Study on the sterilization effect of plasma jet and plasma activated water on <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

QIN Si , WANG Running , LI Hu , FAN Kaiyuan , WANG Gang ,  ZHANG Yiyi

School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Yiyi, Email: zdsizyy@126.com

Keywords：

Plasma jet; Plasma activated water; Streptococcus mutans; Sterilization; Caries treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202212030

Video：

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To explore the effects of plasma jet (PJ) and plasma activated water (PAW) on the sterilization of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, so as to provide a basis for plasma treatment of dental caries and to enrich the treatment means of dental caries, an atmospheric pressure plasma excitation system was built, and the effects of PJ and PAW on the sterilization rate of S. mutans and the changes of temperature and pH during treatment were studied under different excitation voltage (U_e) and different excitation time (t_e). The results showed that in the PJ treatment, the difference in the survival rate of S. mutans between the treatment group and the control group was statistically significant (P = 0.007, d=2.66) when U_e = 7 kV and t_e = 60 s, and complete sterilization was achieved at U_e = 8 kV and t_e = 120 s in the PJ treatment. In contrast, in the PAW treatment, the difference in the survival rate of S. mutans between the treatment group and the control group was statistically significant (P = 0.029, d = 1.71) when U_e = 7 kV and t_e = 30 s, and complete sterilization was achieved with PAW treatment when U_e = 9 kV and t_e = 60 s. Results of the monitoring of temperature and pH showed that the maximum temperature rise during PJ and PAW treatment did not exceed 4.3 °C, while the pH value after PAW treatment would drop to a minimum of 3.02. In summary, the optimal sterilization parameters for PJ were U_e=8 kV and 90 s < t_e ≤ 120 s, while the optimal sterilization parameters for PAW were U_e = 9 kV and 30 s<t_e ≤ 60 s. Both treatment methods achieved non-thermal sterilization of S. mutans, where PJ required only a smaller U_e to achieve complete sterilization, while at pH < 4.7, PAW only required a shorter t_e to achieve complete sterilization, but its acidic environment could cause some chemical damage to the teeth. This study can provide some reference value for plasma treatment of dental caries.

Citation： QIN Si, WANG Running, LI Hu, FAN Kaiyuan, WANG Gang, ZHANG Yiyi. Study on the sterilization effect of plasma jet and plasma activated water on Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2023, 40(3): 559-565. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202212030 Copy

