Influenza A is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus, with typical signs and symptoms of upper and / or lower respiratory tract involvement, and symptoms of systemic disease such as fever, headache, myalgia and fatigue. Although it is a self-limited disease in the general population, it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in some high-risk populations and often leads serious complications, such as severe acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, as well as other extrapulmonary injuries. The exploration of the mechanisms of lung injury caused by influenza A infection could be helpful to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of other viral pneumonias, such as coronavirus disease 2019.
Citation： LIU Tao, FAN Hong. The progress of possible mechanism and treatment of severe acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(1): 1-7. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202012168 Copy
| 1. | Sandbulte MR. Discordant antigenic drift of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011, 108(51): 20748-20753. |
| 2. | Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Krafft AE, et al. Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus. Science, 1997, 275(5307): 1793-6. |
| 3. | Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Rue TC, et al. Population-based incidence estimates of influenza-associated respiratory failure hospitalizations, 2003 to 2009. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(6): 710-715. |
| 4. | Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH, et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet, 2018, 391(10127): 1285-1300. |
| 5. | 马贵凤, 祝洁, 曹慧军, 等. 2013-2018 年我国流感流行特征分析. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2019, 14(1): 73-77. |
| 6. | Girard MP, Tam JS, Assossou OM, et al. The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: a review. Vaccine, 2010, 28(31): 4895-4902. |
| 7. | 吴学玲, 白春学. 新型甲型 H1N1 流感诱发急性肺损伤的诊治进展. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2010, 33(6): 448-451. |
| 8. | Sullivan SJ, Jacobson RM, Dowdle WR, et al. 2009 H1N1 influenza. Mayo Clin Proc, 2010, 85(1): 64-76. |
| 9. | Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, et al. Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009-April 2010). Clin Infect Dis, 2011, 52(Suppl 1): S75-S82. |
| 10. | Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China:a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062. |
| 11. | Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity, 2020, 28(7): 1195-1199. |
| 12. | Herold S, Becker C, Ridge KM, et al. Influenza virus-induced lung injury: pathogenesis and implications for treatment. Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(5): 1463-1478. |
| 13. | Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med, 362(18): 1708-1719. |
| 14. | Brandes M, Klauschen F, Kuchen S, et al. A systems analysis identifies a feedforward inflammatory circuit leading to lethal influenza infection. Cell, 2013, 154(1): 197-212. |
| 15. | Rossman JS, Lamb RA. Influenza virus assembly and budding. Virology, 2011, 411(2): 229-236. |
| 16. | Fiore AE, Fry A, Shay D, et al. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza –recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep, 2011, 60(1): 1-24. |
| 17. | Iwasaki A, Pillai PS. Innate immunity to influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol, 2014, 14(5): 315-328. |
| 18. | Durbin RK, Kotenko SV, Durbin JE. Interferon induction and function at the mucosal surface. Immunol Rev, 2013, 255(1): 25-39. |
| 19. | Pothlichet J, Meunier I, Davis BK, et al. Type I IFN triggers RIG-I/TLR3/NLRP3-dependent inflammasome activation in influenza A virus infected cells. PLoS Pathog, 2013, 9(4): e1003256. |
| 20. | Davidson S, Crotta S, McCabe TM, et al. Pathogenic potential of interferon αβ in acute influenza infection. Nat Commun, 2014, 5(1): 3864. |
| 21. | Wang J, Nikrad MP, Travanty EA, et al. Innate immune response of human alveolar macrophages during influenza a infection. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3): e29879. |
| 22. | Kim HM, Lee YW, Lee KJ, et al. Alveolar macrophages are indispensable for controlling influenza viruses in lungs of pigs. J Virol, 2008, 82(9): 4265-4274. |
| 23. | Kohlmeier JE, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, et al. Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8+ T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge. Immunity, 2010, 33(1): 96-105. |
| 24. | Desch AN, Gj R, Murphy K, et al. CD103+ pulmonary dendritic cells preferentially acquire and present apoptotic cell-associated antigen. J Exp Med, 2011, 208(9): 1789-1797. |
| 25. | Kim TS, Braciale TJ. Respiratory dendritic cell subsets differ in their capacity to support the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. PLoS One, 2009, 4(1): e4204. |
| 26. | Teijaro J, Walsh K, Cahalan S, et al. Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell, 2011, 146(6): 980-991. |
