Progress of ventilator-associated events_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

LIU Ji ^1,2 ,  MAO Yiping ³

1. School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P. R. China;
2. Emergency Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P. R. China;
3. Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

MAO Yiping, Email: 385524376@qq.com

Keywords：

Ventilator-associated event; Ventilator-associated pneumonia; Risk factor; Prevention strategy

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201901180

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

For a long time, the monitoring of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has many drawbacks, such as complex diagnostic criteria, high subjectivity, low comparability, low attributable mortality, and difficulty in automated monitoring. The U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention proposed a new monitoring definition of ventilator-associated event (VAE) in January 2013 to address the existing problems of VAP. VAE monitoring can better predict the adverse prognosis of patients, adopt objective diagnostic criteria, and realize automatic monitoring. However, VAE surveillance also has some shortcomings: poor identification of VAP patients, lack of sufficient evidence of preventive strategies so far, inconclusive application in neonates and children groups, as easy to be interfered with as VAP. The applicability of VAE in China, its risk factors and preventive strategies need to be further studied.

Citation： LIU Ji, MAO Yiping. Progress of ventilator-associated events. West China Medical Journal, 2019, 34(3): 322-327. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201901180 Copy

1.	Klein Klouwenberg PM, Ong DS, Bos LD, et al. Interobserver agreement of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for classifying infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(10): 2373-2378.
2.	Stevens JP, Kachniarz B, Wright SB, et al. When policy gets it right: variability in U.S. Hospitals’ diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(3): 497-503.
3.	Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Groenwold RH, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis, 2013, 13(8): 665-671.
4.	Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(16): 1685-1693.
5.	Skrupky LP, McConnell K, Dallas J, et al. A comparison of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates as identified according to the National Healthcare Safety Network and American College of Chest Physicians criteria. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(1): 281-284.
6.	Klompas M. Ventilator-associated events surveillance: a patient safety opportunity. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2013, 19(5): 424-431.
7.	Klompas M, Berra L. Should ventilator-associated events become a quality indicator for ICUs?. Respir Care, 2016, 61(6): 723-736.
8.	Magill SS, Klompas M, Balk R, et al. Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis, 2013, 57(12): 1742-1746.
9.	Klompas M. Complications of mechanical ventilation--the CDC’s new surveillance paradigm. N Engl J Med, 2013, 368(16): 1472-1475.
10.	Ego A, Preiser JC, Vincent JL. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest, 2015, 147(2): 347-355.
11.	Tejerina E, Esteban A, Fernández-Segoviano P, et al. Accuracy of clinical definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison with autopsy findings. J Crit Care, 2010, 25(1): 62-68.
12.	Klompas M. Interobserver variability in ventilator-associated pneumonia surveillance. Am J Infect Control, 2010, 38(3): 237-239.
13.	Klompas M, Li L. Beyond pneumonia: improving care for ventilated patients. Lancet Infect Dis, 2013, 13(8): 640-641.
14.	Muscedere JG, Day Aandrew, Heyland DK. Mortality, attributable mortality, and clinical events as end points for clinical trials of ventilator-associated pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis, 2010, 51(Suppl 1): S120-S125.
15.	Nguile-Makao M, Zahar JR, Français A, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: respective impact of main characteristics at ICU admission and VAP onset using conditional logistic regression and multi-state models. Intensive Care Med, 2010, 36(5): 781-789.
