photobiol B, 2018, 178: 27-32. |
| 30. | He J, Jiang N, Qin T, et al. Microfiber-reinforced nanofibrous scaffolds with structural and material gradients to mimic ligament-to-bone interface. J Mater Chem B, 2017, 5(43): 8579-8590. |
| 31. | Liu X, Baldit A, Brosses E D, et al. Characterization of bone marrow and Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells response on multilayer braided silk and silk/PLCL scaffolds for ligament tissue engineering. Polymers (Basel), 2020, 12(9): 2163. |
| 32. | Liu X, Laurent C, Du Q, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell interacted with PLCL braided scaffold coated with poly-l-lysine/hyaluronic acid for ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2018, 106(12): 3042-3052. |
| 33. | Chang C W, Lee J H, Chao P G. Chemical optimization for functional ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2020, 26(1-2): 102-110. |
| 34. | Ran J, Hu Y, Le H, et al. Ectopic tissue engineered ligament with silk collagen scaffold for ACL regeneration: A preliminary study. Acta Biomater, 2017, 53: 307-317. |
| 35. | Russo V, El Khatib M, di Marcantonio L, et al. Tendon biomimetic electrospun PLGA fleeces induce an early epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tenogenic differentiation on amniotic epithelial stem cells. Cells, 2020, 9(2): 303. |
| 36. | Schoenenberger A D, Foolen J, Moor P, et al. Substrate fiber alignment mediates tendon cell response to inflammatory signaling. Acta Biomater, 2018, 71: 306-317. |
| 37. | Lu K, Chen X, Tang H, et al. Bionic silk fibroin film induces morphological changes and differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells. Appl Bionics Biomech, 2020, 2020: 8865841. |
| 38. | Lu K, Chen X, Tang H, et al. Bionic silk fibroin film promotes tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells by activating focal adhesion kinase. Stem Cells Int, 2020, 2020: 8857380. |
| 39. | Pauly H, Kelly D, Popat K, et al. Mechanical properties of a hierarchical electrospun scaffold for ovine anterior cruciate ligament replacement. J Orthop Res, 2019, 37(2): 421-430. |
| 40. | Petrigliano F A, Arom G A, Nazemi A N, et al. In vivo evaluation of electrospun polycaprolactone graft for anterior cruciate ligament engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2015, 21: 1228-1236. |
| 41. | Leong N L, Kabir N, Arshi A, et al. Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold with basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblasts in an athymic rat model for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tissue Eng Part A, 2015, 21(11-12): 1859-1868. |
| 42. | Leong N L, Kabir N, Arshi A, et al. Use of ultra-high molecular weight polycaprolactone scaffolds for ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res, 2016, 34(5): 828-835. |
| 43. | Sensini A, Gualandi C, Focarete M L, et al. Multiscale hierarchical bioresorbable scaffolds for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Biofabrication, 2019, 11(3): 035026. |
| 44. | Cai J, Xie X, Li D, et al. A novel knitted scaffold made of microfiber/nanofiber core-sheath yarns for tendon tissue engineering. Biomater Sci, 2020, 8(16): 4413-4425. |
| 45. | Chang R A, Shanley J F, Kersh M E, et al. Tough and tunable scaffold-hydrogel composite biomaterial for soft-to-hard musculoskeletal tissue interfaces. Sci Adv, 2020, 6(34): eabb6763. |
| 46. | Yea J H, Bae T S, Kim B J, et al. Regeneration of the rotator cuff tendon-to-bone interface using umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and gradient extracellular matrix scaffolds from adipose tissue in a rat model. Acta Biomater, 2020, 114: 104-116. |
| 47. | Zhang P, Han F, Chen T, et al. "Swiss roll"-like bioactive hybrid scaffolds for promoting bone tissue ingrowth and tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Biomater Sci, 2020, 8(3): 871-883. |
| 48. | Han F, Zhang P, Chen T, et al. A LbL-assembled bioactive coating modified nanofibrous membrane for rapid tendon-bone healing in ACL reconstruction. Int J Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 9159-9172. |
| 49. | Jiang N, He J, Zhang W, et al. Directed differentiation of BMSCs on structural/compositional gradient nanofibrous scaffolds for ligament-bone osteointegration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 110: 110711. |
| 50. | Santos A, Silva C G, Barreto L S, et al. A new decellularized tendon scaffold for rotator cuff tears–evaluation in rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2020, 21(1): 689. |