| 27. | Huang F, Guo J, Zou Z, et al. Angiotensin II plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in H7N9-infected patients. Nat Commun, 2014, 5(2): 3595. |
| 28. | Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus. Nat Immunol, 2011, 12(11): 1045-1054. |
| 29. | Narasaraju T, Ng HH, Phoon MC, et al. MCP-1 antibody treatment enhances damage and impedes repair of the alveolar epithelium in influenza pneumonitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2010, 42(6): 732-743. |
| 30. | Brincks EL, Katewa A, Ta KB, et al. CD8 T cells utilize TRAIL to control influenza virus infection. J Immunol, 2008, 181(7): 4918-4925. |
| 31. | Waffarn EE, Baumgarth N. Protective B cell responses to flu-no fluke!. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 3823-3829. |
| 32. | Sun J, Madan R, Karp CL, et al. Effector T cells control lung inflammation during acute influenza virus infection by producing IL-10. Nat Med, 2009, 15(3): 277-284. |
| 33. | Moser EK, Hufford MM, Braciale TJ. Late Engagement of CD86 after influenza virus clearance promotes recovery in a FoxP3+ regulatory T cell dependent manner. PLoS Pathog, 2014, 10(8): e1004315. |
| 34. | Sun K, Metzger DW. Inhibition of pulmonary antibacterial defense by interferon-gamma during recovery from influenza infection. Nat Med, 2008, 14(5): 558-564. |
| 35. | Sonnenberg GF, Fouser LA, Artis D. Border patrol: regulation of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis at barrier surfaces by IL-22. Nat Immunol, 2011, 12(5): 383-390. |
| 36. | Sonnenberg GF, Nair MG, Kirn TJ, et al. Pathological versus protective functions of IL-22 in airway inflammation are regulated by IL-17A. J Exp Med, 2010, 207(6): 1293-1305. |
| 37. | Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, 579(7798): 270-273. |
| 38. | Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, et al. The ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS axis of the renin‐angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev, 2018, 98(1): 505-553. |
| 39. | Sturrock A, Seedahmed E, Mir-Kasimov M, et al. GM-CSF provides autocrine protection for murine alveolar epithelial cells from oxidant-induced mitochondrial injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2012, 302(3): L343-L351. |
| 40. | Hogan BL, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, et al. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell, 2014, 15(2): 123-138. |
| 41. | Leeman KT, Fillmore CM, Kim CF. Lung stem and progenitor cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol, 2014, 107(107): 207-233. |
| 42. | Rewar S, Mirdha D, Rewar P. Treatment and prevention of pandemic H1N1 influenza. Ann Glob Health, 2015, 81(5): 645-653. |
| 43. | Watanabe A, Chang SC, Kim MJ, et al. Long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate versus oseltamivir for treatment of influenza: a double-blind, randomized, noninferiority clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2010, 51(10): 1167-1175. |
| 44. | Kadam RU, Wilson IA. Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2017, 114(2): 206-214. |
| 45. | Zhu Z, Lu Z, Xu T, Chen C, et al. Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19. J Infect, 2020, 81(1): e21-e23. |
| 46. | Kapil S, Wilson JG. Mechanical ventilation in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 2019, 37(3): 431-444. |
| 47. | Miquel Ferrer a and Antoni Torres. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2015, 21(1): 1-6. |
| 48. | 中华医学会呼吸病学分会呼吸危重症医学学组. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气指南(试行) 中华医学杂志, 2016, 96(6): 404-424. |
| 49. | Silversides JA, Ferguson ND. Clinical review: Acute respiratory distress syndrome - clinical ventilator management and adjunct therapy. Crit Care, 2013, 17(2): 225. |
| 50. | 马晓春, 王辰, 方强, 等. 急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南(2006). 中国危重病急救医学, 2006(12): 706-710. |
| 51. | Steinberg KP. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(16): 1671-1684. |
| 52. | Diamanto Aretha, 1 Fotini Fligou. etal. Extracorporeal life support: the next step in moderate to severe ARDS-a review and meta-analysis of the literature. BioMed Res Int, 2019: 1-11. |
| 53. | Tsai HC, Chang CH, Tsai FC, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a score matched study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 100(2): 458-464. |
| 54. | Michael A. Matthay, Rachel L. Zemans et al Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2019, 5(1): 18. |
| 55. | Griffiths MJ, Evans TW. Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adults. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(25): 2683-2695. |
| 56. | Repessé X, Charron C, Vieillard-Baron A. Acute cor pulmonale in ARDS: rationale for protecting the right ventricle. Chest, 2015, 147(1): 259-265. |
| 57. | Taylor R W. Low-dose inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute lung injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 291(13): 1603-1609. |
- 1. Sandbulte MR. Discordant antigenic drift of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011, 108(51): 20748-20753.
