Risk factors for diabetes_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

 BI Yufang

Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

BI Yufang, Email: byf10784@rjh.com.cn

Keywords：

Diabetes; Risk factor; Genetic factor; Environmental factor; Interaction

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201804026

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Globally, the incidence of diabetes has grown rapidly. The prevalence of diabetes in China was 11.6% in 2010. Diabetes has become a huge challenge for public health. The cause of diabetes is not yet completely clear. Potential risk factors include genetic factors, environmental factors, and interactions between the two. Genome-wide association studies have found a series of genetic variants that are closely related to diabetes. Several environmental factors, such as excessive energy intake and lack of physical activity, have been associated with increased risk of diabetes. In the meanwhile, genetic and environmental factors could modify each other’s effect on diabetes risk. With the advent of molecular techniques, post-genomics research, gut microbiota, and trans-omics have provided novel perspectives for the study of diabetes risk factors.

Citation： BI Yufang. Risk factors for diabetes. West China Medical Journal, 2018, 33(5): 499-503. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201804026 Copy

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2.	Ley SH, Harris SB, Mamakeesick M, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components as predictors of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in an aboriginal community. CAMJ, 2009, 180(6): 617-624.
3.	Reinehr T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World J Diabetes, 2013, 4(6): 270-281.
4.	Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Type 2 diabetes in Australia’s children and young people: a working paper. (2014-01-01)[2018-04-01]. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/type-2-diabetes-children-young-people/contents/summary.
5.	World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. (2016-04-01) [2018-04-01]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf.
6.	Roglic G, Unwin N. Mortality attributable to diabetes: estimates for the year 2010. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2010, 87(1): 15-19.
7.	Xu Y, Wang L, He J, et al. Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA, 2013, 310(9): 948-958.
8.	International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas: 8th ed. [2018-04-01]. https://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/ resources-and-tools/134:idf-diabetes-atlas-8th-edition.html.
9.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.
10.	Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(11): 790-797.
11.	Danaei G, Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, et al. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. Lancet, 2006, 368(9548): 1651-1659.
12.	Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet, 2012, 379(9811): 165-180.
13.	Bi Y, Lu J, Wang W, et al. Cohort profile: risk evaluation of cancers in Chinese diabetic individuals: a longitudinal (REACTION) study. J Diabetes, 2014, 6(2): 147-157.
14.	Sun W, Lu J, Wu S, et al. Association of insulin resistance with breast, ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers in non-diabetic women. Am J Cancer Res, 2016, 6(10): 2334-2344.
15.	Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Li H, Ratanawijitrasin S, et al. Inpatient treatment of diabetic patients in Asia: evidence from India, China, Thailand and Malaysia. Diabet Med, 2010, 27(1): 101-108.
16.	Stumvoll M, Goldstein BJ, van Haeften TW. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet, 2005, 365(9467): 1333-1346.
17.	Weyer C, Bogardus C, Mott DM, et al. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest, 1999, 104(6): 787-794.
18.	Franks PW, McCarthy MI. Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Science, 2016, 354(6308): 69-73.
19.	Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, et al. The concordance and heritability of type 2 diabetes in 34,166 twin pairs from international twin registers: the discordant twin (DISCOTWIN) consortium. Twin Res Hum Genet, 2015, 18(6): 762-771.
20.	Almgren P, Lehtovirta M, Isomaa B, et al. Heritability and familiality of type 2 diabetes and related quantitative traits in the Botnia Study. Diabetologia, 2011, 54(11): 2811-2819.
21.	Dimas AS, Lagou V, Barker A, et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants on quantitative glycemic traits reveals mechanistic heterogeneity. Diabetes, 2014, 63(6): 2158-2171.
22.	Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature, 2015, 518(7538): 197-206.
23.	DIAbetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) Consortium, Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network Type 2 Diabetes (AGEN-T2D) Consortium, South Asian Type 2 Diabetes (SAT2D) Consortium, et al. Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nat Genet, 2014, 46(3): 234-244.
24.	Yang J, Bakshi A, Zhu Z, et al. Genetic variance estimation with imputed variants finds negligible missing heritability for human height and body mass index. Nat Genet, 2015, 47(10): 1114-1120.
25.	Pallister T, Sharafi M, Lachance G, et al. Food preference patterns in a UK twin cohort. Twin Res Hum Genet, 2015, 18(6): 793-805.
26.	Ussar S, Griffin NW, Bezy O, et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet modulate the predisposition to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab, 2015, 22(3): 516-530.
