Research status of aortic bioprostheses failure_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

LIU Jiale , SU Wen , TAI Shi , TANG Jianjun ,  FANG Zhenfei

Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

FANG Zhenfei, Email: fangzhenfei@csu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Aortic stenosis; Aortic valve replacement; Valve failure; Structure valve deterioration

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202008055

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Nowadays, aortic bioprostheses are used more and more widely in clinical practice, but the valve will experience structural valve degradation over time, and eventually lose its function, which is valve failure. Valve failure has become a significant challenge for aortic valve replacement and especially limits the expansion of indications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. This review focuses on the current status and relevant evidence on the definition, risk factors, epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis and evaluation, treatment strategies of aortic bioprostheses failure. The purpose is to provide a basis for a more comprehensive understanding of aortic bioprostheses failure, finding better coping strategies and further improving the long-term durability of the valve.

Citation： LIU Jiale, SU Wen, TAI Shi, TANG Jianjun, FANG Zhenfei. Research status of aortic bioprostheses failure. West China Medical Journal, 2020, 35(9): 1144-1148. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202008055 Copy

1.	Carabello BA, Paulus WJ. Aortic stenosis. Lancet, 2009, 373(9667): 956-966.
2.	Popma JJ, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1706-1715.
3.	Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1695-1705.
4.	Reardon MJ, Van Mieghem NM, Popma JJ, et al. Surgical or transcatheter aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(14): 1321-1331.
5.	Isaacs AJ, Shuhaiber J, Salemi A, et al. National trends in utilization and in-hospital outcomes of mechanical versus bioprosthetic aortic valve replacements. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 149(5): 1262-1269. e3.
6.	Paradis JM, Del Trigo M, Puri R, et al. Transcatheter valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring for treating aortic and mitral surgical prosthetic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015, 66(18): 2019-2037.
7.	Capodanno D, Petronio AS, Prendergast B, et al. Standardized definitions of structural deterioration and valve failure in assessing long-term durability of transcatheter and surgical aortic bioprosthetic valves: a consensus statement from the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J, 2017, 38(45): 3382-3390.
8.	Dvir D, Bourguignon T, Otto CM, et al. Standardized definition of structural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves. Circulation, 2018, 137(4): 388-399.
9.	Forcillo J, Pellerin M, Perrault LP, et al. Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valve in the aortic position: 25-years experience. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(2): 486-493.
10.	Johnston DR, Soltesz EG, Vakil N, et al. Long-term durability of bioprosthetic aortic valves: implications from 12, 569 implants. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(4): 1239-1247.
11.	Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Bash A, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description. Circulation, 2002, 106(24): 3006-3008.
12.	Le Tourneau T, Marechaux S, Vincentelli A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of early and late survival after bioprosthetic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis, 2007, 16(5): 483-488.
13.	Jamieson WR, Burr LH, Miyagishima RT, et al. Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular aortic porcine bioprosthesis: clinical performance over 20 years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005, 130(4): 994-1000.
14.	Nollert G, Miksch J, Kreuzer E, et al. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and the degeneration of pericardial valves after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 126(4): 965-968.
15.	Banbury MK, Cosgrove DM 3rd, White JA, et al. Age and valve size effect on the long-term durability of the Carpentier-Edwards aortic pericardial bioprosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001, 72(3): 753-757.
16.	Repossini A, Fischlein T, Santarpino G, et al. Pericardial stentless valve for aortic valve replacement: long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(6): 1956-1965.
17.	Farivar RS, Cohn LH. Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for bioprosthetic valve calcification and explantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 126(4): 969-975.
18.	Yan H, Sharma J, Weber CJ, et al. Elevated parathyroid hormone predicts mortality in dialysis patients undergoing valve surgery. Surgery, 2011, 150(6): 1095-1101.
19.	Le Tourneau T, Vincentelli A, Fayad G, et al. Ten-year echocardiographic and clinical follow-up of aortic Carpentier-Edwards pericardial and supraannular prosthesis: a case-match study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 74(6): 2010-2015.
20.	Hickey GL, Grant SW, Bridgewater B, et al. A comparison of outcomes between bovine pericardial and porcine valves in 38, 040 patients in England and Wales over 10 years. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 47(6): 1067-1074.
21.	Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management. Circulation, 2009, 119(7): 1034-1048.
22.	Flameng W, Herregods MC, Vercalsteren M, et al. Prosthesis-patient mismatch predicts structural valve degeneration in bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation, 2010, 121(19): 2123-2129.
23.	Chen W, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Mechanism of efficacy of 2-amino oleic acid for inhibition of calcification of glutaraldehyde-pretreated porcine bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation, 1994, 90(1): 323-329.
