New development in the balance function assessment and training of the elderly_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

TAN Min ¹ , HU Xiuying ¹ ,  LIU Zuoyan ²

1. West China Nursing School / West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;
2. Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Zuoyan, Email: zuo.yan.2008@163.com

Keywords：

The elderly; Balance function; Evaluation; Training

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201809124

Video：

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The balance ability is the basic guarantee for the human body to maintain the posture and complete every daily life activity, and it is also an important physical quality index for the elderly. Insufficient balance ability may lead to falls among the elderly, which may lead to fractures, long-term pain, craniocerebral trauma, disability, and even death and other serious adverse consequences. Under the background of China’s rapid aging population and the strong advocacy of the combination of medical care and nursing, improving the balance ability of the elderly is an effective way to prevent the elderly from falling down, and is of great significance to reduce the accidental injury for the elderly. In this paper, the methods and the latest progress of balance function evaluation and training for the elderly at home and abroad are reviewed in order to provide reference for the formulation of intervention programs to improve the balance function of the elderly, so as to improve the quality of life of the elderly and open up a new path for the realization of healthy aging.

Citation： TAN Min, HU Xiuying, LIU Zuoyan. New development in the balance function assessment and training of the elderly. West China Medical Journal, 2019, 34(1): 86-90. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201809124 Copy

