Research progress on risk predictors of vascular dementia_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

TANG Aijie ^1,2 ,  WU Qian ²

1. School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China;
2. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WU Qian, Email: qian_wu2010@163.com

Keywords：

Vascular dementia; Dementia; Risk predictors

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.201911143

Video：

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Vascular dementia is one of the most common types of dementia in China. How to better prevent and treat vascular dementia is still an unresolved problem, and the risk predictor of vascular dementia may help provide clinical targeted prevention measures to intervene in the development process of vascular dementia early. This article reviews the current research status of vascular dementia predictors from four aspects: blood markers, predictors based on disease characteristics, predictors based on assessment tools and neuropsychological tests, and predictors based on activity dysfunction. It aims to provide a basis for establishing a risk prediction model for patients with vascular dementia suitable for China’s conditions in the future.

Citation： TANG Aijie, WU Qian. Research progress on risk predictors of vascular dementia. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(2): 260-264. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201911143 Copy

1.	Wolters FJ, Ikram MA. Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2019, 39(8): 1542-1549.
2.	Singh V, Dhamoon MS, Alladi S. Stroke risk and vascular dementia in South Asians. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2018, 20(9): 43.
3.	Pilon MH, Poulin S, Fortin MP, et al. Differences in rate of cognitive decline and caregiver burden between alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: a retrospective study. Neurology (ECronicon), 2016, 2(6): 278-286.
4.	Seetlani NK, Kumar N, Imran K, et al. Alzheimer and vascular dementia in the elderly patients. Pak J Med Sci, 2016, 32(5): 1286-1290.
5.	Vinters HV, Zarow C, Borys E, et al. Review: vascular dementia: clinicopathologic and genetic considerations. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 2018, 44(3): 247-266.
6.	Kalaria RN. The pathology and pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Neuropharmacology, 2018, 134(Pt B): 226-239.
7.	Urwyler SA, Schuetz P, Fluri F, et al. Prognostic value of copeptin: one-year outcome in patients with acute stroke. Stroke, 2010, 41(7): 1564-1567.
8.	Nilsson ED, Melander O, Elmståhl S, et al. Copeptin, a marker of vasopressin, predicts vascular dementia but not Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 52(3): 1047-1053.
9.	Hagström E, Kilander L, Nylander R, et al. Plasma parathyroid hormone is associated with vascular dementia and cerebral hyperintensities in two community-based cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014, 99(11): 4181-4189.
10.	Holm H, Nägga K, Nilsson ED, et al. N-terminal prosomatostatin and risk of vascular dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2017, 44(5/6): 259-265.
11.	Quinlan P, Horvath A, Nordlund A, et al. Low serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level is associated with increased risk of vascular dementia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2017, 86: 169-175.
12.	Karp X, Ambros V. Developmental biology. Encountering microRNAs in cell fate signaling. Science, 2005, 310(5752): 1288-1289.
13.	Prabhakar P, Chandra SR, Christopher R. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for the identification of vascular dementia due to cerebral small vessel disease. Age Ageing, 2017, 46(5): 861-864.
14.	Castellazzi M, Trentini A, Romani A, et al. Decreased arylesterase activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) might be a common denominator of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2016, 81(Pt B): 356-363.
15.	Cervellati C, Trentini A, Romani A, et al. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), mild cognitive impairment, and 2-year conversion to dementia: a pilot study. J Neurochem, 2015, 135(2): 395-401.
16.	von Zglinicki T, Serra V, Lorenz M, et al. Short telomeres in patients with vascular dementia: an indicator of low antioxidative capacity and a possible risk factor?. Lab Invest, 2000, 80(11): 1739-1747.
17.	Javanshiri K, Haglund M, Englund E. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension in lewy body disease: a comparison with other dementia disorders. J Alzheimers Dis, 2019, 71(3): 851-859.
18.	Turana Y, Tengkawan J, Chia YC, et al. Hypertension and dementia: a comprehensive review from the HOPE Asia network. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2019, 21(8): 1091-1098.
19.	Olsson B, Hertze J, Ohlsson M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of heart fatty acid binding protein are elevated prodromally in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. J Alzheimers Dis, 2013, 34(3): 673-679.
20.	Xu Y, Wang Q, Cui R, et al. Uric acid is associated with vascular dementia in Chinese population. Brain Behav, 2016, 7(2): e00617.
21.	Holm H, Nägga K, Nilsson ED, et al. Biomarkers of microvascular endothelial dysfunction predict incident dementia: a population-based prospective study. J Intern Med, 2017, 282(1): 94-101.