24.	Rodés-Cabau J, Webb JG, Cheung A, et al. Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights on prognostic factors and valve durability from the Canadian multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(19): 1864-1875.
25.	Sun W, Li K, Sirois E. Simulated elliptical bioprosthetic valve deformation: implications for asymmetric transcatheter valve deployment. J Biomech, 2010, 43(16): 3085-3090.
26.	Gunning PS, Vaughan TJ, McNamara LM. Simulation of self expanding transcatheter aortic valve in a realistic aortic root: implications of deployment geometry on leaflet deformation. Ann Biomed Eng, 2014, 42(9): 1989-2001.
27.	Puri R, Auffret V, Rodés-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(17): 2193-2211.
28.	Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet thrombosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med, 2015, 373(21): 2015-2024.
29.	Chakravarty T, Søndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet thrombosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observational study. Lancet, 2017, 389(10087): 2383-2392.
30.	Guo H, Lu C, Huang H, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of the Carpentier-Edwards perimount pericardial bioprosthesis in Chinese patients with single or multiple valve replacement in aortic, mitral, or tricuspid positions. Cardiology, 2017, 138(2): 97-106.
31.	Hickey GL, Bridgewater B, Grant SW, et al. National registry data and record linkage to inform postmarket surveillance of prosthetic aortic valve models over 15 years. JAMA Intern Med, 2017, 177(1): 79-86.
32.	Kapadia SR, Leon MB, Makkar RR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared with standard treatment for patients with inoperable aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2015, 385(9986): 2485-2491.
33.	Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2015, 385(9986): 2477-2484.
34.	Sawaya F, Kappetein AP, Wisser W, et al. Five-year haemodynamic outcomes of the first-generation SAPIEN balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valve. EuroIntervention, 2016, 12(6): 775-782.
35.	Gerckens U, Tamburino C, Bleiziffer S, et al. Final 5-year clinical and echocardiographic results for treatment of severe aortic stenosis with a self-expanding bioprosthesis from the ADVANCE Study. Eur Heart J, 2017, 38(36): 2729-2738.
36.	Blackman DJ, Saraf S, MacCarthy PA, et al. Long-term durability of transcatheter aortic valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(5): 537-545.
37.	Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography,a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009, 22(9): 975-1084.
38.	Shames S, Koczo A, Hahn R, et al. Flow characteristics of the SAPIEN aortic valve: the importance of recognizing in-stent flow acceleration for the echocardiographic assessment of valve function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2012, 25(6): 603-609.
39.	Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, et al. Recommendations for the imaging assessment of prosthetic heart valves: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging endorsed by the Chinese Society of Echocardiography, the Inter-American Society of Echocardiography, and the Brazilian Department of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2016, 17(6): 589-590.
40.	Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow R, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(22): e57-e185.
41.	Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 59(13): 1200-1254.
42.	Leetmaa T, Hansson NC, Leipsic J, et al. Early aortic transcatheter heart valve thrombosis: diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2015, 8(4): e001596.
43.	Pache G, Schoechlin S, Blanke P, et al. Early hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening in balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic heart valves. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(28): 2263-2271.
44.	Balsam LB, Grossi EA, Greenhouse DG, et al. Reoperative valve surgery in the elderly: predictors of risk and long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(4): 1195-1201.
45.	Blanche C, Khan SS, Chaux A, et al. Cardiac reoperations in octogenarians: analysis of outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 1999, 67(1): 93-98.
46.	Jones JM, O'kane H, Gladstone DJ, et al. Repeat heart valve surgery: risk factors for operative mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2001, 122(5): 913-918.
47.	Maganti M, Rao V, Armstrong S, et al. Redo valvular surgery in elderly patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 87(2): 521-525.
48.	Leontyev S, Borger MA, Davierwala P, et al. Redo aortic valve surgery: early and late outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 91(4): 1120-1126.
49.	Onorati F, Biancari F, De Feo M, et al. Outcome of redo surgical aortic valve replacement in patients 80 years and older: results from the multicenter RECORD initiative. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(2): 537-543.
50.	Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(2): 252-289.
51.	Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA, 2014, 312(2): 162-170.
52.	Bleiziffer S, Simonato M, Webb JG, et al. Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic valves. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(29): 2731-2742.
53.	Landes U, Webb JG, De Backer O, et al. Repeat transcatheter aortic valve replacement for transcatheter prosthesis dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(16): 1882-1893.
54.	Webb JG, Murdoch DJ, Alu MC, et al. 3-year outcomes after valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement for degenerated bioprostheses: The PARTNER 2 Registry, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(21): 2647-2655.
55.	Sathananthan J, Hensey M, Landes U, et al. Long-term durability of transcatheter heart valves: insights from bench testing to 25 years. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 13(2): 235-249.