1.	赵媛, 王燕, 徐旭东, 等. 太极拳运动对老年人平衡功能和跌倒预防效果的Meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2013, 13(3): 339-345.
2.	Auvinet B, Touzard C, Montestruc FA, et al. Gait disorders in the elderly and dual task gait analysis: a new approach for identifying motor phenotypes. J Neuroeng Rehabil, 2017, 14(1): 1-14.
3.	马欣, 张杰. 健身气功八段锦对中老年人平衡能力的影响. 山东体育科技, 2016, 38(1): 58-61.
4.	李立, 陈玉娟, 翟凤鸣, 等. 长期从事太极拳运动老年人足底压力分布特征及平衡能力研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(9): 984-988.
5.	Masud T, Morris RO. Epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing, 2001, 30(4): 3-7.
6.	游永豪, 温爱玲. 人体平衡能力测评方法. 中国康复医学杂志, 2014, 29(11): 1099-1104.
7.	张洪侠, 周桂桐. 老年人跌倒与平衡功能异常. 中国老年学杂志, 2015, 35(3): 1434-1435.
8.	王玉龙, 张秀花. 康复评定技术. 2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017: 107-108.
9.	Hsueh IP, Chen JH, Wang CH, et al. Development of a computerized adaptive test for assessing balance function in patients with stroke. Phys Ther, 2010, 90(9): 1336-1344.
10.	Khanuja K, Joki J, Bachmann G, et al. Gait and balance in the aging population: fall prevention using innovation and technology. Maturitas, 2018, 110: 51-56.
11.	Shirota C, van Asseldonk E, Matjačić Z, et al. Robot-supported assessment of balance in standing and walking. J Neuroeng Rehabil, 2017, 14(1): 80.
12.	刘崇, 阎芬, 曹冰, 等. 运动延缓老年人平衡能力下降的研究进展. 中国康复医学杂志, 2009, 24(7): 670-673.
13.	Pickenbrock HM, Diel A, Zapf A. A comparison between the Static Balance Test and the Berg Balance Scale: validity, reliability, and comparative resource use. Clin Rehabil, 2016, 30(3): 288-293.
14.	管强, 韩红杰, 詹青, 等. 活动平衡信心量表(中文版)的信度与效度研究. 同济大学学报: 医学版, 2011, 32(3): 81-84.
15.	Horak FB, Wrisley DM, Frank J. The balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits. Phys Ther, 2009, 89(5): 484-498.
16.	Wong-Yu IS, Mak MK. Multi-dimensional balance training programme improves balance and gait performance in people with Parkinson’s disease: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2015, 21(6): 615-621.
17.	Steffen R, Thorsten S. Biomechanical assessment of dynamic balance: specificity of different balance tests. Hum Mov Sci, 2018, 58: 140-147.
18.	王芗斌, 侯美金, 陶静, 等. 太极" 云手”对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态影响的相关性研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(12): 1328-1333.
19.	Hackney ME, Wolf SL. Impact of Tai Chi Chu’an practice on balance and mobility in older adults: an integrative review of 20 years of research. J Geriatr Phys Ther, 2014, 37(3): 127-135.
20.	Del-Pino-Casado R, Obrero-Gaitan E, Lomas-Vega R. The effect of Tai Chi on reducing the risk of falling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Chin Med, 1994, 44(5): 51-52.
21.	Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(2): CD007146.
22.	Lomas-Vega R, Obrero-Gaitán E, Molina-Ortega FJ, et al. Tai Chi for risk of falls. A Meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2017, 65(9): 2037-2043.
23.	Hill KD, Hunter SW, Batchelor F, et al. Individualized home-based exercise programs for older people to reduce falls and improve physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 2015, 82(1): 72-84.
