Simulation study of force and temperature field during transcranial magnetic stimulation application working with magnetic resonance imaging simultaneously_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

XU Bingyu ^1,2 ,  LU Mai ¹

1. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China;
2. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LU Mai, Email: mai.lu@hotmail.com

Keywords：

Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic stimulation coils; Force; Temperature

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202201030

Video：

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Currently, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been widely used in the treatment of depression, Parkinson’s disease and other neurological diseases. To be able to monitor the brain’s internal activity during TMS in real time and achieve better treatment outcomes, the researchers proposed combining TMS with neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), both of which use Tesla-level magnetic fields. However, the combination of strong current, large magnetic field and small size is likely to bring physical concerns which can lead to mechanical and thermal instability. In this paper, the MRI static magnetic field, the TMS coil and human head model were built according to the actual situations. Through the coupling of the magnetic field and the heat transfer module in the finite element simulation software COMSOL, the force and temperature of the TMS coil and head were obtained when the TMS was used in combination with MRI (TMS-MRI technology). The results showed that in a 3 T MRI environment, the maximum force density on the coil could reach 2.51 × 10⁹ N/m³. Both the direction of the external magnetic field and the current direction in the coil affected the force distributions. The closer to the boundary of the external magnetic field, the greater the force. The magnetic field generated by the coil during TMS treatment increased the temperature of the brain tissue by about 0.16 °C, and the presence of the MRI static magnetic field did not cause additional thermal effects. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the development of the use guidelines and safety guidelines of TMS-MRI technology.

Citation： XU Bingyu, LU Mai. Simulation study of force and temperature field during transcranial magnetic stimulation application working with magnetic resonance imaging simultaneously. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2022, 39(4): 685-693. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202201030 Copy

