他汀类药物是临床常用的降脂药，可显著降低老年患者心血管事件的发生，但因老年患者特殊的病理生理特征，且常合并使用其他药物，常引起肝功能、肾功能、骨骼肌肉损害等不良反应。该文对他汀类药物在老年患者临床应用安全性的评价进展进行文献综述，以期为临床合理用药提供参考。基于目前的研究，老年患者常规剂量使用他汀类药物治疗时不良反应的发生率较低，但仍应充分评估老年患者降脂治疗的风险效益比，根据老年患者心血管疾病的危险分级以及个体特点来确定降脂治疗的目标值，实施个体化治疗，同时监测药物不良反应，预防严重不良事件的发生，使患者获益最大化。
Citation：
韦诗友, 郑莉.
| 1. | Taylor FC, Huffman M, Ebrahim S. Statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 2013, 310(22): 2451-2452. |
| 2. | Tamraz B, Fukushima H, Wolfe AR, et al. OATP1B1-related drug-drug and drug-gene interactions as potential risk factors for cerivastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacogenet Genom, 2013, 23(7): 355-364. |
| 3. | Leise MD, Poterucha JJ, Talwalkar JA. Drug-induced liver injury. Mayo Clin Proc, 2014, 89(1): 95-106. |
| 4. | Bergmann OM, Kristjansson G, Jonasson JG. Jaundice due to suspected statin hepatotoxicity: a case series. Dig Dis Sci, 2012, 57(7): 1959-1964. |
| 5. | Björnsson E, Jacobsen EI, Kalaitzakis E. Hepatotoxicity associated with statins: reports of idiosyncratic liver injury post-marketing. J Hepatol, 2012, 56(2): 374-380. |
| 6. | Kwon H, Lee SH, Kim SE, et al. Spontaneously reported hepatic adverse drug events in Korea: multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci, 2012, 27(3): 268-273. |
| 7. | Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005, 294(19): 2437-2445. |
| 8. | Marcum ZA, Griend JP, Linnebur SA. FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 2012, 10(4): 264-271. |
| 9. | Kim SH, Seo MK, Yoon MH, et al. Assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of 2 formulations of atorvastatin in korean adults with hypercholesterolemia: a multicenter, prospective, open-label, randomized trial. Clin Ther, 2013, 35(1): 77-86. |
| 10. | Lee JH, Kang HJ, Kim HS, et al. Effects of ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 mg vs. atorvastatin 20 mg on apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 2013, 13(5): 343-351. |
| 11. | Leoncini M, Toso A, Maioli M, et al. High-dose atorvastatin on the pharmacodynamic effects of double-dose clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: the ACHIDO (Atorvastatin and Clopidogrel HIgh DOse in stable patients with residual high platelet activity) study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2013, 6(2): 169-179. |
| 12. | Mandal P, Chalmers JD, Graham C, et al. Atorvastatin as a stable treatment in bronchiectasis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2014, 2(6): 455-463. |
| 13. | Rosen JB, Jimenez JG, Pirags V, et al. A comparison of efficacy and safety of an ezetimibe/simvastatin combination compared with other intensified lipid-lowering treatment strategies in diabetic patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 2013, 10(3): 277-286. |
| 14. | Sasaki J, Otonari T, Uchida Y, et al. Effects of pravastatin and atorvastatin on HDL cholesterol and glucose metabolism in patients with dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance: the PRAT study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2013, 20(4): 368-379. |
| 15. | Thom S, Poulter N, Field J, et al. Effects of a Fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2013, 310(9): 918-929. |
| 16. | Takano H, Mizuma H, Kuwabara Y, et al. Effects of pitavastatin in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure - the pitavastatin heart failure study (PEARL study) Circ J, 2013, 77(4): 917-925. |
| 17. | Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Russo C. Rosuvastatin reduces nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with α-interferon and ribavirin: rosuvastatin reduces NAFLD in HCV patients. Hepat Mon, 2011, 11(2): 92-98. |
| 18. | Maroni L, Guasti L, Castiglioni L, et al. Lipid targets during statin treatment in dyslipidemic patients affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Med Sci, 2011, 342(5): 383-387. |
| 19. | Han KH, Rha SW, Kang HJ, et al. Evaluation of short-term safety and efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in hypercholesterolemic patients with elevated serum alanine transaminase concentrations: PITCH study (PITavastatin versus atorvastatin to evaluate the effect on patients with hypercholesterolemia and mild to moderate hepatic damage). J Clin Lipidol, 2012, 6(4): 340-351. |
| 20. | Cash WJ, O’neill S, O’donnell ME, et al. Randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of simvastatin in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int, 2013, 33(8): 1166-1174. |
| 21. | Choe EY, Wang HJ, Kwon O, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor treatment induces dysglycemia in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation, 2014, 97(4): 419-425. |