16.	Klompas M. Eight initiatives that misleadingly lower ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. Am J Infect Control, 2012, 40(5): 408-410.
17.	National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Chapter 9: ventilator-associated event (VAE)//NHSN PSC Protocol Combined Manual 2017. (2017-07-19)[2019-01-20]. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/validation/2017/pcsmanual_2017.pdf.
18.	Klompas M, Anderson D, Trick W, et al. The preventability of ventilator-associated events. The CDC prevention epicenters wake up and breathe collaborative. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015, 191(3): 292-301.
19.	National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Chapter 10: ventilator-associated event (VAE)//NHSN PSC Protocol Combined Manual 2018. (2017-12-29)[2019-01-20]. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/validation/2018/pcsmanual_2018-508.pdf.
20.	Zhu S, Cai L, Ma C, et al. The clinical impact of ventilator-associated events: a prospective multi-center surveillance study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2015, 36(12): 1388-1395.
21.	朱仕超, 宗志勇, 乔甫, 等. 呼吸机相关事件的目标性监测. 中国感染控制杂志, 2017, 16(1): 28-31.
22.	刘纪, 曹剑梅, 孟雷, 等. 呼吸机相关事件监测及预后相关因素分析. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(11): 1724-1727, 1731.
23.	胡欣, 李祖坤, 张洪川, 等. 96 例综合 ICU 呼吸机相关事件监测及结果分析. 川北医学院学报, 2017, 32(2): 193-196.
24.	Dudeck MA, Edwards JR, Allen-Bridson K, et al. National healthcare safety network report, data summary for 2013, device-associated module. Am J Infect Control, 2015, 43(3): 206-221.
25.	Klompas M, Khan Y, Kleinman K, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a novel surveillance paradigm for complications of mechanical ventilation. PLoS One, 2011, 6(3): e18062.
26.	Klompas M, Kleinman K, Murphy MV. Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014, 35(5): 502-510.
27.	Fan Y, Gao F, Wu Y, et al. Does ventilator-associated event surveillance detect ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 338.
28.	Klompas M, Magill S, Robicsek A, et al. Objective surveillance definitions for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(12): 3154-3161.
29.	Prospero E, Illuminati D, Marigliano A, et al. Learning from Galileo: ventilator-associated pneumonia surveillance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 186(12): 1308-1309.
30.	Hayashi Y, Morisawa K, Klompas M, et al. Toward improved surveillance: the impact of ventilator-associated complications on length of stay and antibiotic use in patients in intensive care units. Clin Infect Dis, 2013, 56(4): 471-477.
31.	Muscedere J, Sinuff T, Heyland D, et al. The clinical impact and preventability of ventilator-associated conditions in critically ill patients who are mechanically ventilated. Chest, 2013, 144(5): 1453-1460.
32.	Klein Klouwenberg PM, van Mourik MS, Ong DS, et al. Electronic implementation of a novel surveillance paradigm for ventilator-associated events. Feasibility and validation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 189(8): 947-955.
33.	Lilly CM, Landry KE, Sood RN, et al. Prevalence and test characteristics of national health safety network ventilator-associated events. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(9): 2019-2028.
34.	Boyer AF, Schoenberg N, Babcock H, et al. A prospective evaluation of ventilator-associated conditions and infection-related ventilator-associated conditions. Chest, 2015, 147(1): 68-81.
35.	Stevens JP, Silva G, Gillis J, et al. Automated surveillance for ventilator-associated events. Chest, 2014, 146(6): 1612-1618.
36.	Bouadma L, Sonneville R, Garrouste-Orgeas M, et al. Ventilator-associated events: prevalence, outcome, and relationship with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(9): 1798-1806.
37.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ventilator-associated event calculator (Version 4.0). (2016-08-04)[2019-01-20]. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/vae-calculator/index.html.