22.	Nagata T, Ohara T, Hata J, et al. NT-proBNP and risk of dementia in a general japanese elderly population: the Hisayama study. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(17): e011652.
23.	Hsu PF, Pan WH, Yip BS, et al. C-reactive protein predicts incidence of dementia in an elderly Asian community cohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2017, 18(3): 277. e7-277. e11.
24.	Rizzi L, Rosset I, Roriz-Cruz M. Global epidemiology of dementia: Alzheimer’s and vascular types. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 2014: 908915.
25.	Vijayan M, Kumar S, Bhatti JS, et al. Molecular links and biomarkers of stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 2017, 146: 95-126.
26.	Ihara M. Post stroke dementia. Brain Nerve, 2016, 68(7): 743-751.
27.	李斌. 脑血管病患者发生血管性痴呆的相关危险因素分析. 健康必读, 2018(13): 13-14.
28.	Vinciguerra L, Lanza G, Puglisi V, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia. PLoS One, 2019, 14(4): e0216162.
29.	Verdelho A, Madureira S, Moleiro C, et al. White matter changes and diabetes predict cognitive decline in the elderly: the LADIS study. Neurology, 2010, 75(2): 160-167.
30.	Emdin CA, Rothwell PM, Salimi-Khorshidi G, et al. Blood pressure and risk of vascular dementia: evidence from a primary care registry and a cohort study of transient ischemic attack and stroke. Stroke, 2016, 47(6): 1429-1435.
31.	Thomassen JQ, Tolstrup JS, Benn M, et al. Type-2 diabetes and risk of dementia: observational and Mendelian randomisation studies in 1 million individuals. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 2020, 29: e118.
32.	Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, et al. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2. 3 million people comprising more than 100, 000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care, 2016, 39(2): 300-307.
33.	Liu CL, Lin MY, Hwang SJ, et al. Factors associated with type 2 diabetes in patients with vascular dementia: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord, 2018, 18(1): 45.
34.	Zhou F, Chen S. Hyperhomocysteinemia and risk of incident cognitive outcomes: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev, 2019, 51: 55-66.
35.	Appleton JP, Scutt P, Sprigg N, et al. Hypercholesterolaemia and vascular dementia. Clin Sci (Lond), 2017, 131(14): 1561-1578.
36.	Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2007, 4(2): 103-109.
37.	Elwood PC, Bayer AJ, Fish M, et al. Sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness predict vascular dementia. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2011, 65(9): 820-824.
38.	Avila-Funes JA, Carcaillon L, Helmer C, et al. Is frailty a prodromal stage of vascular dementia? Results from the three-city study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2012, 60(9): 1708-1712.
39.	Santabárbara J, Lipnicki DM, Olaya B, et al. Association between anxiety and vascular dementia risk: new evidence and an updated meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(5): 1368.
40.	Holmquist S, Nordström A, Nordström P. The association of depression with subsequent dementia diagnosis: a Swedish nationwide cohort study from 1964 to 2016. PLoS Med, 2020, 17(1): e1003016.
41.	Lee C. Best linear unbiased prediction of individual polygenic susceptibility to sporadic vascular dementia. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 53(3): 1115-1119.
42.	孙亮, 张新卿, 汤哲, 等. 血管性痴呆患者发病前后精神状态检查量表评分变化及其预测因子的分析. 中国脑血管病杂志, 2012, 9(3): 132-135.
43.	Chou RH, Chiu CC, Huang CC, et al. Prediction of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter using CHADS2 score. J Chin Med Assoc, 2016, 79(9): 470-476.
44.	Lim JS, Oh MS, Lee JH, et al. Prediction of post-stroke dementia using NINDS-CSN 5-minute neuropsychology protocol in acute stroke. Int Psychogeriatr, 2017, 29(5): 777-784.
45.	Clerici F, Caracciolo B, Cova I, et al. Does vascular burden contribute to the progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia?. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2012, 34(3/4): 235-243.
46.	Li SS, Zheng J, Mei B, et al. Correlation study of Framingham risk score and vascular dementia: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(50): e8387.
47.	Köhler S, van Boxtel M, Jolles J, et al. Depressive symptoms and risk for dementia: a 9-year follow-up of the maastricht aging study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2011, 19(10): 902-905.
48.	Royall DR, Roman GC. Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests. Neurology, 2000, 55(4): 604-606.
49.	Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB, et al. Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-Alzheimer’s dementia. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(22): 1761-1768.
50.	Boyle PA, Paul RH, Moser DJ, et al. Executive impairments predict functional declines in vascular dementia. Clin Neuropsychol, 2004, 18(1): 75-82.
51.	Verghese J, Derby C, Katz MJ, et al. High risk neurological gait syndrome and vascular dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 2007, 114(10): 1249-1252.
52.	Valkanova V, Ebmeier KP. What can gait tell us about dementia? Review of epidemiological and neuropsychological evidence. Gait Posture, 2017, 53: 215-223.