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2.	Barker A T, Jalinous R. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet, 1985, 325(8437): 1106-1107.
3.	Ueno S, Tashiro T, Harada K. Localized stimulation of neural tissues in the brain by means of a paired configuration of time‐varying magnetic fields. J Appl Phys, 1988, 64(10): 5862-5864.
4.	高元桂. 磁共振成像诊断学. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 1993.
5.	祁吉. 医学影像学的进展对临床医学的影响. 中国CT和MRI杂志, 2003, 1(1): 1-5.
6.	Bohning D E, Shastri A, McConnell K, et al. A combined TMS/fMRI study of intensity-dependent TMS over motor cortex. Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 45(4): 385-394.
7.	Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Siebner H R, et al. Subthreshold high-frequency TMS of human primary motor cortex modulates interconnected frontal motor areas as detected by interleaved fMRI-TMS. NeuroImage, 2003, 20(3): 1685-1696.
8.	Berardelli A, Suppa A. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: evidence from fMRI and TMS studies. Exp Neurol, 2011, 227(1): 10-12.
9.	de Vries P M, de Jong B M, Bohning D E, et al. Changes in cerebral activations during movement execution and imagery after parietal cortex TMS interleaved with 3T MRI. Brain Res, 2009, 1285: 58-68.
10.	Weise K, Numssen O, Thielscher A, et al. A novel approach to localize cortical TMS effects. NeuroImage, 2020, 209: 116486.
11.	Bungert A, Chambers C D, Long E, et al. On the importance of specialized radiofrequency filtering for concurrent TMS/MRI. J Neurosci Methods, 2012, 210(2): 202-205.
12.	Naruhito H, Takahiro K, Takako M, et al. Proposal for an accurate TMS-MRI co-registration process via 3D laser scanning. Neurosci Res, 2018, 144: 30-39.
13.	马懿, 谢若曦, 郑重, 等. 实时交互式经颅磁刺激功能磁共振成像技术的应用与进展. 四川大学学报: 医学版, 2020, 51(5): 592-598.
14.	Crowther L J, Porzig K, Hadimani R L, et al. Calculation of Lorentz Forces on coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation during magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Trans Magn, 2012, 48(11): 4058-4061.
15.	Honrath M, Sabouni A. Study of intracranial pressure in human brain during transcranial magnetic stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2015, 2015(1): 6920-6923.
16.	Najib U, Horvath J C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) safety considerations and recommendations. Neuromethods, 2014, 89: 15-30.
17.	王秋良, 杨文辉, 倪志鹏, 等. 核磁共振成像技术研究进展. 高科技与产业化, 2013, 9(12): 46-59.
18.	Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, et al. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol, 2021, 132: 269-306.
19.	Gurler N, Ider Y Z. Numerical methods and software tools for simulation, design, and resonant mode analysis of radio frequency birdcage coils used in MRI. Concept Magn Reson B, 2015, 45(1): 13-32.
20.	Guadagnin V, Parazzini M, Fiocchi S, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: modeling of different coil configurations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2016, 63(7): 1543-1550.
21.	Rastogi P, Tang Y, Zhang B, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: comparison of 15 coils with 50 MRI derived head models// 2018 IEEE International Magnetic Conference (INTERMAG). Singapore: IEEE, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/INTMAG.2018.8508173.
22.	魏孔炳, 逯迈, 董绪伟, 等. 磁刺激八字线圈变形对空间磁场与感应电场分布的影响. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2014, 33(4): 425-431.
23.	熊慧, 景昭, 刘近贞. 新型经颅磁刺激三层-8字形线圈的结构设计. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2021, 55(4): 793-800.
24.	Lu M, Ueno S. Computational study toward deep transcranial magnetic stimulation using coaxial circular coils. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2015, 62(12): 2911-2919.
25.	Lu M, Ueno S. Comparison of the induced fields using different coil configurations during deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. Plos One, 2017, 12(6): e0178422.
26.	Rush S. Current distribution in the brain from surface electrodes. Anest Analg Curr Res, 1968, 47(6): 717-723.
27.	Gabriel S, Lau R W, Gabriel C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol, 1996, 41(11): 2271-2293.
28.	Wessapan T, Rattanadecho P. Numerical analysis of specific absorption rate and heat transfer in human head subjected to mobile phone radiation: effects of user age and radiated power. J Heat Trans-T ASME, 2012, 134(12): 121101.
29.	Pennes H H. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. J Appl Physiol, 1948, 1(2): 93-122.
30.	Makarov S N, Noetscher G M, Raij T, et al. A quasi-static boundary element approach with fast multipole acceleration for high-resolution bioelectromagnetic model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2018, 65(12): 2675-2683.
31.	蔡忠祥, 逯迈. 磁感应热疗作用于胆管癌模型热场分布的研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2021, 38(3): 528-538, 548.
32.	Crowther L J, Porzig K, Hadimani R L, et al. Realistically modeled transcranial magnetic stimulation coils for Lorentz force and stress calculations during MRI. IEEE Trans Magn, 2013, 49(7): 3426-3429.
33.	Yau J M, Jalinous R, Cantarero G L, et al. Static field influences on transcranial magnetic stimulation: considerations for TMS in the scanner environment. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7(3): 388-393.
34.	Ilmoniemi R J, Ruohonen J, Karhu J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-a new tool for functional imaging of the brain. Crit Rev Biomed Eng, 1999, 27(3-5): 241-284.
35.	Brix G, Seebass M, Hellwig G, et al. Estimation of heat transfer and temperature rise in partial-body regions during MR procedures: an analytical approach with respect to safety considerations. Magn Reson Imaging, 2002, 20(1): 65-76.