38.	Stoeppel CM, Eriksson EA, Hawkins K, et al. Applicability of the National Healthcare Safety Network’s surveillance definition of ventilator-associated events in the surgical intensive care unit: a 1-year review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014, 77(6): 934-937.
39.	Lachiewicz AM, Weber DJ, van Duin D, et al. From VAP to VAE: implications of the new CDC definitions on a burn intensive care unit population. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2017, 38(7): 867-869.
40.	Lilly CM, Ellison RT 3rd. Quality measures for critically ill patients: where does ventilator-associated condition fit in?. Chest, 2013, 144(5): 1429-1430.
41.	Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD. Nature (and the ICU) abhors a VACuum. Chest, 2012, 142(6): 1365-1366.
42.	Niederman MS, Nair GB. Managing ventilator complications in a " VACuum” of data. Chest, 2015, 147(1): 5-6.
43.	Cocoros NM, Kleinman K, Priebe GP, et al. Ventilator-associated events in neonates and children--a new paradigm. Crit Care Med, 2016, 44(1): 14-22.
44.	Cirulis MM, Hamele MT, Stockmann CR, et al. Comparison of the new adult ventilator-associated event criteria to the centers for disease control and prevention pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia definition (PNU2) in a population of pediatric traumatic brain injury patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2016, 17(2): 157-164.
45.	Iosifidis E, Chochliourou E, Violaki A, et al. Evaluation of the new centers for disease control and prevention ventilator-associated event module and criteria in critically ill children in Greece. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2016, 37(10): 1162-1166.
46.	Baid H. Patient safety: identifying and managing complications of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2016, 28(4): 451-462.
47.	Sim JK, Oh JY, Min KH, et al. Clinical significance of ventilator-associated event. J Crit Care, 2016, 35: 19-23.
48.	Harris BD, Thomas GA, Greene MH, et al. Ventilator bundle compliance and risk of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2018, 39(6): 637-643.
49.	Guess R, Vaewpanich J, Coss-Bu JA, et al. Risk Factors for ventilator-associated events in a PICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2018, 19(1): e7-e13.
50.	Lewis SC, Li L, Murphy MV, et al. Risk factors for ventilator-associated events: a case-control multivariable analysis. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(8): 1839-1848.
51.	Klompas M, Li L, Szumita P, et al. Associations between different sedatives and ventilator-associated events, length of stay, and mortality in patients who were mechanically ventilated. Chest, 2016, 149(6): 1373-1379.
52.	Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (awakening and breathing controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2008, 371(9607): 126-134.
53.	Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(20): 1471-1477.
54.	Arroliga A, Frutos-Vivar F, Hall J, et al. Use of sedatives and neuromuscular blockers in a cohort of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest, 2005, 128(2): 496-506.
55.	Rosenberg AL, Dechert RE, Park PK, et al. Review of a large clinical series: association of cumulative fluid balance on outcome in acute lung injury: a retrospective review of the ARDSnet tidal volume study cohort. J Intensive Care Med, 2009, 24(1): 35-46.
56.	Mekontso Dessap A, Katsahian S, Roche-Campo F, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia during weaning from mechanical ventilation: role of fluid management. Chest, 2014, 146(1): 58-65.
57.	Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014, 35(8): 915-936.
58.	Posa P, Barnes D, Bogan B, et al. Compliance with spontaneous breathing trial protocol associated with lower VAE rates. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(12): A1547.
59.	Harris BD, Thomas GA, Greene MH, et al. Ventilator bundle compliance and risk of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2018, 39(6): 637-643.
60.	Klompas M, Li L, Kleinman K, et al. Associations between ventilator bundle components and outcomes. JAMA Intern Med, 2016, 176(9): 1277-1283.
61.	陈文森, 刘娟, 刘辉, 等. 前瞻性监测呼吸机相关事件: 8 个人 ICU 的队列研究. 中华流行病学杂志, 2016, 37(8): 1148-1151.
62.	孙菊华, 徐世成, 文琳, 等. 重症监护病房呼吸机相关性事件监测结果与分析. 华西医学, 2015, 30(2): 241-242.