27.	Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell, 2014, 158(4): 705-721.
28.	Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, et al. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell, 2014, 159(4): 789-799.
29.	Ning G, Bi Y, Wang T, et al. Relationship of urinary bisphenol a concentration to risk for prevalent type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional analysis. Ann Intern Med, 2011, 155(6): 368-374.
30.	Keith SW, Redden DT, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled. Int J Obes (Lond), 2006, 30(11): 1585-1594.
31.	Smith GD, Timpson N, Ebrahim S. Strengthening causal inference in cardiovascular epidemiology through Mendelian randomization. Ann Med, 2008, 40(7): 524-541.
32.	Sinha R, Dufour S, Petersen KF, et al. Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity. Diabetes, 2002, 51(4): 1022-1027.
33.	Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 1988, 37(12): 1595-1607.
34.	Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(8): 695-704.
35.	Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(6): 393-403.
36.	Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(18): 1343-1350.
37.	Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 1997, 20(4): 537-544.
38.	Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB, et al. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(2): 88-98.
39.	Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, et al. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet, 2014, 383(9933): 1999-2007.
40.	Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014, 100(1): 218-232.
41.	Schulze MB, Hu FB. Primary prevention of diabetes: what can be done and how much can be prevented?. Annu Rev Public Health, 2005, 26: 445-467.
42.	Grontved A, Rimm EB, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of weight training and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Arch Intern Med, 2012, 172(17): 1306-1312.
43.	Ekelund U, Brage S, Griffin SJ, et al. Objectively measured moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity but not sedentary time predicts insulin resistance in high-risk individuals. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(6): 1081-1086.
44.	Rockette-Wagner B, Edelstein S, Venditti EM, et al. The impact of lifestyle intervention on sedentary time in individuals at high risk of diabetes. Diabetologia, 2015, 58(6): 1198-1202.
45.	Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 2007, 298(22): 2654-2664.
46.	Baliunas DO, Taylor BJ, Irving H, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(11): 2123-2132.
47.	Joosten MM, Beulens JW, Kersten S, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption increases insulin sensitivity and ADIPOQ expression in postmenopausal women: a randomised, crossover trial. Diabetologia, 2008, 51(8): 1375-1381.
48.	Ezzati M, Riboli E. Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(10): 954-964.
49.	Powles JW, Zatonski W, Vander Hoorn S, et al. The contribution of leading diseases and risk factors to excess losses of healthy life in Eastern Europe: burden of disease study. BMC Public Health, 2005, 5: 116.
50.	Franks PW, Pearson E, Florez JC. Gene-environment and gene-treatment interactions in type 2 diabetes: progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(5): 1413-1421.
51.	Hagberg JM, Jenkins NT, Spangenburg E. Exercise training, genetics and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes. Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2012, 205(4): 456-471.
52.	Bi Y, Wang W, Xu M, et al. Diabetes genetic risk score modifies effect of bisphenol a exposure on deterioration in glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 101(1): 143-150.
53.	Hivert MF, Jablonski KA, Perreault L, et al. Updated genetic score based on 34 confirmed type 2 diabetes loci is associated with diabetes incidence and regression to normoglycemia in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes, 2011, 60(4): 1340-1348.
54.	Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, et al. Gene-lifestyle interaction and type 2 diabetes: the EPIC interact case-cohort study. PLoS Med, 2014, 11(5): e1001647.
55.	Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(15): 1387-1396.
56.	Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, et al. Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. BMJ, 2014, 348: g1610.
57.	Wang T, Huang T, Kang JH, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity: gene-diet interaction analyses in three US prospective studies. BMC Med, 2017, 15(1): 97.
58.	Wang T, Huang T, Heianza Y, et al. Genetic susceptibility, change in physical activity, and long-term weight gain. Diabetes, 2017, 66(10): 2704-2712.
59.	Wang T, Heianza Y, Sun D, et al. Improving adherence to healthy dietary patterns, genetic risk, and long term weight gain: gene-diet interaction analysis in two prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 2018, 360: j5644.
60.	Painter JN, Kaufmann S, O’Mara TA, et al. A common variant at the 14q32 endometrial cancer risk locus activates AKT1 through YY1 binding. Am J Hum Genet, 2016, 98(6): 1159-1169.
61.	Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Nielsen T, et al. Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature, 2015, 528(7581): 262-266.
62.	Falony G, Joossens M, Vieira-Silva S, et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science, 2016, 352(6285): 560-564.
63.	Yugi K, Kubota H, Hatano A, et al. Trans-Omics: how to reconstruct biochemical networks across multiple ‘Omic’ layers. Trends Biotechnol, 2016, 34(4): 276-290.