| 22. | Layton JB, Brookhart MA, Jonsson FM, et al. Acute kidney injury in statin initiators. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2013, 22(10): 1061-1070. |
| 23. | Corrao G, Soranna D, Casula M, et al. High-potency statins increase the risk of acute kidney injury: evidence from a large population-based study. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 234(1): 224-229. |
| 24. | Zattera T, Falqui V. Rosuvastatin-Induced acute interstitial nephritis. Case Rep Nephrol Urol, 2013, 3(1): 87-90. |
| 25. | Leoncini M, Toso A, Maioli M, et al. Early high-dose rosuvastatin for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(1): 71-79. |
| 26. | Layton JB, Kshirsagar AV, Simpson RJ Jr, et al. Effect of statin use on acute kidney injury risk following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol, 2013, 111(6): 823-826. |
| 27. | Dormuth CR, Hemmelgarn BR, Paterson J, et al. Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter, retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases. BMJ, 2013, 346: f880. |
| 28. | Comendado JM, Alvarez JR, Sierra J, et al. Preoperative statin therapy in cardiac surgery is more effective in patients who display preoperative activation of the inflammatory system. Tex Heart Inst J, 2013, 40(1): 42-49. |
| 29. | Stein EA, Vidt DG, Shepherd J, et al. Renal safety of intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment with rosuvastatin: a retrospective analysis of renal adverse events among 40,600 participants in the rosuvastatin clinical development program. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 221(2): 471-477. |
| 30. | Kendrick J, Shlipak MG, Targher GA, et al. Effect of lovastatin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events in mild CKD and kidney function loss: a post Hoc analysis of the air force/Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study. Am J Kidney Dis, 2010, 55(1): 42-49. |
| 31. | Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013(9): CD004289. |
| 32. | Dasari TW, Cohen DJ, Kleiman NS, et al. Statin therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the evaluation of drug eluting stents and ischemic events registry). Am J Cardiol, 2014, 113(4): 621-625. |
| 33. | Fassett RG, Robertson IK, Ball MJ, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on biomarkers of inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol, 2014, 81(2): 75-85. |
| 34. | Angel-Zúñiga JR, Ornelas-Carrillo G. Anti-Inflammatory interventions in end-stage kidney disease: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled and crossover clinical trial on the use of pravastatin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Med Res, 2013, 44(8): 633-637. |
| 35. | Weinstein DL, Williams LA, Carlson DM, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of fenofibric acid plus rosuvastatin compared with rosuvastatin alone in stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Clin Ther, 2013, 35(8): 1186-1198. |
| 36. | Settergren J, Eiermann B, Mannheimer B. Adherence to drug label recommendations for avoiding drug interactions causing statin-induced myopathy-a nationwide register study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8): e69545. |
| 37. | Parker BA, Capizzi JA. Increases in creatine kinase with atorvastatin treatment are not associated with decreases in muscular performance. Atherosclerosis, 2013, 230(1): 121-124. |
| 38. | Padala S, Thompson PD. Statins as a possible cause of inflammatory and necrotizing myopathies. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 222(1): 15-21. |
| 39. | Eisen A, Lev E, Iakobishvilli Z, et al. Low plasma vitamin D levels and muscle-related adverse effects in statin users. Isr Med Assoc J, 2014, 16(1): 42-45. |
| 40. | Manocha D, Bansal N, Gumaste P, et al. Safety profile of high-dose statin therapy in geriatric patients with stroke. South Med J, 2013, 106(12): 658-664. |
| 41. | Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation, 2013, 127(1): 96-103. |
| 42. | Sai K, Hanatani T, Azuma Y, et al. Development of a detection algorithm for statin-induced myopathy using electronic medical records. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2013, 38(3): 230-235. |
| 43. | Saib A, Sabbah L, Perdrix L, et al. Evaluation of the impact of the recent controversy over statins in France: the EVANS study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 2013, 106(10): 511-516. |
| 44. | Bansal D, Undela K, D’cruz S, et al. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer: a Meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One, 2012, 7(10): e46691. |
| 45. | Singh S, Singh PP, Singh AG, et al. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 2013, 144(2): 323-332. |