24.	王国妃, 王曙红, 姜萍岚, 等. 瑜伽运动对乳腺癌患者化疗期生存质量的影响. 中华护理杂志, 2015, 50(8): 937-941.
25.	Paul D, Smith A, Paul MB, et al. Development of a falls reduction yoga program for older adults. A pilot study. Complement Ther Med, 2017, 31: 118-126.
26.	Youkhana S, Dean CM, Wolff M, et al. Yoga-based exercise improves balance and mobility in people aged 60 and over:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing, 2016, 45(1): 21-29.
27.	朱晓钢, 刘建民. 瑜伽运动对早期帕金森病人平衡能力及害怕跌倒的影响. 护理研究, 2017, 31(10): 1274-1276.
28.	Ni M, Mooney K, Richards L, et al. Comparative impacts of Tai Chi, balance training, and a specially-designed yoga program on balance in older fallers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2014, 95(9): 1620-1628.
29.	Jeter PE, Nkodo AF, Moonaz SH, et al. A systematic review of yoga for balance in a healthy population. J Altern Complement Med, 2014, 20(4): 221-232.
30.	Moreno S, Igual C, Ballester G, et al. The effects of the Pilates training method on balance and falls of older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Aging Phys Act, 2018, 26(2): 327-344.
31.	Lord SR, March LM, Cameron ID, et al. Differing risk factors for falls in nursing home and intermediate-care residents who can and cannot stand unaided. J Am Geriatric Soc, 2003, 51(11): 1645-1650.
32.	Roller M, Kachingwe A, Beling J, et al. Pilates Reformer exercises for fall risk reduction in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2018, 22(4): 983-998.
33.	樊贤进, 李月红. 普拉提运动降低老年女性跌倒次数的作用机制. 中国老年学杂志, 2015, 35(7): 1800-1801.
34.	Cho SI, An DH. Effects of a Fall prevention exercise program on muscle strength and balance of the old-old elderly. J Phys Ther Sci, 2014, 26(11): 1771-1774.
35.	王文萍. 核心力量和健身路径锻炼改善老年人跌倒风险因素的研究. 实用临床护理学杂志, 2017, 19(2): 106-107.
36.	Szanton SL, Wolff JL, Leff B, et al. Preliminary data from community aging in place, advancing better living for elders, a patient-directed, team-based intervention to improve physical function and decrease nursing home utilization: the first 100 individuals to complete a centers for medicare and medicaid services innovation project. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2015, 63(2): 371-374.
37.	Halvarsson A, Franzén E, Ståhle A. Balance training with multi-task exercises improves fall-related self-efficacy, gait, balance performance and physical function in older adults with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 2015, 29(4): 365-375.
38.	张军, 王宝军, 张晖, 等. 下肢机器人对脑梗死偏瘫患者运动功能的疗效观察. 中华脑科疾病与康复杂志: 电子版, 2016, 6(1): 20-24.
39.	Mirelman A, Rochester L, Maidan I, et al. Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2016, 388(150): 1170-1182.
40.	van Diest M, Stegenga J, Wörtche HJ, et al. Exergames for unsupervised balance training at home: a pilot study in healthy older adults. Gait Posture, 2016, 44: 161-167.
41.	Lara J, Godfrey A, Evans E, et al. Towards measurement of the healthy ageing phenotype in lifestyle-based intervention studies. Maturitas, 2013, 76(2): 189-199.