1. Wolters FJ, Ikram MA. Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2019, 39(8): 1542-1549.
2. Singh V, Dhamoon MS, Alladi S. Stroke risk and vascular dementia in South Asians. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2018, 20(9): 43.
3. Pilon MH, Poulin S, Fortin MP, et al. Differences in rate of cognitive decline and caregiver burden between alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: a retrospective study. Neurology (ECronicon), 2016, 2(6): 278-286.
4. Seetlani NK, Kumar N, Imran K, et al. Alzheimer and vascular dementia in the elderly patients. Pak J Med Sci, 2016, 32(5): 1286-1290.
5. Vinters HV, Zarow C, Borys E, et al. Review: vascular dementia: clinicopathologic and genetic considerations. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 2018, 44(3): 247-266.
6. Kalaria RN. The pathology and pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Neuropharmacology, 2018, 134(Pt B): 226-239.
7. Urwyler SA, Schuetz P, Fluri F, et al. Prognostic value of copeptin: one-year outcome in patients with acute stroke. Stroke, 2010, 41(7): 1564-1567.
8. Nilsson ED, Melander O, Elmståhl S, et al. Copeptin, a marker of vasopressin, predicts vascular dementia but not Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 52(3): 1047-1053.
9. Hagström E, Kilander L, Nylander R, et al. Plasma parathyroid hormone is associated with vascular dementia and cerebral hyperintensities in two community-based cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014, 99(11): 4181-4189.
10. Holm H, Nägga K, Nilsson ED, et al. N-terminal prosomatostatin and risk of vascular dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2017, 44(5/6): 259-265.
11. Quinlan P, Horvath A, Nordlund A, et al. Low serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level is associated with increased risk of vascular dementia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2017, 86: 169-175.
12. Karp X, Ambros V. Developmental biology. Encountering microRNAs in cell fate signaling. Science, 2005, 310(5752): 1288-1289.
13. Prabhakar P, Chandra SR, Christopher R. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for the identification of vascular dementia due to cerebral small vessel disease. Age Ageing, 2017, 46(5): 861-864.
14. Castellazzi M, Trentini A, Romani A, et al. Decreased arylesterase activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) might be a common denominator of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2016, 81(Pt B): 356-363.
15. Cervellati C, Trentini A, Romani A, et al. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), mild cognitive impairment, and 2-year conversion to dementia: a pilot study. J Neurochem, 2015, 135(2): 395-401.
16. von Zglinicki T, Serra V, Lorenz M, et al. Short telomeres in patients with vascular dementia: an indicator of low antioxidative capacity and a possible risk factor?. Lab Invest, 2000, 80(11): 1739-1747.
17. Javanshiri K, Haglund M, Englund E. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension in lewy body disease: a comparison with other dementia disorders. J Alzheimers Dis, 2019, 71(3): 851-859.
18. Turana Y, Tengkawan J, Chia YC, et al. Hypertension and dementia: a comprehensive review from the HOPE Asia network. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2019, 21(8): 1091-1098.
19. Olsson B, Hertze J, Ohlsson M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of heart fatty acid binding protein are elevated prodromally in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. J Alzheimers Dis, 2013, 34(3): 673-679.
20. Xu Y, Wang Q, Cui R, et al. Uric acid is associated with vascular dementia in Chinese population. Brain Behav, 2016, 7(2): e00617.
21. Holm H, Nägga K, Nilsson ED, et al. Biomarkers of microvascular endothelial dysfunction predict incident dementia: a population-based prospective study. J Intern Med, 2017, 282(1): 94-101.
22. Nagata T, Ohara T, Hata J, et al. NT-proBNP and risk of dementia in a general japanese elderly population: the Hisayama study. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(17): e011652.
23. Hsu PF, Pan WH, Yip BS, et al. C-reactive protein predicts incidence of dementia in an elderly Asian community cohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2017, 18(3): 277. e7-277. e11.
24. Rizzi L, Rosset I, Roriz-Cruz M. Global epidemiology of dementia: Alzheimer’s and vascular types. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 2014: 908915.
25. Vijayan M, Kumar S, Bhatti JS, et al. Molecular links and biomarkers of stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 2017, 146: 95-126.