| 46. | Liu YQ, Tang WZ, Wang J, et al. Association between statin use and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 42 studies. Cancer Causes Control, 2014, 25(2): 237-249. |
| 47. | Deng ZT, Zhang S, Yi L, et al. Can statins reduce risk of lung cancer, especially among elderly people? A meta-analysis. Chin J Cancer Res, 2013, 25(6): 679-688. |
| 48. | Undela K, Srikanth V, Bansal D. Statin use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 135(1): 261-269. |
| 49. | Li X, Wu XB, Chen Q. Statin use is not associated with reduced risk of skin cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2014, 110(3): 802-807. |
| 50. | Swiger KJ, Manalac RJ, Blumenthal RS, et al. Statins and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013, 88(11): 1213-1221. |
| 51. | Richardson K, Schoen M, French B, et al. Statins and cognitive function: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 2013, 159(10): 688-697. |
| 52. | Lee YC, Lin CH, Wu RM, et al. Discontinuation of statin therapy associates with Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Neurology, 2013, 81(5): 410-416. |
| 53. | Heyer EJ, Mergeche JL, Bruce SS, et al. Statins reduce neurologic injury in asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy patients. Stroke, 2013, 44(4): 1150-1152. |
| 54. | Padala KP, Padala PR, Mcneilly DP, et al. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on cognition in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia: a prospective withdrawal and rechallenge pilot study. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 2012, 10(5): 296-302. |
| 55. | Wang KL, Liu CJ, Chao TF, et al. Risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus versus reduction in cardiovascular events with statin therapy. Am J Cardiol, 2014, 113(4): 631-636. |
| 56. | Zaharan NL, Williams D, Bennett K. Statins and risk of treated incident diabetes in a primary care population. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 75(4): 1118-1124. |
| 57. | Dormuth CR, Filion KB, Paterson JM, et al. Higher potency statins and the risk of new diabetes: multicentre, observational study of administrative databases. BMJ, 2014, 29(5): 348(g3244). |
| 58. | Ko DT, Wijeysundera HC, Jackevicius CA, et al. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction prescribed intensive-dose and moderate-dose statins. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2013, 6(3): 315-322. |
| 59. | Leuschen J, Mortensen EM, Frei CR, et al. Association of statin use with cataracts a propensity score-matched analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2013, 131(11): 1427-1434. |
| 60. | Lai CL, Shau WY, Chang CH, et al. Statin use and cataract surgery: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in elderly ethnic Chinese patients. Drug Saf, 2013, 36(10): 1017-1024. |
| 61. | Perlmutter D, Sinatra S, Golomb B, et al. Appropriate clinical use of statins: a discussion of the evidence, scope, benefits, and risk. Altern Ther Health Med, 2013, 19(1): 14-25. |
| 62. | Mancini GB, Tashakkor AY, Baker S, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: canadian working group consensus update. Can J Cardiol, 2013, 29(12): 1553-1568. |
- 1. Taylor FC, Huffman M, Ebrahim S. Statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 2013, 310(22): 2451-2452.
- 2. Tamraz B, Fukushima H, Wolfe AR, et al. OATP1B1-related drug-drug and drug-gene interactions as potential risk factors for cerivastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacogenet Genom, 2013, 23(7): 355-364.
- 3. Leise MD, Poterucha JJ, Talwalkar JA. Drug-induced liver injury. Mayo Clin Proc, 2014, 89(1): 95-106.
- 4. Bergmann OM, Kristjansson G, Jonasson JG. Jaundice due to suspected statin hepatotoxicity: a case series. Dig Dis Sci, 2012, 57(7): 1959-1964.
- 5. Björnsson E, Jacobsen EI, Kalaitzakis E. Hepatotoxicity associated with statins: reports of idiosyncratic liver injury post-marketing. J Hepatol, 2012, 56(2): 374-380.
- 6. Kwon H, Lee SH, Kim SE, et al. Spontaneously reported hepatic adverse drug events in Korea: multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci, 2012, 27(3): 268-273.
- 7. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2005, 294(19): 2437-2445.
- 8. Marcum ZA, Griend JP, Linnebur SA. FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 2012, 10(4): 264-271.
- 9. Kim SH, Seo MK, Yoon MH, et al. Assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of 2 formulations of atorvastatin in korean adults with hypercholesterolemia: a multicenter, prospective, open-label, randomized trial. Clin Ther, 2013, 35(1): 77-86.
- 10. Lee JH, Kang HJ, Kim HS, et al. Effects of ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 mg vs. atorvastatin 20 mg on apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 2013, 13(5): 343-351.
