Application of electronic skin in healthcare and virtual reality_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

ZHAO Guangyao ¹ , YAO Kuanming ¹ , LIU Yiming ¹ , HUANG Xingcan ¹ ,  YU Xinge ^1,2,3

1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China;
2. Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China;
3. Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YU Xinge, Email: xingeyu@cityu.edu.hk

Keywords：

Electronic skin; Healthcare monitoring; Virtual reality; Human-machine interaction

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202210035

Video：

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Electronic skin has shown great application potential in many fields such as healthcare monitoring and human-machine interaction due to their excellent sensing performance, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This paper starts from the materials selection and structures design of electronic skin, and summarizes their different applications in the field of healthcare equipment, especially current development status of wearable sensors with different functions, as well as the application of electronic skin in virtual reality. The challenges of electronic skin in the field of wearable devices and healthcare, as well as our corresponding strategies, are discussed to provide a reference for further advancing the research of electronic skin.

Citation： ZHAO Guangyao, YAO Kuanming, LIU Yiming, HUANG Xingcan, YU Xinge. Application of electronic skin in healthcare and virtual reality. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2023, 40(6): 1062-1070. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202210035 Copy

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18.	Huang X, Li H, Li J, et al. Transient, implantable, ultrathin biofuel cells enabled by laser-induced graphene and gold nanoparticles composite. Nano Letters, 2022, 22(8): 3447-3456.
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32.	Huang X, Li J, Liu Y, et al. Epidermal self-powered sweat sensors for glucose and lactate monitoring. Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 2022, 5: 201-209.
33.	Yu X, Xie Z, Yu Y, et al. Skin-integrated wireless haptic interfaces for virtual and augmented reality. Nature, 2019, 575(7783): 473-479.
34.	Li D, He J, Song Z, et al. Miniaturization of mechanical actuators in skin-integrated electronics for haptic interfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng, 2021, 7: 85.
35.	Huang, X, Liu Y, Park W, et al. Intelligent soft sweat sensors for the simultaneous healthcare monitoring and safety warning. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2023, 12(15): e2202846.
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1. Wu M, Yao K, Li D, et al. Self-powered skin electronics for energy harvesting and healthcare monitoring. Materials Today Energy, 2021, 21: 100786.
2. Huang Y, Yao K, Li J, et al. Recent advances in multi-mode haptic feedback technologies towards wearable interfaces. Materials Today Physics, 2022, 22: 100602.
3. Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao L, et al. Recent progress on flexible nanogenerators toward self-powered systems. InfoMat, 2020, 2(2): 318-340.
4. Liu Y, Zhao L, Wang L, et al. Skin-integrated graphene-embedded lead zirconate titanate rubber for energy harvesting and mechanical sensing. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2019, 4(12): 1900744.
5. Gao Z, Yiu C, Liu Y, et al. Stretchable transparent conductive elastomers for skin-integrated electronics. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2020, 8(43): 15105-15111.
6. Liu Y, Wong T H, Huang X, et al. Skin-integrated, stretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerators based on ion-conducting hydrogel for energy harvesting and tactile sensing. Nano Energy, 2022, 99: 107442.
7. Li M, Wu Y, Zhang L, et al. Liquid metal-based electrical interconnects and interfaces with excellent stability and reliability for flexible electronics. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(12): 5441-5449.
8. Teng L, Ye S, Handschuh-Wang S, et al. Liquid metal-based transient circuits for flexible and recyclable electronics. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(11): 1808739.
9. Yao K, Yao J, Hai Z, et al. Stretchable self-powered epidermal electronics from piezoelectric rubber for tactile sensing. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(17): 178701.
10. Wu M, Gao Z, Yao K, et al. Thin, soft, skin-integrated foam-based triboelectric nanogenerators for tactile sensing and energy harvesting. Materials Today Energy, 2021, 20: 100657.
11. Joo Y, Byun J, Seong N, et al. Silver nanowire-embedded PDMS with a multiscale structure for a highly sensitive and robust flexible pressure sensor. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(14): 6208-6215.