| 51. | Lee K I, Lee J S, Kang K T, et al. In vitro and in vivo performance of tissue-engineered tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(7): 1641-1649. |
| 52. | Grant S A, Smith S E, Schmidt H, et al. In vivo bone tunnel evaluation of nanoparticle-grafts using an ACL reconstruction rabbit model. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2017, 105(4): 1071-1082. |
| 53. | Su M, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, et al. Preparation of decellularized triphasic hierarchical bone-fibrocartilage-tendon composite extracellular matrix for enthesis regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater, 2019, 8(19): e1900831. |
| 54. | Liu Q, Hatta T, Qi J, et al. Novel engineered tendon-fibrocartilage-bone composite with cyclic tension for rotator cuff repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018, 12(7): 1690-1701. |
| 55. | Lu H, Tang Y, Liu F, et al. Comparative evaluation of the book-type acellular bone scaffold and fibrocartilage scaffold for bone-tendon healing. J Orthop Res, 2019, 37(8): 1709-1722. |
| 56. | Chen C, Liu F, Tang Y, et al. Book-shaped acellular fibrocartilage scaffold with cell-loading capability and chondrogenic inducibility for tissue-engineered fibrocartilage and bone-tendon healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(3): 2891-2907. |
| 57. | Xie S, Zhou Y, Tang Y, et al. Book-shaped decellularized tendon matrix scaffold combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-sheets for repair of Achilles tendon defect in rabbit. J Orthop Res, 2019, 37(4): 887-897. |
| 58. | Tang Y, Chen C, Liu F, et al. Structure and ingredient-based biomimetic scaffolds combining with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets for bone-tendon healing. Biomaterials, 2020, 241: 119837. |
- 1. Wu F, Nerlich M, Docheva D. Tendon injuries: Basic science and new repair proposals. EFORT Open Rev, 2017, 2(7): 332-342.
- 2. Butler D L, Juncosa N, Dressler M R. Functional efficacy of tendon repair processes. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 2004, 6: 303-329.
- 3. Yang G, Rothrauff B B, Tuan R S. Tendon and ligament regeneration and repair: clinical relevance and developmental paradigm. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2013, 99(3): 203-222.
- 4. Lim W L, Liau L L, Ng M H, et al. Current progress in tendon and ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2019, 16(6): 549-571.
- 5. 孙文爽. 肌腱损伤治疗的研究进展. 医学研究生学报, 2017, 30(3): 324-328.
- 6. 陈天午, 陈世益. 人工韧带用于前交叉韧带修复重建: 目前产品与经验. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2020, 34(1): 1-9.
- 7. Chen T, Jiang J, Chen S. Status and headway of the clinical application of artificial ligaments. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol, 2015, 2(1): 15-26.
- 8. Olvera D, Schipani R, Sathy B N, et al. Electrospinning of highly porous yet mechanically functional microfibrillar scaffolds at the human scale for ligament and tendon tissue engineering. Biomed Mater, 2019, 14(3): 035016.
- 9. Frauz K, Teodoro L F R, Carneiro G D, et al. Transected tendon treated with a new fibrin sealant alone or associated with adipose-derived stem cells. Cells, 2019, 8(1): 56.
- 10. Khatib M, Mauro A, Mattia M, et al. Electrospun PLGA fiber diameter and alignment of tendon biomimetic fleece potentiate tenogenic differentiation and immunomodulatory function of amniotic epithelial stem cells. Cells, 2020, 9(5): 1207.
- 11. Gwiazda M, Kumar S, Swieszkowski W, et al. The effect of melt electrospun writing fiber orientation onto cellular organization and mechanical properties for application in Anterior Cruciate Ligament tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2020, 104: 103631.
- 12. Calejo I, Costa-Almeida R, Reis R L, et al. A textile platform using continuous aligned and textured composite microfibers to engineer tendon-to-bone interface gradient scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater, 2019, 8(15): e1900200.
- 13. Teuschl A, Heimel P, Nurnberger S, et al. A novel silk fiber-based scaffold for regeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: Histological results from a study in sheep. Am J Sports Med, 2016, 44(6): 1547-1557.
- 14. Teuschl A H, Tangl S, Heimel P, et al. Osteointegration of a novel silk fiber-based ACL scaffold by formation of a ligament-bone interface. Am J Sports Med, 2019, 47(3): 620-627.
- 15. Fan J, Sun L, Chen X, et al. Implementation of a stratified approach and gene immobilization to enhance the osseointegration of a silk-based ligament graft. J Mater Chem B, 2017, 5(34): 7035-7050.