1. Klein Klouwenberg PM, Ong DS, Bos LD, et al. Interobserver agreement of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for classifying infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(10): 2373-2378.
2. Stevens JP, Kachniarz B, Wright SB, et al. When policy gets it right: variability in U.S. Hospitals’ diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(3): 497-503.
3. Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Groenwold RH, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis, 2013, 13(8): 665-671.
4. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(16): 1685-1693.
5. Skrupky LP, McConnell K, Dallas J, et al. A comparison of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates as identified according to the National Healthcare Safety Network and American College of Chest Physicians criteria. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(1): 281-284.
6. Klompas M. Ventilator-associated events surveillance: a patient safety opportunity. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2013, 19(5): 424-431.
7. Klompas M, Berra L. Should ventilator-associated events become a quality indicator for ICUs?. Respir Care, 2016, 61(6): 723-736.
8. Magill SS, Klompas M, Balk R, et al. Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis, 2013, 57(12): 1742-1746.
9. Klompas M. Complications of mechanical ventilation--the CDC’s new surveillance paradigm. N Engl J Med, 2013, 368(16): 1472-1475.
10. Ego A, Preiser JC, Vincent JL. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest, 2015, 147(2): 347-355.
11. Tejerina E, Esteban A, Fernández-Segoviano P, et al. Accuracy of clinical definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison with autopsy findings. J Crit Care, 2010, 25(1): 62-68.
12. Klompas M. Interobserver variability in ventilator-associated pneumonia surveillance. Am J Infect Control, 2010, 38(3): 237-239.
13. Klompas M, Li L. Beyond pneumonia: improving care for ventilated patients. Lancet Infect Dis, 2013, 13(8): 640-641.
14. Muscedere JG, Day Aandrew, Heyland DK. Mortality, attributable mortality, and clinical events as end points for clinical trials of ventilator-associated pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis, 2010, 51(Suppl 1): S120-S125.
15. Nguile-Makao M, Zahar JR, Français A, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: respective impact of main characteristics at ICU admission and VAP onset using conditional logistic regression and multi-state models. Intensive Care Med, 2010, 36(5): 781-789.
16. Klompas M. Eight initiatives that misleadingly lower ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. Am J Infect Control, 2012, 40(5): 408-410.
17. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Chapter 9: ventilator-associated event (VAE)//NHSN PSC Protocol Combined Manual 2017. (2017-07-19)[2019-01-20]. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/validation/2017/pcsmanual_2017.pdf.
18. Klompas M, Anderson D, Trick W, et al. The preventability of ventilator-associated events. The CDC prevention epicenters wake up and breathe collaborative. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2015, 191(3): 292-301.
19. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Chapter 10: ventilator-associated event (VAE)//NHSN PSC Protocol Combined Manual 2018. (2017-12-29)[2019-01-20]. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/validation/2018/pcsmanual_2018-508.pdf.
20. Zhu S, Cai L, Ma C, et al. The clinical impact of ventilator-associated events: a prospective multi-center surveillance study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2015, 36(12): 1388-1395.
21. 朱仕超, 宗志勇, 乔甫, 等. 呼吸机相关事件的目标性监测. 中国感染控制杂志, 2017, 16(1): 28-31.
22. 刘纪, 曹剑梅, 孟雷, 等. 呼吸机相关事件监测及预后相关因素分析. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(11): 1724-1727, 1731.
23. 胡欣, 李祖坤, 张洪川, 等. 96 例综合 ICU 呼吸机相关事件监测及结果分析. 川北医学院学报, 2017, 32(2): 193-196.
24. Dudeck MA, Edwards JR, Allen-Bridson K, et al. National healthcare safety network report, data summary for 2013, device-associated module. Am J Infect Control, 2015, 43(3): 206-221.
25. Klompas M, Khan Y, Kleinman K, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a novel surveillance paradigm for complications of mechanical ventilation. PLoS One, 2011, 6(3): e18062.
26. Klompas M, Kleinman K, Murphy MV. Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014, 35(5): 502-510.
27. Fan Y, Gao F, Wu Y, et al. Does ventilator-associated event surveillance detect ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 338.
28. Klompas M, Magill S, Robicsek A, et al. Objective surveillance definitions for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(12): 3154-3161.
29. Prospero E, Illuminati D, Marigliano A, et al. Learning from Galileo: ventilator-associated pneumonia surveillance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 186(12): 1308-1309.
30. Hayashi Y, Morisawa K, Klompas M, et al. Toward improved surveillance: the impact of ventilator-associated complications on length of stay and antibiotic use in patients in intensive care units. Clin Infect Dis, 2013, 56(4): 471-477.
31. Muscedere J, Sinuff T, Heyland D, et al. The clinical impact and preventability of ventilator-associated conditions in critically ill patients who are mechanically ventilated. Chest, 2013, 144(5): 1453-1460.
32. Klein Klouwenberg PM, van Mourik MS, Ong DS, et al. Electronic implementation of a novel surveillance paradigm for ventilator-associated events. Feasibility and validation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 189(8): 947-955.