1.	刘振宅, 辛连起, 刘喆, 等. 牙体组织的阻抗及其在龋齿诊断中的应用. 生物医学工程学杂志, 1990, 7(2): 167.
2.	于思荣, 张新平, 何镇明, 等. Ti-Fe-Mo-Mn-Nb-Zr合金在不同pH值乳酸中的腐蚀性能研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2005, 22(1): 91-94.
3.	Qiao D, Li Y, Pan J, et al. Effect of plasma activated water in caries prevention: the caries related biofilm inhibition effects and mechanisms. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 2022, 42(4): 801-814.
4.	Laroussi M. Low temperature plasma-based sterilization: overview and state-of-the-art. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2005, 2(5): 391-400.
5.	Goree J, Liu B, Drake D, et al. Killing of S. mutans bacteria using a plasma needle at atmospheric pressure. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2006, 34(4): 1317-1324.
6.	Imola M, Judit P, Alpar S, et al. Deactivation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on a tooth surface using He dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure. Plasma Science and Technology, 2013, 15(6): 535-541.
7.	Nima G, Harth-Chu E, Hiers RD, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma against Streptococcus mutans biofilm grown on the surfaces of restorative resin composites. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 23800.
8.	Beighton D. The complex oral microflora of high-risk individuals and groups and its role in the caries process. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 2005, 33(4): 248-255.
9.	Hong Q, Dong X Q, Chen M, et al. An in vitro and in vivo study of plasma treatment effects on oral biofilms. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019, 11(1): 1603524.
10.	Yoo E M, Choi Y R, Kang M K. Antimicrobial efficacy of nitrogen-based non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet on dental biofilm. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transaction a-Science, 2020, 44(5): 1541-1547.
11.	Filoche S K, Sissons C H, Sladek R E J, et al. Cold plasma treatment of in vitro dental plaque//Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Plasma Assisted Decontamination of Biological and Chemical Agents, Cesme: Plasma Assisted Decontamination of Biological and Chemical Agents, 2007: 161.
12.	Sladek R E J, Stoffels E, Walraven R, et al. Plasma treatment of dental cavities: a feasibility study. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2004, 32(4): 1540-1543.
13.	唐林, 王松, 郭柯宇, 等. 低温等离子体活化水在食品杀菌保鲜中的应用. 中国食品学报, 2021, 21(12): 347-357.
14.	奚文灏, 兰彦, 沈洁, 等. 大气压等离子体射流引发液相OH与H2O2的研究. 安徽大学学报: 自然科学版, 2022, 46(3): 3-13.
15.	Jungbauer G, Moser D, Mueller S, et al. The antimicrobial effect of cold atmospheric plasma against dental pathogens-a systematic review of in-vitro studies. Antibiotics (Basel), 2021, 10(2): 211.
16.	Garcia-Alcantara E, Lopez-Callejas R, Pena-Eguiluz R, et al. Time effect and aliquot concentration in Streptococcus mutans elimination by plasma needle//14th Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics (LAWPP), Mar del Plata: IOP Publishing, 2011: 370.
17.	Emi U, Tomoko O, Hiromitsu Y, et al. Plasma sterilization of caries-infected dentin model with reduced-pH method. The Japanese Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 2015, 58(2): 101-108.
18.	Ye G P, Zhang Q, Pan H, et al. Efficiency of pathogenic bacteria inactivation by non-thermal plasma activated water. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 2013, 43(8): 679-684.
19.	Li Y, Pan J, Ye G, et al. In vitro studies of the antimicrobial effect of non-thermal plasma-activated water as a novel mouthwash. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 2017, 125(6): 463-470.
20.	Yamazaki H, Ohshima T, Tsubota Y, et al. Microbicidal activities of low frequency atmospheric pressure plasma jets on oral pathogens. Dental Materials Journal, 2011, 30(3): 384-391.
21.	Hong Q, Dong X, Chen M, et al. Disinfection of Streptococcus mutans biofilm by a non-thermal atmospheric plasma brush. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2016, 55(7): 2.
22.	Tasaki T, Ohshima T, Usui E, et al. Plasma-treated water eliminates Streptococcus mutans in infected dentin model. Dental Materials Journal, 2017, 36(4): 422-428.
23.	Abonti T R, Kaku M, Kojima S, et al. Irradiation effects of low temperature multi gas plasma jet on oral bacteria. Dental Materials Journal, 2016, 35(5): 822-828.
24.	Yang B, Chen J, Yu Q, et al. Oral bacterial deactivation using a low-temperature atmospheric argon plasma brush. Journal of Dentistry, 2011, 39(1): 48-56.
25.	Rupf S, Lehmann A, Hannig M, et al. Killing of adherent oral microbes by a non-thermal atmospheric plasma jet. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2010, 59(2): 206-212.
26.	Zhang X, Huang J, Liu X, et al. Treatment of Streptococcus mutans bacteria by a plasma needle. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, 105. DOI: 10.1063/1.3080249.
27.	Sladek R E, Filoche S K, Sissons C H, et al. Treatment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms with a nonthermal atmospheric plasma. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2007, 45(3): 318-323.
28.	Koban I, Holtfreter B, Hübner N, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal plasma in comparison to chlorhexidine against dental biofilms on titanium discs in vitro-proof of principle experiment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2011, 38(10): 956-965.
29.	Goree J, Liu B, Drake D. Gas flow dependence for plasma-needle disinfection of S. mutans bacteria. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2006, 39(16): 3479-3486.
30.	刘小虎. 大气压等离子体射流及其灭菌研究. 上海: 东华大学, 2012.
31.	Ikawa S, Kitano K, Hamaguchi S. Effects of pH on bacterial inactivation in aqueous solutions due to low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma application. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2010, 7(1): 33-42.
32.	Ma Y, Marquis R E. Thermophysiology of streptococcus mutans and related lactic-acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 1997, 72(2): 91-100.
33.	周颖, 卫华, 樊明文. 变形链球菌的适应性耐酸能力. 现代口腔医学杂志, 2003, 17(4): 285-287.
34.	Ma M, Zhang Y, Lv Y, et al. The key reactive species in the bactericidal process of plasma activated water. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2020, 53(18): 185207.
35.	Ikawa S, Tani A, Nakashima Y, et al. Physicochemical properties of bactericidal plasma-treated water. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2016, 49(42): 425401.