12. Pan T, Pharr M, Ma Y, et al. Experimental and theoretical studies of serpentine interconnects on ultrathin elastomers for stretchable electronics. Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27(37): 1702589.
13. He J, Xie Z, Yao K, et al. Trampoline inspired stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators as tactile sensors for epidermal electronics. Nano Energy, 2021, 81: 105590.
14. Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao L, et al. Thin, skin-integrated, stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators for tactile sensing. Advanced Electronic Materials, 2020, 6(1): 1901174.
15. Liu Y, Zhao L, Avila R, et al. Epidermal electronics for respiration monitoring via thermo-sensitive measuring. Materials Today Physics, 2020, 13: 100199.
16. Liu Y, Xu Y, Avila R, et al. 3D printed microstructures for flexible electronic devices. Nanotechnology, 2019, 30(41): 414001.
17. Yao K, Liu Y, Li D, et al. Mechanics designs-performance relationships in epidermal triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy, 2020, 76: 105017.
18. Huang X, Li H, Li J, et al. Transient, implantable, ultrathin biofuel cells enabled by laser-induced graphene and gold nanoparticles composite. Nano Letters, 2022, 22(8): 3447-3456.
19. Huang Y, Li H, Hu T, et al. Implantable electronic medicine enabled by bioresorbable microneedles for wireless electrotherapy and drug delivery. Nano Letters, 2022, 22(14): 5944-5953.
20. Liu Y, Yiu C, Jia H, et al. Thin, soft, garment-integrated triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and human machine interfaces. EcoMat, 2021, 3(4): e12123.
21. Huang X, Liu Y, Zhou J, et al. Garment embedded sweat-activated batteries in wearable electronics for continuous sweat monitoring. npj Flexible Electronics, 2022, 6: 10.
22. Wong T H, Yiu C K, Zhou J, et al. Tattoo-like epidermal electronics as skin sensors for human machine interfaces. Soft Science, 2021, 1: 10.
23. Wong T H, Liu Y, Li J, et al. Triboelectric nanogenerator tattoos enabled by epidermal electronic technologies. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(15): 2111269.
24. Liu Y, Zheng H, Zhao L, et al. Electronic skin from high-throughput fabrication of intrinsically stretchable lead zirconate titanate elastomer. Research (Wash D C), 2020, 2020: 1085417.
25. Liu Y M, Yiu C K, Song Z, et al. Electronic skin as wireless human-machine interfaces for robotic VR. Science Advances, 2022, 8(2): eabl6700.
26. Song E, Xie Z, Bai W, et al. Miniaturized electromechanical devices for the characterization of the biomechanics of deep tissue. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2021, 5(7): 759-771.
27. Park W, Yiu C, Liu Y, et al. High channel temperature mapping electronics in a thin, soft, wireless format for non-invasive body thermal analysis. Biosensors, 2021, 11(11): 435.
28. Ghaffari R, Yang D S, Kim J, et al. State of sweat: emerging wearable systems for real-time, noninvasive sweat sensing and analytics. ACS Sensors, 2021, 6(8): 2787-2801.
29. Liu Y, Huang X, Zhou J, et al. Stretchable sweat-activated battery in skin-integrated electronics for continuous wireless sweat monitoring. Advanced Science, 2022, 9(9): e2104635.
30. Liu Y, Huang X, Zhou J, et al. Bandage based energy generators activated by sweat in wireless skin electronics for continuous physiological monitoring. Nano Energy, 2022, 92: 106755.
31. Wu M, Shi R, Zhou J, et al. Bio-inspired ultra-thin microfluidics for soft sweat-activated batteries and skin electronics. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10(37): 19662-19670.
32. Huang X, Li J, Liu Y, et al. Epidermal self-powered sweat sensors for glucose and lactate monitoring. Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 2022, 5: 201-209.
33. Yu X, Xie Z, Yu Y, et al. Skin-integrated wireless haptic interfaces for virtual and augmented reality. Nature, 2019, 575(7783): 473-479.
34. Li D, He J, Song Z, et al. Miniaturization of mechanical actuators in skin-integrated electronics for haptic interfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng, 2021, 7: 85.
35. Huang, X, Liu Y, Park W, et al. Intelligent soft sweat sensors for the simultaneous healthcare monitoring and safety warning. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2023, 12(15): e2202846.
36. Yiu C, Liu Y, Zhang C, et al. Soft, stretchable, wireless intelligent three-lead electrocardiograph monitors with feedback functions for warning of potential heart attack. SmartMat, 2022, 3(4): 668-684.

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Application of electronic skin in healthcare and virtual reality

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