1. George M S, Aston-Jones G. Noninvasive techniques for probing neurocircuitry and treating illness: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010, 35(1): 301-316.
2. Barker A T, Jalinous R. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet, 1985, 325(8437): 1106-1107.
3. Ueno S, Tashiro T, Harada K. Localized stimulation of neural tissues in the brain by means of a paired configuration of time‐varying magnetic fields. J Appl Phys, 1988, 64(10): 5862-5864.
4. 高元桂. 磁共振成像诊断学. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 1993.
5. 祁吉. 医学影像学的进展对临床医学的影响. 中国CT和MRI杂志, 2003, 1(1): 1-5.
6. Bohning D E, Shastri A, McConnell K, et al. A combined TMS/fMRI study of intensity-dependent TMS over motor cortex. Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 45(4): 385-394.
7. Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Siebner H R, et al. Subthreshold high-frequency TMS of human primary motor cortex modulates interconnected frontal motor areas as detected by interleaved fMRI-TMS. NeuroImage, 2003, 20(3): 1685-1696.
8. Berardelli A, Suppa A. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: evidence from fMRI and TMS studies. Exp Neurol, 2011, 227(1): 10-12.
9. de Vries P M, de Jong B M, Bohning D E, et al. Changes in cerebral activations during movement execution and imagery after parietal cortex TMS interleaved with 3T MRI. Brain Res, 2009, 1285: 58-68.
10. Weise K, Numssen O, Thielscher A, et al. A novel approach to localize cortical TMS effects. NeuroImage, 2020, 209: 116486.
11. Bungert A, Chambers C D, Long E, et al. On the importance of specialized radiofrequency filtering for concurrent TMS/MRI. J Neurosci Methods, 2012, 210(2): 202-205.
12. Naruhito H, Takahiro K, Takako M, et al. Proposal for an accurate TMS-MRI co-registration process via 3D laser scanning. Neurosci Res, 2018, 144: 30-39.
13. 马懿, 谢若曦, 郑重, 等. 实时交互式经颅磁刺激功能磁共振成像技术的应用与进展. 四川大学学报: 医学版, 2020, 51(5): 592-598.
14. Crowther L J, Porzig K, Hadimani R L, et al. Calculation of Lorentz Forces on coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation during magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Trans Magn, 2012, 48(11): 4058-4061.
15. Honrath M, Sabouni A. Study of intracranial pressure in human brain during transcranial magnetic stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2015, 2015(1): 6920-6923.
16. Najib U, Horvath J C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) safety considerations and recommendations. Neuromethods, 2014, 89: 15-30.
17. 王秋良, 杨文辉, 倪志鹏, 等. 核磁共振成像技术研究进展. 高科技与产业化, 2013, 9(12): 46-59.
18. Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, et al. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol, 2021, 132: 269-306.
19. Gurler N, Ider Y Z. Numerical methods and software tools for simulation, design, and resonant mode analysis of radio frequency birdcage coils used in MRI. Concept Magn Reson B, 2015, 45(1): 13-32.
20. Guadagnin V, Parazzini M, Fiocchi S, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: modeling of different coil configurations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2016, 63(7): 1543-1550.
21. Rastogi P, Tang Y, Zhang B, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: comparison of 15 coils with 50 MRI derived head models// 2018 IEEE International Magnetic Conference (INTERMAG). Singapore: IEEE, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/INTMAG.2018.8508173.
22. 魏孔炳, 逯迈, 董绪伟, 等. 磁刺激八字线圈变形对空间磁场与感应电场分布的影响. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2014, 33(4): 425-431.
23. 熊慧, 景昭, 刘近贞. 新型经颅磁刺激三层-8字形线圈的结构设计. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2021, 55(4): 793-800.
24. Lu M, Ueno S. Computational study toward deep transcranial magnetic stimulation using coaxial circular coils. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2015, 62(12): 2911-2919.
25. Lu M, Ueno S. Comparison of the induced fields using different coil configurations during deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. Plos One, 2017, 12(6): e0178422.
26. Rush S. Current distribution in the brain from surface electrodes. Anest Analg Curr Res, 1968, 47(6): 717-723.
27. Gabriel S, Lau R W, Gabriel C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol, 1996, 41(11): 2271-2293.
28. Wessapan T, Rattanadecho P. Numerical analysis of specific absorption rate and heat transfer in human head subjected to mobile phone radiation: effects of user age and radiated power. J Heat Trans-T ASME, 2012, 134(12): 121101.
29. Pennes H H. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. J Appl Physiol, 1948, 1(2): 93-122.
30. Makarov S N, Noetscher G M, Raij T, et al. A quasi-static boundary element approach with fast multipole acceleration for high-resolution bioelectromagnetic model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2018, 65(12): 2675-2683.
31. 蔡忠祥, 逯迈. 磁感应热疗作用于胆管癌模型热场分布的研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2021, 38(3): 528-538, 548.
32. Crowther L J, Porzig K, Hadimani R L, et al. Realistically modeled transcranial magnetic stimulation coils for Lorentz force and stress calculations during MRI. IEEE Trans Magn, 2013, 49(7): 3426-3429.
33. Yau J M, Jalinous R, Cantarero G L, et al. Static field influences on transcranial magnetic stimulation: considerations for TMS in the scanner environment. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7(3): 388-393.
34. Ilmoniemi R J, Ruohonen J, Karhu J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-a new tool for functional imaging of the brain. Crit Rev Biomed Eng, 1999, 27(3-5): 241-284.
35. Brix G, Seebass M, Hellwig G, et al. Estimation of heat transfer and temperature rise in partial-body regions during MR procedures: an analytical approach with respect to safety considerations. Magn Reson Imaging, 2002, 20(1): 65-76.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Simulation study of force and temperature field during transcranial magnetic stimulation application working with magnetic resonance imaging simultaneously

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