1. Lozano R, Naqhavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 2012, 380(9859): 2095-2128.
2. Ley SH, Harris SB, Mamakeesick M, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components as predictors of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in an aboriginal community. CAMJ, 2009, 180(6): 617-624.
3. Reinehr T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World J Diabetes, 2013, 4(6): 270-281.
4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Type 2 diabetes in Australia’s children and young people: a working paper. (2014-01-01)[2018-04-01]. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/type-2-diabetes-children-young-people/contents/summary.
5. World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. (2016-04-01) [2018-04-01]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf.
6. Roglic G, Unwin N. Mortality attributable to diabetes: estimates for the year 2010. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2010, 87(1): 15-19.
7. Xu Y, Wang L, He J, et al. Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA, 2013, 310(9): 948-958.
8. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas: 8th ed. [2018-04-01]. https://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/ resources-and-tools/134:idf-diabetes-atlas-8th-edition.html.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.
10. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(11): 790-797.
11. Danaei G, Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, et al. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. Lancet, 2006, 368(9548): 1651-1659.
12. Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet, 2012, 379(9811): 165-180.
13. Bi Y, Lu J, Wang W, et al. Cohort profile: risk evaluation of cancers in Chinese diabetic individuals: a longitudinal (REACTION) study. J Diabetes, 2014, 6(2): 147-157.
14. Sun W, Lu J, Wu S, et al. Association of insulin resistance with breast, ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers in non-diabetic women. Am J Cancer Res, 2016, 6(10): 2334-2344.
15. Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Li H, Ratanawijitrasin S, et al. Inpatient treatment of diabetic patients in Asia: evidence from India, China, Thailand and Malaysia. Diabet Med, 2010, 27(1): 101-108.
16. Stumvoll M, Goldstein BJ, van Haeften TW. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet, 2005, 365(9467): 1333-1346.
17. Weyer C, Bogardus C, Mott DM, et al. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest, 1999, 104(6): 787-794.
18. Franks PW, McCarthy MI. Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Science, 2016, 354(6308): 69-73.
19. Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, et al. The concordance and heritability of type 2 diabetes in 34,166 twin pairs from international twin registers: the discordant twin (DISCOTWIN) consortium. Twin Res Hum Genet, 2015, 18(6): 762-771.
20. Almgren P, Lehtovirta M, Isomaa B, et al. Heritability and familiality of type 2 diabetes and related quantitative traits in the Botnia Study. Diabetologia, 2011, 54(11): 2811-2819.
21. Dimas AS, Lagou V, Barker A, et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants on quantitative glycemic traits reveals mechanistic heterogeneity. Diabetes, 2014, 63(6): 2158-2171.
22. Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature, 2015, 518(7538): 197-206.
23. DIAbetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) Consortium, Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network Type 2 Diabetes (AGEN-T2D) Consortium, South Asian Type 2 Diabetes (SAT2D) Consortium, et al. Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nat Genet, 2014, 46(3): 234-244.
24. Yang J, Bakshi A, Zhu Z, et al. Genetic variance estimation with imputed variants finds negligible missing heritability for human height and body mass index. Nat Genet, 2015, 47(10): 1114-1120.
25. Pallister T, Sharafi M, Lachance G, et al. Food preference patterns in a UK twin cohort. Twin Res Hum Genet, 2015, 18(6): 793-805.
26. Ussar S, Griffin NW, Bezy O, et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet modulate the predisposition to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab, 2015, 22(3): 516-530.
27. Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell, 2014, 158(4): 705-721.
28. Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, et al. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell, 2014, 159(4): 789-799.
29. Ning G, Bi Y, Wang T, et al. Relationship of urinary bisphenol a concentration to risk for prevalent type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional analysis. Ann Intern Med, 2011, 155(6): 368-374.
30. Keith SW, Redden DT, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled. Int J Obes (Lond), 2006, 30(11): 1585-1594.
31. Smith GD, Timpson N, Ebrahim S. Strengthening causal inference in cardiovascular epidemiology through Mendelian randomization. Ann Med, 2008, 40(7): 524-541.