- 11. Leoncini M, Toso A, Maioli M, et al. High-dose atorvastatin on the pharmacodynamic effects of double-dose clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: the ACHIDO (Atorvastatin and Clopidogrel HIgh DOse in stable patients with residual high platelet activity) study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2013, 6(2): 169-179.
- 12. Mandal P, Chalmers JD, Graham C, et al. Atorvastatin as a stable treatment in bronchiectasis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2014, 2(6): 455-463.
- 13. Rosen JB, Jimenez JG, Pirags V, et al. A comparison of efficacy and safety of an ezetimibe/simvastatin combination compared with other intensified lipid-lowering treatment strategies in diabetic patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 2013, 10(3): 277-286.
- 14. Sasaki J, Otonari T, Uchida Y, et al. Effects of pravastatin and atorvastatin on HDL cholesterol and glucose metabolism in patients with dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance: the PRAT study. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2013, 20(4): 368-379.
- 15. Thom S, Poulter N, Field J, et al. Effects of a Fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2013, 310(9): 918-929.
- 16. Takano H, Mizuma H, Kuwabara Y, et al. Effects of pitavastatin in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure - the pitavastatin heart failure study (PEARL study) Circ J, 2013, 77(4): 917-925.
- 17. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Russo C. Rosuvastatin reduces nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with α-interferon and ribavirin: rosuvastatin reduces NAFLD in HCV patients. Hepat Mon, 2011, 11(2): 92-98.
- 18. Maroni L, Guasti L, Castiglioni L, et al. Lipid targets during statin treatment in dyslipidemic patients affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Med Sci, 2011, 342(5): 383-387.
- 19. Han KH, Rha SW, Kang HJ, et al. Evaluation of short-term safety and efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in hypercholesterolemic patients with elevated serum alanine transaminase concentrations: PITCH study (PITavastatin versus atorvastatin to evaluate the effect on patients with hypercholesterolemia and mild to moderate hepatic damage). J Clin Lipidol, 2012, 6(4): 340-351.
- 20. Cash WJ, O’neill S, O’donnell ME, et al. Randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of simvastatin in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int, 2013, 33(8): 1166-1174.
- 21. Choe EY, Wang HJ, Kwon O, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor treatment induces dysglycemia in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation, 2014, 97(4): 419-425.
- 22. Layton JB, Brookhart MA, Jonsson FM, et al. Acute kidney injury in statin initiators. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2013, 22(10): 1061-1070.
- 23. Corrao G, Soranna D, Casula M, et al. High-potency statins increase the risk of acute kidney injury: evidence from a large population-based study. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 234(1): 224-229.
- 24. Zattera T, Falqui V. Rosuvastatin-Induced acute interstitial nephritis. Case Rep Nephrol Urol, 2013, 3(1): 87-90.
- 25. Leoncini M, Toso A, Maioli M, et al. Early high-dose rosuvastatin for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(1): 71-79.
- 26. Layton JB, Kshirsagar AV, Simpson RJ Jr, et al. Effect of statin use on acute kidney injury risk following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol, 2013, 111(6): 823-826.
- 27. Dormuth CR, Hemmelgarn BR, Paterson J, et al. Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter, retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases. BMJ, 2013, 346: f880.
- 28. Comendado JM, Alvarez JR, Sierra J, et al. Preoperative statin therapy in cardiac surgery is more effective in patients who display preoperative activation of the inflammatory system. Tex Heart Inst J, 2013, 40(1): 42-49.
- 29. Stein EA, Vidt DG, Shepherd J, et al. Renal safety of intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment with rosuvastatin: a retrospective analysis of renal adverse events among 40,600 participants in the rosuvastatin clinical development program. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 221(2): 471-477.
- 30. Kendrick J, Shlipak MG, Targher GA, et al. Effect of lovastatin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events in mild CKD and kidney function loss: a post Hoc analysis of the air force/Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study. Am J Kidney Dis, 2010, 55(1): 42-49.
- 31. Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013(9): CD004289.
- 32. Dasari TW, Cohen DJ, Kleiman NS, et al. Statin therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the evaluation of drug eluting stents and ischemic events registry). Am J Cardiol, 2014, 113(4): 621-625.
- 33. Fassett RG, Robertson IK, Ball MJ, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on biomarkers of inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol, 2014, 81(2): 75-85.
- 34. Angel-Zúñiga JR, Ornelas-Carrillo G. Anti-Inflammatory interventions in end-stage kidney disease: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled and crossover clinical trial on the use of pravastatin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Med Res, 2013, 44(8): 633-637.