26. Ihara M. Post stroke dementia. Brain Nerve, 2016, 68(7): 743-751.
27. 李斌. 脑血管病患者发生血管性痴呆的相关危险因素分析. 健康必读, 2018(13): 13-14.
28. Vinciguerra L, Lanza G, Puglisi V, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia. PLoS One, 2019, 14(4): e0216162.
29. Verdelho A, Madureira S, Moleiro C, et al. White matter changes and diabetes predict cognitive decline in the elderly: the LADIS study. Neurology, 2010, 75(2): 160-167.
30. Emdin CA, Rothwell PM, Salimi-Khorshidi G, et al. Blood pressure and risk of vascular dementia: evidence from a primary care registry and a cohort study of transient ischemic attack and stroke. Stroke, 2016, 47(6): 1429-1435.
31. Thomassen JQ, Tolstrup JS, Benn M, et al. Type-2 diabetes and risk of dementia: observational and Mendelian randomisation studies in 1 million individuals. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 2020, 29: e118.
32. Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, et al. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2. 3 million people comprising more than 100, 000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care, 2016, 39(2): 300-307.
33. Liu CL, Lin MY, Hwang SJ, et al. Factors associated with type 2 diabetes in patients with vascular dementia: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord, 2018, 18(1): 45.
34. Zhou F, Chen S. Hyperhomocysteinemia and risk of incident cognitive outcomes: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev, 2019, 51: 55-66.
35. Appleton JP, Scutt P, Sprigg N, et al. Hypercholesterolaemia and vascular dementia. Clin Sci (Lond), 2017, 131(14): 1561-1578.
36. Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2007, 4(2): 103-109.
37. Elwood PC, Bayer AJ, Fish M, et al. Sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness predict vascular dementia. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2011, 65(9): 820-824.
38. Avila-Funes JA, Carcaillon L, Helmer C, et al. Is frailty a prodromal stage of vascular dementia? Results from the three-city study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2012, 60(9): 1708-1712.
39. Santabárbara J, Lipnicki DM, Olaya B, et al. Association between anxiety and vascular dementia risk: new evidence and an updated meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(5): 1368.
40. Holmquist S, Nordström A, Nordström P. The association of depression with subsequent dementia diagnosis: a Swedish nationwide cohort study from 1964 to 2016. PLoS Med, 2020, 17(1): e1003016.
41. Lee C. Best linear unbiased prediction of individual polygenic susceptibility to sporadic vascular dementia. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 53(3): 1115-1119.
42. 孙亮, 张新卿, 汤哲, 等. 血管性痴呆患者发病前后精神状态检查量表评分变化及其预测因子的分析. 中国脑血管病杂志, 2012, 9(3): 132-135.
43. Chou RH, Chiu CC, Huang CC, et al. Prediction of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter using CHADS2 score. J Chin Med Assoc, 2016, 79(9): 470-476.
44. Lim JS, Oh MS, Lee JH, et al. Prediction of post-stroke dementia using NINDS-CSN 5-minute neuropsychology protocol in acute stroke. Int Psychogeriatr, 2017, 29(5): 777-784.
45. Clerici F, Caracciolo B, Cova I, et al. Does vascular burden contribute to the progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia?. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2012, 34(3/4): 235-243.
46. Li SS, Zheng J, Mei B, et al. Correlation study of Framingham risk score and vascular dementia: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(50): e8387.
47. Köhler S, van Boxtel M, Jolles J, et al. Depressive symptoms and risk for dementia: a 9-year follow-up of the maastricht aging study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2011, 19(10): 902-905.
48. Royall DR, Roman GC. Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests. Neurology, 2000, 55(4): 604-606.
49. Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB, et al. Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-Alzheimer’s dementia. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(22): 1761-1768.
50. Boyle PA, Paul RH, Moser DJ, et al. Executive impairments predict functional declines in vascular dementia. Clin Neuropsychol, 2004, 18(1): 75-82.
51. Verghese J, Derby C, Katz MJ, et al. High risk neurological gait syndrome and vascular dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 2007, 114(10): 1249-1252.
52. Valkanova V, Ebmeier KP. What can gait tell us about dementia? Review of epidemiological and neuropsychological evidence. Gait Posture, 2017, 53: 215-223.

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