32. Sinha R, Dufour S, Petersen KF, et al. Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity. Diabetes, 2002, 51(4): 1022-1027.
33. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 1988, 37(12): 1595-1607.
34. Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(8): 695-704.
35. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(6): 393-403.
36. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(18): 1343-1350.
37. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 1997, 20(4): 537-544.
38. Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB, et al. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(2): 88-98.
39. Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, et al. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet, 2014, 383(9933): 1999-2007.
40. Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014, 100(1): 218-232.
41. Schulze MB, Hu FB. Primary prevention of diabetes: what can be done and how much can be prevented?. Annu Rev Public Health, 2005, 26: 445-467.
42. Grontved A, Rimm EB, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of weight training and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Arch Intern Med, 2012, 172(17): 1306-1312.
43. Ekelund U, Brage S, Griffin SJ, et al. Objectively measured moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity but not sedentary time predicts insulin resistance in high-risk individuals. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(6): 1081-1086.
44. Rockette-Wagner B, Edelstein S, Venditti EM, et al. The impact of lifestyle intervention on sedentary time in individuals at high risk of diabetes. Diabetologia, 2015, 58(6): 1198-1202.
45. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 2007, 298(22): 2654-2664.
46. Baliunas DO, Taylor BJ, Irving H, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(11): 2123-2132.
47. Joosten MM, Beulens JW, Kersten S, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption increases insulin sensitivity and ADIPOQ expression in postmenopausal women: a randomised, crossover trial. Diabetologia, 2008, 51(8): 1375-1381.
48. Ezzati M, Riboli E. Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(10): 954-964.
49. Powles JW, Zatonski W, Vander Hoorn S, et al. The contribution of leading diseases and risk factors to excess losses of healthy life in Eastern Europe: burden of disease study. BMC Public Health, 2005, 5: 116.
50. Franks PW, Pearson E, Florez JC. Gene-environment and gene-treatment interactions in type 2 diabetes: progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(5): 1413-1421.
51. Hagberg JM, Jenkins NT, Spangenburg E. Exercise training, genetics and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes. Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2012, 205(4): 456-471.
52. Bi Y, Wang W, Xu M, et al. Diabetes genetic risk score modifies effect of bisphenol a exposure on deterioration in glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 101(1): 143-150.
53. Hivert MF, Jablonski KA, Perreault L, et al. Updated genetic score based on 34 confirmed type 2 diabetes loci is associated with diabetes incidence and regression to normoglycemia in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes, 2011, 60(4): 1340-1348.
54. Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, et al. Gene-lifestyle interaction and type 2 diabetes: the EPIC interact case-cohort study. PLoS Med, 2014, 11(5): e1001647.
55. Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(15): 1387-1396.
56. Qi Q, Chu AY, Kang JH, et al. Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. BMJ, 2014, 348: g1610.
57. Wang T, Huang T, Kang JH, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity: gene-diet interaction analyses in three US prospective studies. BMC Med, 2017, 15(1): 97.
58. Wang T, Huang T, Heianza Y, et al. Genetic susceptibility, change in physical activity, and long-term weight gain. Diabetes, 2017, 66(10): 2704-2712.
59. Wang T, Heianza Y, Sun D, et al. Improving adherence to healthy dietary patterns, genetic risk, and long term weight gain: gene-diet interaction analysis in two prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 2018, 360: j5644.
60. Painter JN, Kaufmann S, O’Mara TA, et al. A common variant at the 14q32 endometrial cancer risk locus activates AKT1 through YY1 binding. Am J Hum Genet, 2016, 98(6): 1159-1169.
61. Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Nielsen T, et al. Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature, 2015, 528(7581): 262-266.
62. Falony G, Joossens M, Vieira-Silva S, et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science, 2016, 352(6285): 560-564.
63. Yugi K, Kubota H, Hatano A, et al. Trans-Omics: how to reconstruct biochemical networks across multiple ‘Omic’ layers. Trends Biotechnol, 2016, 34(4): 276-290.

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