1. 赵媛, 王燕, 徐旭东, 等. 太极拳运动对老年人平衡功能和跌倒预防效果的Meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2013, 13(3): 339-345.
2. Auvinet B, Touzard C, Montestruc FA, et al. Gait disorders in the elderly and dual task gait analysis: a new approach for identifying motor phenotypes. J Neuroeng Rehabil, 2017, 14(1): 1-14.
3. 马欣, 张杰. 健身气功八段锦对中老年人平衡能力的影响. 山东体育科技, 2016, 38(1): 58-61.
4. 李立, 陈玉娟, 翟凤鸣, 等. 长期从事太极拳运动老年人足底压力分布特征及平衡能力研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(9): 984-988.
5. Masud T, Morris RO. Epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing, 2001, 30(4): 3-7.
6. 游永豪, 温爱玲. 人体平衡能力测评方法. 中国康复医学杂志, 2014, 29(11): 1099-1104.
7. 张洪侠, 周桂桐. 老年人跌倒与平衡功能异常. 中国老年学杂志, 2015, 35(3): 1434-1435.
8. 王玉龙, 张秀花. 康复评定技术. 2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017: 107-108.
9. Hsueh IP, Chen JH, Wang CH, et al. Development of a computerized adaptive test for assessing balance function in patients with stroke. Phys Ther, 2010, 90(9): 1336-1344.
10. Khanuja K, Joki J, Bachmann G, et al. Gait and balance in the aging population: fall prevention using innovation and technology. Maturitas, 2018, 110: 51-56.
11. Shirota C, van Asseldonk E, Matjačić Z, et al. Robot-supported assessment of balance in standing and walking. J Neuroeng Rehabil, 2017, 14(1): 80.
12. 刘崇, 阎芬, 曹冰, 等. 运动延缓老年人平衡能力下降的研究进展. 中国康复医学杂志, 2009, 24(7): 670-673.
13. Pickenbrock HM, Diel A, Zapf A. A comparison between the Static Balance Test and the Berg Balance Scale: validity, reliability, and comparative resource use. Clin Rehabil, 2016, 30(3): 288-293.
14. 管强, 韩红杰, 詹青, 等. 活动平衡信心量表(中文版)的信度与效度研究. 同济大学学报: 医学版, 2011, 32(3): 81-84.
15. Horak FB, Wrisley DM, Frank J. The balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits. Phys Ther, 2009, 89(5): 484-498.
16. Wong-Yu IS, Mak MK. Multi-dimensional balance training programme improves balance and gait performance in people with Parkinson’s disease: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2015, 21(6): 615-621.
17. Steffen R, Thorsten S. Biomechanical assessment of dynamic balance: specificity of different balance tests. Hum Mov Sci, 2018, 58: 140-147.
18. 王芗斌, 侯美金, 陶静, 等. 太极" 云手”对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态影响的相关性研究. 中国康复医学杂志, 2016, 31(12): 1328-1333.
19. Hackney ME, Wolf SL. Impact of Tai Chi Chu’an practice on balance and mobility in older adults: an integrative review of 20 years of research. J Geriatr Phys Ther, 2014, 37(3): 127-135.
20. Del-Pino-Casado R, Obrero-Gaitan E, Lomas-Vega R. The effect of Tai Chi on reducing the risk of falling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Chin Med, 1994, 44(5): 51-52.
21. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(2): CD007146.
22. Lomas-Vega R, Obrero-Gaitán E, Molina-Ortega FJ, et al. Tai Chi for risk of falls. A Meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2017, 65(9): 2037-2043.
23. Hill KD, Hunter SW, Batchelor F, et al. Individualized home-based exercise programs for older people to reduce falls and improve physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 2015, 82(1): 72-84.
24. 王国妃, 王曙红, 姜萍岚, 等. 瑜伽运动对乳腺癌患者化疗期生存质量的影响. 中华护理杂志, 2015, 50(8): 937-941.
25. Paul D, Smith A, Paul MB, et al. Development of a falls reduction yoga program for older adults. A pilot study. Complement Ther Med, 2017, 31: 118-126.
26. Youkhana S, Dean CM, Wolff M, et al. Yoga-based exercise improves balance and mobility in people aged 60 and over:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing, 2016, 45(1): 21-29.
27. 朱晓钢, 刘建民. 瑜伽运动对早期帕金森病人平衡能力及害怕跌倒的影响. 护理研究, 2017, 31(10): 1274-1276.
28. Ni M, Mooney K, Richards L, et al. Comparative impacts of Tai Chi, balance training, and a specially-designed yoga program on balance in older fallers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2014, 95(9): 1620-1628.
29. Jeter PE, Nkodo AF, Moonaz SH, et al. A systematic review of yoga for balance in a healthy population. J Altern Complement Med, 2014, 20(4): 221-232.
30. Moreno S, Igual C, Ballester G, et al. The effects of the Pilates training method on balance and falls of older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Aging Phys Act, 2018, 26(2): 327-344.
31. Lord SR, March LM, Cameron ID, et al. Differing risk factors for falls in nursing home and intermediate-care residents who can and cannot stand unaided. J Am Geriatric Soc, 2003, 51(11): 1645-1650.
32. Roller M, Kachingwe A, Beling J, et al. Pilates Reformer exercises for fall risk reduction in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2018, 22(4): 983-998.
33. 樊贤进, 李月红. 普拉提运动降低老年女性跌倒次数的作用机制. 中国老年学杂志, 2015, 35(7): 1800-1801.
34. Cho SI, An DH. Effects of a Fall prevention exercise program on muscle strength and balance of the old-old elderly. J Phys Ther Sci, 2014, 26(11): 1771-1774.
35. 王文萍. 核心力量和健身路径锻炼改善老年人跌倒风险因素的研究. 实用临床护理学杂志, 2017, 19(2): 106-107.
36. Szanton SL, Wolff JL, Leff B, et al. Preliminary data from community aging in place, advancing better living for elders, a patient-directed, team-based intervention to improve physical function and decrease nursing home utilization: the first 100 individuals to complete a centers for medicare and medicaid services innovation project. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2015, 63(2): 371-374.
37. Halvarsson A, Franzén E, Ståhle A. Balance training with multi-task exercises improves fall-related self-efficacy, gait, balance performance and physical function in older adults with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 2015, 29(4): 365-375.
38. 张军, 王宝军, 张晖, 等. 下肢机器人对脑梗死偏瘫患者运动功能的疗效观察. 中华脑科疾病与康复杂志: 电子版, 2016, 6(1): 20-24.
39. Mirelman A, Rochester L, Maidan I, et al. Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2016, 388(150): 1170-1182.
40. van Diest M, Stegenga J, Wörtche HJ, et al. Exergames for unsupervised balance training at home: a pilot study in healthy older adults. Gait Posture, 2016, 44: 161-167.
41. Lara J, Godfrey A, Evans E, et al. Towards measurement of the healthy ageing phenotype in lifestyle-based intervention studies. Maturitas, 2013, 76(2): 189-199.

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