33. Lilly CM, Landry KE, Sood RN, et al. Prevalence and test characteristics of national health safety network ventilator-associated events. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(9): 2019-2028.
34. Boyer AF, Schoenberg N, Babcock H, et al. A prospective evaluation of ventilator-associated conditions and infection-related ventilator-associated conditions. Chest, 2015, 147(1): 68-81.
35. Stevens JP, Silva G, Gillis J, et al. Automated surveillance for ventilator-associated events. Chest, 2014, 146(6): 1612-1618.
36. Bouadma L, Sonneville R, Garrouste-Orgeas M, et al. Ventilator-associated events: prevalence, outcome, and relationship with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(9): 1798-1806.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ventilator-associated event calculator (Version 4.0). (2016-08-04)[2019-01-20]. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/vae-calculator/index.html.
38. Stoeppel CM, Eriksson EA, Hawkins K, et al. Applicability of the National Healthcare Safety Network’s surveillance definition of ventilator-associated events in the surgical intensive care unit: a 1-year review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014, 77(6): 934-937.
39. Lachiewicz AM, Weber DJ, van Duin D, et al. From VAP to VAE: implications of the new CDC definitions on a burn intensive care unit population. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2017, 38(7): 867-869.
40. Lilly CM, Ellison RT 3rd. Quality measures for critically ill patients: where does ventilator-associated condition fit in?. Chest, 2013, 144(5): 1429-1430.
41. Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD. Nature (and the ICU) abhors a VACuum. Chest, 2012, 142(6): 1365-1366.
42. Niederman MS, Nair GB. Managing ventilator complications in a " VACuum” of data. Chest, 2015, 147(1): 5-6.
43. Cocoros NM, Kleinman K, Priebe GP, et al. Ventilator-associated events in neonates and children--a new paradigm. Crit Care Med, 2016, 44(1): 14-22.
44. Cirulis MM, Hamele MT, Stockmann CR, et al. Comparison of the new adult ventilator-associated event criteria to the centers for disease control and prevention pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia definition (PNU2) in a population of pediatric traumatic brain injury patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2016, 17(2): 157-164.
45. Iosifidis E, Chochliourou E, Violaki A, et al. Evaluation of the new centers for disease control and prevention ventilator-associated event module and criteria in critically ill children in Greece. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2016, 37(10): 1162-1166.
46. Baid H. Patient safety: identifying and managing complications of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2016, 28(4): 451-462.
47. Sim JK, Oh JY, Min KH, et al. Clinical significance of ventilator-associated event. J Crit Care, 2016, 35: 19-23.
48. Harris BD, Thomas GA, Greene MH, et al. Ventilator bundle compliance and risk of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2018, 39(6): 637-643.
49. Guess R, Vaewpanich J, Coss-Bu JA, et al. Risk Factors for ventilator-associated events in a PICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2018, 19(1): e7-e13.
50. Lewis SC, Li L, Murphy MV, et al. Risk factors for ventilator-associated events: a case-control multivariable analysis. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(8): 1839-1848.
51. Klompas M, Li L, Szumita P, et al. Associations between different sedatives and ventilator-associated events, length of stay, and mortality in patients who were mechanically ventilated. Chest, 2016, 149(6): 1373-1379.
52. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (awakening and breathing controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2008, 371(9607): 126-134.
53. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(20): 1471-1477.
54. Arroliga A, Frutos-Vivar F, Hall J, et al. Use of sedatives and neuromuscular blockers in a cohort of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest, 2005, 128(2): 496-506.
55. Rosenberg AL, Dechert RE, Park PK, et al. Review of a large clinical series: association of cumulative fluid balance on outcome in acute lung injury: a retrospective review of the ARDSnet tidal volume study cohort. J Intensive Care Med, 2009, 24(1): 35-46.
56. Mekontso Dessap A, Katsahian S, Roche-Campo F, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia during weaning from mechanical ventilation: role of fluid management. Chest, 2014, 146(1): 58-65.
57. Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014, 35(8): 915-936.
58. Posa P, Barnes D, Bogan B, et al. Compliance with spontaneous breathing trial protocol associated with lower VAE rates. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(12): A1547.
59. Harris BD, Thomas GA, Greene MH, et al. Ventilator bundle compliance and risk of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2018, 39(6): 637-643.
60. Klompas M, Li L, Kleinman K, et al. Associations between ventilator bundle components and outcomes. JAMA Intern Med, 2016, 176(9): 1277-1283.
61. 陈文森, 刘娟, 刘辉, 等. 前瞻性监测呼吸机相关事件: 8 个人 ICU 的队列研究. 中华流行病学杂志, 2016, 37(8): 1148-1151.
62. 孙菊华, 徐世成, 文琳, 等. 重症监护病房呼吸机相关性事件监测结果与分析. 华西医学, 2015, 30(2): 241-242.

West China Medical Journal

Progress of ventilator-associated events

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