- 2. Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Krafft AE, et al. Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus. Science, 1997, 275(5307): 1793-6.
- 3. Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Rue TC, et al. Population-based incidence estimates of influenza-associated respiratory failure hospitalizations, 2003 to 2009. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013, 188(6): 710-715.
- 4. Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH, et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet, 2018, 391(10127): 1285-1300.
- 5. 马贵凤, 祝洁, 曹慧军, 等. 2013-2018 年我国流感流行特征分析. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2019, 14(1): 73-77.
- 6. Girard MP, Tam JS, Assossou OM, et al. The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: a review. Vaccine, 2010, 28(31): 4895-4902.
- 7. 吴学玲, 白春学. 新型甲型 H1N1 流感诱发急性肺损伤的诊治进展. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2010, 33(6): 448-451.
- 8. Sullivan SJ, Jacobson RM, Dowdle WR, et al. 2009 H1N1 influenza. Mayo Clin Proc, 2010, 85(1): 64-76.
- 9. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, et al. Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009-April 2010). Clin Infect Dis, 2011, 52(Suppl 1): S75-S82.
- 10. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China:a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
- 11. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity, 2020, 28(7): 1195-1199.
- 12. Herold S, Becker C, Ridge KM, et al. Influenza virus-induced lung injury: pathogenesis and implications for treatment. Eur Respir J, 2015, 45(5): 1463-1478.
- 13. Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. N Engl J Med, 362(18): 1708-1719.
- 14. Brandes M, Klauschen F, Kuchen S, et al. A systems analysis identifies a feedforward inflammatory circuit leading to lethal influenza infection. Cell, 2013, 154(1): 197-212.
- 15. Rossman JS, Lamb RA. Influenza virus assembly and budding. Virology, 2011, 411(2): 229-236.
- 16. Fiore AE, Fry A, Shay D, et al. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza –recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep, 2011, 60(1): 1-24.
- 17. Iwasaki A, Pillai PS. Innate immunity to influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol, 2014, 14(5): 315-328.
- 18. Durbin RK, Kotenko SV, Durbin JE. Interferon induction and function at the mucosal surface. Immunol Rev, 2013, 255(1): 25-39.
- 19. Pothlichet J, Meunier I, Davis BK, et al. Type I IFN triggers RIG-I/TLR3/NLRP3-dependent inflammasome activation in influenza A virus infected cells. PLoS Pathog, 2013, 9(4): e1003256.
- 20. Davidson S, Crotta S, McCabe TM, et al. Pathogenic potential of interferon αβ in acute influenza infection. Nat Commun, 2014, 5(1): 3864.
- 21. Wang J, Nikrad MP, Travanty EA, et al. Innate immune response of human alveolar macrophages during influenza a infection. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3): e29879.
- 22. Kim HM, Lee YW, Lee KJ, et al. Alveolar macrophages are indispensable for controlling influenza viruses in lungs of pigs. J Virol, 2008, 82(9): 4265-4274.
- 23. Kohlmeier JE, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, et al. Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8+ T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge. Immunity, 2010, 33(1): 96-105.