- 16. Mengsteab P Y, Otsuka T, McClinton A, et al. Mechanically superior matrices promote osteointegration and regeneration of anterior cruciate ligament tissue in rabbits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020, 117(46): 28655-28666.
- 17. Hu Y, Ran J, Zheng Z, et al. Exogenous stromal derived factor-1 releasing silk scaffold combined with intra-articular injection of progenitor cells promotes bone-ligament-bone regeneration. Acta Biomater, 2018, 71: 168-183.
- 18. Gogele C, Hahn J, Elschner C, et al. Enhanced growth of lapine anterior cruciate ligament-derived fibroblasts on scaffolds embroidered from poly(l-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) and polylactic acid threads functionalized by fluorination and hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linked collagen foams. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(3): 1132.
- 19. Cao Y, Yang S, Zhao D, et al. Three-dimensional printed multiphasic scaffolds with stratified cell-laden gelatin methacrylate hydrogels for biomimetic tendon-to-bone interface engineering. J Orthop Translat, 2020, 23: 89-100.
- 20. Park S H, Choi Y J, Moon S W, et al. Three-dimensional bio-printed scaffold sleeves with mesenchymal stem cells for enhancement of tendon-to-bone healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using soft-tissue tendon graft. Arthroscopy, 2018, 34(1): 166-179.
- 21. Lui H, Vaquette C, Denbeigh J M, et al. Multiphasic scaffold for scapholunate interosseous ligament reconstruction: A study in the rabbit knee. J Orthop Res, 2020(1). DOI: 10.1002/jor.24785.
- 22. Dong R K, Jung S, Jang J, et al. A 3-dimensional bioprinted scaffold with human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells improves regeneration of chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tear in a rabbit model. Am J Sports Med, 2020, 48(4): 947-958.
- 23. Pagan A, Aznar-Cervantes S D, Perez-Rigueiro J, et al. Potential use of silkworm gut fiber braids as scaffolds for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2019, 107(7): 2209-2215.
- 24. Sensini A, Gualandi C, Zucchelli A, et al. Tendon fascicle-inspired nanofibrous scaffold of polylactic acid/collagen with enhanced 3D-structure and biomechanical properties. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 17167.
- 25. Sensini A, Gualandi C, Cristofolini L, et al. Biofabrication of bundles of poly(lactic acid)-collagen blends mimicking the fascicles of the human Achille tendon. Biofabrication, 2017, 9(1): 015025.
- 26. Ramos D M, Abdulmalik S, Arul M R, et al. Insulin immobilized PCL-cellulose acetate micro-nanostructured fibrous scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering. Polym Adv Technol, 2019, 30(5): 1205-1215.
- 27. Lin Y, Zhang L, Liu N Q, et al. In vitro behavior of tendon stem/progenitor cells on bioactive electrospun nanofiber membranes for tendon-bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 5831-5848.
- 28. Rinoldi C, Kijenska E, Chlanda A, et al. Nanobead-on-string composites for tendon tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B, 2018, 6(19): 3116-3127.
- 29. Wu G, Deng X, Song J, et al. Enhanced biological properties of biomimetic apatite fabricated polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibrous bio-composite for tendon and ligament regeneration. J Photochem Photobiol B, 2018, 178: 27-32.
- 30. He J, Jiang N, Qin T, et al. Microfiber-reinforced nanofibrous scaffolds with structural and material gradients to mimic ligament-to-bone interface. J Mater Chem B, 2017, 5(43): 8579-8590.
- 31. Liu X, Baldit A, Brosses E D, et al. Characterization of bone marrow and Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells response on multilayer braided silk and silk/PLCL scaffolds for ligament tissue engineering. Polymers (Basel), 2020, 12(9): 2163.
- 32. Liu X, Laurent C, Du Q, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell interacted with PLCL braided scaffold coated with poly-l-lysine/hyaluronic acid for ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2018, 106(12): 3042-3052.
- 33. Chang C W, Lee J H, Chao P G. Chemical optimization for functional ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2020, 26(1-2): 102-110.
- 34. Ran J, Hu Y, Le H, et al. Ectopic tissue engineered ligament with silk collagen scaffold for ACL regeneration: A preliminary study. Acta Biomater, 2017, 53: 307-317.
- 35. Russo V, El Khatib M, di Marcantonio L, et al. Tendon biomimetic electrospun PLGA fleeces induce an early epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tenogenic differentiation on amniotic epithelial stem cells. Cells, 2020, 9(2): 303.
- 36. Schoenenberger A D, Foolen J, Moor P, et al. Substrate fiber alignment mediates tendon cell response to inflammatory signaling. Acta Biomater, 2018, 71: 306-317.