- 35. Weinstein DL, Williams LA, Carlson DM, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of fenofibric acid plus rosuvastatin compared with rosuvastatin alone in stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Clin Ther, 2013, 35(8): 1186-1198.
- 36. Settergren J, Eiermann B, Mannheimer B. Adherence to drug label recommendations for avoiding drug interactions causing statin-induced myopathy-a nationwide register study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8): e69545.
- 37. Parker BA, Capizzi JA. Increases in creatine kinase with atorvastatin treatment are not associated with decreases in muscular performance. Atherosclerosis, 2013, 230(1): 121-124.
- 38. Padala S, Thompson PD. Statins as a possible cause of inflammatory and necrotizing myopathies. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 222(1): 15-21.
- 39. Eisen A, Lev E, Iakobishvilli Z, et al. Low plasma vitamin D levels and muscle-related adverse effects in statin users. Isr Med Assoc J, 2014, 16(1): 42-45.
- 40. Manocha D, Bansal N, Gumaste P, et al. Safety profile of high-dose statin therapy in geriatric patients with stroke. South Med J, 2013, 106(12): 658-664.
- 41. Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation, 2013, 127(1): 96-103.
- 42. Sai K, Hanatani T, Azuma Y, et al. Development of a detection algorithm for statin-induced myopathy using electronic medical records. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2013, 38(3): 230-235.
- 43. Saib A, Sabbah L, Perdrix L, et al. Evaluation of the impact of the recent controversy over statins in France: the EVANS study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 2013, 106(10): 511-516.
- 44. Bansal D, Undela K, D’cruz S, et al. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer: a Meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One, 2012, 7(10): e46691.
- 45. Singh S, Singh PP, Singh AG, et al. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 2013, 144(2): 323-332.
- 46. Liu YQ, Tang WZ, Wang J, et al. Association between statin use and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 42 studies. Cancer Causes Control, 2014, 25(2): 237-249.
- 47. Deng ZT, Zhang S, Yi L, et al. Can statins reduce risk of lung cancer, especially among elderly people? A meta-analysis. Chin J Cancer Res, 2013, 25(6): 679-688.
- 48. Undela K, Srikanth V, Bansal D. Statin use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 135(1): 261-269.
- 49. Li X, Wu XB, Chen Q. Statin use is not associated with reduced risk of skin cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2014, 110(3): 802-807.
- 50. Swiger KJ, Manalac RJ, Blumenthal RS, et al. Statins and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013, 88(11): 1213-1221.
- 51. Richardson K, Schoen M, French B, et al. Statins and cognitive function: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 2013, 159(10): 688-697.
- 52. Lee YC, Lin CH, Wu RM, et al. Discontinuation of statin therapy associates with Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Neurology, 2013, 81(5): 410-416.
- 53. Heyer EJ, Mergeche JL, Bruce SS, et al. Statins reduce neurologic injury in asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy patients. Stroke, 2013, 44(4): 1150-1152.
- 54. Padala KP, Padala PR, Mcneilly DP, et al. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on cognition in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia: a prospective withdrawal and rechallenge pilot study. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 2012, 10(5): 296-302.
- 55. Wang KL, Liu CJ, Chao TF, et al. Risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus versus reduction in cardiovascular events with statin therapy. Am J Cardiol, 2014, 113(4): 631-636.
- 56. Zaharan NL, Williams D, Bennett K. Statins and risk of treated incident diabetes in a primary care population. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 75(4): 1118-1124.
- 57. Dormuth CR, Filion KB, Paterson JM, et al. Higher potency statins and the risk of new diabetes: multicentre, observational study of administrative databases. BMJ, 2014, 29(5): 348(g3244).
- 58. Ko DT, Wijeysundera HC, Jackevicius CA, et al. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction prescribed intensive-dose and moderate-dose statins. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2013, 6(3): 315-322.
- 59. Leuschen J, Mortensen EM, Frei CR, et al. Association of statin use with cataracts a propensity score-matched analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2013, 131(11): 1427-1434.
- 60. Lai CL, Shau WY, Chang CH, et al. Statin use and cataract surgery: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in elderly ethnic Chinese patients. Drug Saf, 2013, 36(10): 1017-1024.
- 61. Perlmutter D, Sinatra S, Golomb B, et al. Appropriate clinical use of statins: a discussion of the evidence, scope, benefits, and risk. Altern Ther Health Med, 2013, 19(1): 14-25.
- 62. Mancini GB, Tashakkor AY, Baker S, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: canadian working group consensus update. Can J Cardiol, 2013, 29(12): 1553-1568.