1. Carabello BA, Paulus WJ. Aortic stenosis. Lancet, 2009, 373(9667): 956-966.
2. Popma JJ, Deeb GM, Yakubov SJ, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a self-expanding valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1706-1715.
3. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1695-1705.
4. Reardon MJ, Van Mieghem NM, Popma JJ, et al. Surgical or transcatheter aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(14): 1321-1331.
5. Isaacs AJ, Shuhaiber J, Salemi A, et al. National trends in utilization and in-hospital outcomes of mechanical versus bioprosthetic aortic valve replacements. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 149(5): 1262-1269. e3.
6. Paradis JM, Del Trigo M, Puri R, et al. Transcatheter valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring for treating aortic and mitral surgical prosthetic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015, 66(18): 2019-2037.
7. Capodanno D, Petronio AS, Prendergast B, et al. Standardized definitions of structural deterioration and valve failure in assessing long-term durability of transcatheter and surgical aortic bioprosthetic valves: a consensus statement from the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J, 2017, 38(45): 3382-3390.
8. Dvir D, Bourguignon T, Otto CM, et al. Standardized definition of structural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves. Circulation, 2018, 137(4): 388-399.
9. Forcillo J, Pellerin M, Perrault LP, et al. Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valve in the aortic position: 25-years experience. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(2): 486-493.
10. Johnston DR, Soltesz EG, Vakil N, et al. Long-term durability of bioprosthetic aortic valves: implications from 12, 569 implants. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(4): 1239-1247.
11. Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Bash A, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description. Circulation, 2002, 106(24): 3006-3008.
12. Le Tourneau T, Marechaux S, Vincentelli A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of early and late survival after bioprosthetic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis, 2007, 16(5): 483-488.
13. Jamieson WR, Burr LH, Miyagishima RT, et al. Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular aortic porcine bioprosthesis: clinical performance over 20 years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005, 130(4): 994-1000.
14. Nollert G, Miksch J, Kreuzer E, et al. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and the degeneration of pericardial valves after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 126(4): 965-968.
15. Banbury MK, Cosgrove DM 3rd, White JA, et al. Age and valve size effect on the long-term durability of the Carpentier-Edwards aortic pericardial bioprosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001, 72(3): 753-757.
16. Repossini A, Fischlein T, Santarpino G, et al. Pericardial stentless valve for aortic valve replacement: long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(6): 1956-1965.
17. Farivar RS, Cohn LH. Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for bioprosthetic valve calcification and explantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 126(4): 969-975.
18. Yan H, Sharma J, Weber CJ, et al. Elevated parathyroid hormone predicts mortality in dialysis patients undergoing valve surgery. Surgery, 2011, 150(6): 1095-1101.
19. Le Tourneau T, Vincentelli A, Fayad G, et al. Ten-year echocardiographic and clinical follow-up of aortic Carpentier-Edwards pericardial and supraannular prosthesis: a case-match study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 74(6): 2010-2015.
20. Hickey GL, Grant SW, Bridgewater B, et al. A comparison of outcomes between bovine pericardial and porcine valves in 38, 040 patients in England and Wales over 10 years. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 47(6): 1067-1074.
21. Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management. Circulation, 2009, 119(7): 1034-1048.
22. Flameng W, Herregods MC, Vercalsteren M, et al. Prosthesis-patient mismatch predicts structural valve degeneration in bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation, 2010, 121(19): 2123-2129.
23. Chen W, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Mechanism of efficacy of 2-amino oleic acid for inhibition of calcification of glutaraldehyde-pretreated porcine bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation, 1994, 90(1): 323-329.
24. Rodés-Cabau J, Webb JG, Cheung A, et al. Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights on prognostic factors and valve durability from the Canadian multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(19): 1864-1875.
25. Sun W, Li K, Sirois E. Simulated elliptical bioprosthetic valve deformation: implications for asymmetric transcatheter valve deployment. J Biomech, 2010, 43(16): 3085-3090.
26. Gunning PS, Vaughan TJ, McNamara LM. Simulation of self expanding transcatheter aortic valve in a realistic aortic root: implications of deployment geometry on leaflet deformation. Ann Biomed Eng, 2014, 42(9): 1989-2001.
27. Puri R, Auffret V, Rodés-Cabau J. Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(17): 2193-2211.
28. Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet thrombosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med, 2015, 373(21): 2015-2024.
29. Chakravarty T, Søndergaard L, Friedman J, et al. Subclinical leaflet thrombosis in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves: an observational study. Lancet, 2017, 389(10087): 2383-2392.
30. Guo H, Lu C, Huang H, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of the Carpentier-Edwards perimount pericardial bioprosthesis in Chinese patients with single or multiple valve replacement in aortic, mitral, or tricuspid positions. Cardiology, 2017, 138(2): 97-106.
31. Hickey GL, Bridgewater B, Grant SW, et al. National registry data and record linkage to inform postmarket surveillance of prosthetic aortic valve models over 15 years. JAMA Intern Med, 2017, 177(1): 79-86.
32. Kapadia SR, Leon MB, Makkar RR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared with standard treatment for patients with inoperable aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2015, 385(9986): 2485-2491.
33. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2015, 385(9986): 2477-2484.
34. Sawaya F, Kappetein AP, Wisser W, et al. Five-year haemodynamic outcomes of the first-generation SAPIEN balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valve. EuroIntervention, 2016, 12(6): 775-782.
35. Gerckens U, Tamburino C, Bleiziffer S, et al. Final 5-year clinical and echocardiographic results for treatment of severe aortic stenosis with a self-expanding bioprosthesis from the ADVANCE Study. Eur Heart J, 2017, 38(36): 2729-2738.
36. Blackman DJ, Saraf S, MacCarthy PA, et al. Long-term durability of transcatheter aortic valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(5): 537-545.
37. Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography,a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009, 22(9): 975-1084.
38. Shames S, Koczo A, Hahn R, et al. Flow characteristics of the SAPIEN aortic valve: the importance of recognizing in-stent flow acceleration for the echocardiographic assessment of valve function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2012, 25(6): 603-609.
39. Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, et al. Recommendations for the imaging assessment of prosthetic heart valves: a report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging endorsed by the Chinese Society of Echocardiography, the Inter-American Society of Echocardiography, and the Brazilian Department of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2016, 17(6): 589-590.
40. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow R, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(22): e57-e185.
41. Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 59(13): 1200-1254.
42. Leetmaa T, Hansson NC, Leipsic J, et al. Early aortic transcatheter heart valve thrombosis: diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2015, 8(4): e001596.
43. Pache G, Schoechlin S, Blanke P, et al. Early hypo-attenuated leaflet thickening in balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic heart valves. Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(28): 2263-2271.
44. Balsam LB, Grossi EA, Greenhouse DG, et al. Reoperative valve surgery in the elderly: predictors of risk and long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(4): 1195-1201.
45. Blanche C, Khan SS, Chaux A, et al. Cardiac reoperations in octogenarians: analysis of outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 1999, 67(1): 93-98.
46. Jones JM, O'kane H, Gladstone DJ, et al. Repeat heart valve surgery: risk factors for operative mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2001, 122(5): 913-918.
47. Maganti M, Rao V, Armstrong S, et al. Redo valvular surgery in elderly patients. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 87(2): 521-525.
48. Leontyev S, Borger MA, Davierwala P, et al. Redo aortic valve surgery: early and late outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 91(4): 1120-1126.
49. Onorati F, Biancari F, De Feo M, et al. Outcome of redo surgical aortic valve replacement in patients 80 years and older: results from the multicenter RECORD initiative. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(2): 537-543.
50. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(2): 252-289.
51. Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA, 2014, 312(2): 162-170.
52. Bleiziffer S, Simonato M, Webb JG, et al. Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic valves. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(29): 2731-2742.
53. Landes U, Webb JG, De Backer O, et al. Repeat transcatheter aortic valve replacement for transcatheter prosthesis dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(16): 1882-1893.
54. Webb JG, Murdoch DJ, Alu MC, et al. 3-year outcomes after valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement for degenerated bioprostheses: The PARTNER 2 Registry, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 73(21): 2647-2655.
55. Sathananthan J, Hensey M, Landes U, et al. Long-term durability of transcatheter heart valves: insights from bench testing to 25 years. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 13(2): 235-249.

West China Medical Journal

Research status of aortic bioprostheses failure

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