- 37. Lu K, Chen X, Tang H, et al. Bionic silk fibroin film induces morphological changes and differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells. Appl Bionics Biomech, 2020, 2020: 8865841.
- 38. Lu K, Chen X, Tang H, et al. Bionic silk fibroin film promotes tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells by activating focal adhesion kinase. Stem Cells Int, 2020, 2020: 8857380.
- 39. Pauly H, Kelly D, Popat K, et al. Mechanical properties of a hierarchical electrospun scaffold for ovine anterior cruciate ligament replacement. J Orthop Res, 2019, 37(2): 421-430.
- 40. Petrigliano F A, Arom G A, Nazemi A N, et al. In vivo evaluation of electrospun polycaprolactone graft for anterior cruciate ligament engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2015, 21: 1228-1236.
- 41. Leong N L, Kabir N, Arshi A, et al. Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold with basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblasts in an athymic rat model for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tissue Eng Part A, 2015, 21(11-12): 1859-1868.
- 42. Leong N L, Kabir N, Arshi A, et al. Use of ultra-high molecular weight polycaprolactone scaffolds for ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res, 2016, 34(5): 828-835.
- 43. Sensini A, Gualandi C, Focarete M L, et al. Multiscale hierarchical bioresorbable scaffolds for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Biofabrication, 2019, 11(3): 035026.
- 44. Cai J, Xie X, Li D, et al. A novel knitted scaffold made of microfiber/nanofiber core-sheath yarns for tendon tissue engineering. Biomater Sci, 2020, 8(16): 4413-4425.
- 45. Chang R A, Shanley J F, Kersh M E, et al. Tough and tunable scaffold-hydrogel composite biomaterial for soft-to-hard musculoskeletal tissue interfaces. Sci Adv, 2020, 6(34): eabb6763.
- 46. Yea J H, Bae T S, Kim B J, et al. Regeneration of the rotator cuff tendon-to-bone interface using umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and gradient extracellular matrix scaffolds from adipose tissue in a rat model. Acta Biomater, 2020, 114: 104-116.
- 47. Zhang P, Han F, Chen T, et al. "Swiss roll"-like bioactive hybrid scaffolds for promoting bone tissue ingrowth and tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Biomater Sci, 2020, 8(3): 871-883.
- 48. Han F, Zhang P, Chen T, et al. A LbL-assembled bioactive coating modified nanofibrous membrane for rapid tendon-bone healing in ACL reconstruction. Int J Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 9159-9172.
- 49. Jiang N, He J, Zhang W, et al. Directed differentiation of BMSCs on structural/compositional gradient nanofibrous scaffolds for ligament-bone osteointegration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 110: 110711.
- 50. Santos A, Silva C G, Barreto L S, et al. A new decellularized tendon scaffold for rotator cuff tears–evaluation in rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2020, 21(1): 689.
- 51. Lee K I, Lee J S, Kang K T, et al. In vitro and in vivo performance of tissue-engineered tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 2018, 46(7): 1641-1649.
- 52. Grant S A, Smith S E, Schmidt H, et al. In vivo bone tunnel evaluation of nanoparticle-grafts using an ACL reconstruction rabbit model. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2017, 105(4): 1071-1082.
- 53. Su M, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, et al. Preparation of decellularized triphasic hierarchical bone-fibrocartilage-tendon composite extracellular matrix for enthesis regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater, 2019, 8(19): e1900831.
- 54. Liu Q, Hatta T, Qi J, et al. Novel engineered tendon-fibrocartilage-bone composite with cyclic tension for rotator cuff repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018, 12(7): 1690-1701.
- 55. Lu H, Tang Y, Liu F, et al. Comparative evaluation of the book-type acellular bone scaffold and fibrocartilage scaffold for bone-tendon healing. J Orthop Res, 2019, 37(8): 1709-1722.
- 56. Chen C, Liu F, Tang Y, et al. Book-shaped acellular fibrocartilage scaffold with cell-loading capability and chondrogenic inducibility for tissue-engineered fibrocartilage and bone-tendon healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(3): 2891-2907.
- 57. Xie S, Zhou Y, Tang Y, et al. Book-shaped decellularized tendon matrix scaffold combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-sheets for repair of Achilles tendon defect in rabbit. J Orthop Res, 2019, 37(4): 887-897.
- 58. Tang Y, Chen C, Liu F, et al. Structure and ingredient-based biomimetic scaffolds combining with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets for bone-tendon healing. Biomaterials, 2020, 241: 119837.