1. 刘振宅, 辛连起, 刘喆, 等. 牙体组织的阻抗及其在龋齿诊断中的应用. 生物医学工程学杂志, 1990, 7(2): 167.
2. 于思荣, 张新平, 何镇明, 等. Ti-Fe-Mo-Mn-Nb-Zr合金在不同pH值乳酸中的腐蚀性能研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2005, 22(1): 91-94.
3. Qiao D, Li Y, Pan J, et al. Effect of plasma activated water in caries prevention: the caries related biofilm inhibition effects and mechanisms. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 2022, 42(4): 801-814.
4. Laroussi M. Low temperature plasma-based sterilization: overview and state-of-the-art. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2005, 2(5): 391-400.
5. Goree J, Liu B, Drake D, et al. Killing of S. mutans bacteria using a plasma needle at atmospheric pressure. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2006, 34(4): 1317-1324.
6. Imola M, Judit P, Alpar S, et al. Deactivation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on a tooth surface using He dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure. Plasma Science and Technology, 2013, 15(6): 535-541.
7. Nima G, Harth-Chu E, Hiers RD, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma against Streptococcus mutans biofilm grown on the surfaces of restorative resin composites. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 23800.
8. Beighton D. The complex oral microflora of high-risk individuals and groups and its role in the caries process. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 2005, 33(4): 248-255.
9. Hong Q, Dong X Q, Chen M, et al. An in vitro and in vivo study of plasma treatment effects on oral biofilms. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019, 11(1): 1603524.
10. Yoo E M, Choi Y R, Kang M K. Antimicrobial efficacy of nitrogen-based non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet on dental biofilm. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transaction a-Science, 2020, 44(5): 1541-1547.
11. Filoche S K, Sissons C H, Sladek R E J, et al. Cold plasma treatment of in vitro dental plaque//Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Plasma Assisted Decontamination of Biological and Chemical Agents, Cesme: Plasma Assisted Decontamination of Biological and Chemical Agents, 2007: 161.
12. Sladek R E J, Stoffels E, Walraven R, et al. Plasma treatment of dental cavities: a feasibility study. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2004, 32(4): 1540-1543.
13. 唐林, 王松, 郭柯宇, 等. 低温等离子体活化水在食品杀菌保鲜中的应用. 中国食品学报, 2021, 21(12): 347-357.
14. 奚文灏, 兰彦, 沈洁, 等. 大气压等离子体射流引发液相OH与H2O2的研究. 安徽大学学报: 自然科学版, 2022, 46(3): 3-13.
15. Jungbauer G, Moser D, Mueller S, et al. The antimicrobial effect of cold atmospheric plasma against dental pathogens-a systematic review of in-vitro studies. Antibiotics (Basel), 2021, 10(2): 211.
16. Garcia-Alcantara E, Lopez-Callejas R, Pena-Eguiluz R, et al. Time effect and aliquot concentration in Streptococcus mutans elimination by plasma needle//14th Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics (LAWPP), Mar del Plata: IOP Publishing, 2011: 370.
17. Emi U, Tomoko O, Hiromitsu Y, et al. Plasma sterilization of caries-infected dentin model with reduced-pH method. The Japanese Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 2015, 58(2): 101-108.
18. Ye G P, Zhang Q, Pan H, et al. Efficiency of pathogenic bacteria inactivation by non-thermal plasma activated water. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 2013, 43(8): 679-684.
19. Li Y, Pan J, Ye G, et al. In vitro studies of the antimicrobial effect of non-thermal plasma-activated water as a novel mouthwash. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 2017, 125(6): 463-470.
20. Yamazaki H, Ohshima T, Tsubota Y, et al. Microbicidal activities of low frequency atmospheric pressure plasma jets on oral pathogens. Dental Materials Journal, 2011, 30(3): 384-391.
21. Hong Q, Dong X, Chen M, et al. Disinfection of Streptococcus mutans biofilm by a non-thermal atmospheric plasma brush. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2016, 55(7): 2.
22. Tasaki T, Ohshima T, Usui E, et al. Plasma-treated water eliminates Streptococcus mutans in infected dentin model. Dental Materials Journal, 2017, 36(4): 422-428.
23. Abonti T R, Kaku M, Kojima S, et al. Irradiation effects of low temperature multi gas plasma jet on oral bacteria. Dental Materials Journal, 2016, 35(5): 822-828.
24. Yang B, Chen J, Yu Q, et al. Oral bacterial deactivation using a low-temperature atmospheric argon plasma brush. Journal of Dentistry, 2011, 39(1): 48-56.
25. Rupf S, Lehmann A, Hannig M, et al. Killing of adherent oral microbes by a non-thermal atmospheric plasma jet. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2010, 59(2): 206-212.
26. Zhang X, Huang J, Liu X, et al. Treatment of Streptococcus mutans bacteria by a plasma needle. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, 105. DOI: 10.1063/1.3080249.
27. Sladek R E, Filoche S K, Sissons C H, et al. Treatment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms with a nonthermal atmospheric plasma. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2007, 45(3): 318-323.
28. Koban I, Holtfreter B, Hübner N, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal plasma in comparison to chlorhexidine against dental biofilms on titanium discs in vitro-proof of principle experiment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2011, 38(10): 956-965.
29. Goree J, Liu B, Drake D. Gas flow dependence for plasma-needle disinfection of S. mutans bacteria. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2006, 39(16): 3479-3486.
30. 刘小虎. 大气压等离子体射流及其灭菌研究. 上海: 东华大学, 2012.
31. Ikawa S, Kitano K, Hamaguchi S. Effects of pH on bacterial inactivation in aqueous solutions due to low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma application. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2010, 7(1): 33-42.
32. Ma Y, Marquis R E. Thermophysiology of streptococcus mutans and related lactic-acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 1997, 72(2): 91-100.
33. 周颖, 卫华, 樊明文. 变形链球菌的适应性耐酸能力. 现代口腔医学杂志, 2003, 17(4): 285-287.
34. Ma M, Zhang Y, Lv Y, et al. The key reactive species in the bactericidal process of plasma activated water. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2020, 53(18): 185207.
35. Ikawa S, Tani A, Nakashima Y, et al. Physicochemical properties of bactericidal plasma-treated water. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2016, 49(42): 425401.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Study on the sterilization effect of plasma jet and plasma activated water on Streptococcus mutans

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