- 24. Desch AN, Gj R, Murphy K, et al. CD103+ pulmonary dendritic cells preferentially acquire and present apoptotic cell-associated antigen. J Exp Med, 2011, 208(9): 1789-1797.
- 25. Kim TS, Braciale TJ. Respiratory dendritic cell subsets differ in their capacity to support the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. PLoS One, 2009, 4(1): e4204.
- 26. Teijaro J, Walsh K, Cahalan S, et al. Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell, 2011, 146(6): 980-991.
- 27. Huang F, Guo J, Zou Z, et al. Angiotensin II plasma levels are linked to disease severity and predict fatal outcomes in H7N9-infected patients. Nat Commun, 2014, 5(2): 3595.
- 28. Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus. Nat Immunol, 2011, 12(11): 1045-1054.
- 29. Narasaraju T, Ng HH, Phoon MC, et al. MCP-1 antibody treatment enhances damage and impedes repair of the alveolar epithelium in influenza pneumonitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2010, 42(6): 732-743.
- 30. Brincks EL, Katewa A, Ta KB, et al. CD8 T cells utilize TRAIL to control influenza virus infection. J Immunol, 2008, 181(7): 4918-4925.
- 31. Waffarn EE, Baumgarth N. Protective B cell responses to flu-no fluke!. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 3823-3829.
- 32. Sun J, Madan R, Karp CL, et al. Effector T cells control lung inflammation during acute influenza virus infection by producing IL-10. Nat Med, 2009, 15(3): 277-284.
- 33. Moser EK, Hufford MM, Braciale TJ. Late Engagement of CD86 after influenza virus clearance promotes recovery in a FoxP3+ regulatory T cell dependent manner. PLoS Pathog, 2014, 10(8): e1004315.
- 34. Sun K, Metzger DW. Inhibition of pulmonary antibacterial defense by interferon-gamma during recovery from influenza infection. Nat Med, 2008, 14(5): 558-564.
- 35. Sonnenberg GF, Fouser LA, Artis D. Border patrol: regulation of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis at barrier surfaces by IL-22. Nat Immunol, 2011, 12(5): 383-390.
- 36. Sonnenberg GF, Nair MG, Kirn TJ, et al. Pathological versus protective functions of IL-22 in airway inflammation are regulated by IL-17A. J Exp Med, 2010, 207(6): 1293-1305.
- 37. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, 579(7798): 270-273.
- 38. Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, et al. The ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS axis of the renin‐angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev, 2018, 98(1): 505-553.
- 39. Sturrock A, Seedahmed E, Mir-Kasimov M, et al. GM-CSF provides autocrine protection for murine alveolar epithelial cells from oxidant-induced mitochondrial injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2012, 302(3): L343-L351.
- 40. Hogan BL, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, et al. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell, 2014, 15(2): 123-138.
- 41. Leeman KT, Fillmore CM, Kim CF. Lung stem and progenitor cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol, 2014, 107(107): 207-233.
- 42. Rewar S, Mirdha D, Rewar P. Treatment and prevention of pandemic H1N1 influenza. Ann Glob Health, 2015, 81(5): 645-653.
- 43. Watanabe A, Chang SC, Kim MJ, et al. Long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate versus oseltamivir for treatment of influenza: a double-blind, randomized, noninferiority clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2010, 51(10): 1167-1175.
- 44. Kadam RU, Wilson IA. Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2017, 114(2): 206-214.
- 45. Zhu Z, Lu Z, Xu T, Chen C, et al. Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19. J Infect, 2020, 81(1): e21-e23.
- 46. Kapil S, Wilson JG. Mechanical ventilation in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 2019, 37(3): 431-444.
- 47. Miquel Ferrer a and Antoni Torres. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2015, 21(1): 1-6.
- 48. 中华医学会呼吸病学分会呼吸危重症医学学组. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气指南(试行) 中华医学杂志, 2016, 96(6): 404-424.
- 49. Silversides JA, Ferguson ND. Clinical review: Acute respiratory distress syndrome - clinical ventilator management and adjunct therapy. Crit Care, 2013, 17(2): 225.
- 50. 马晓春, 王辰, 方强, 等. 急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断和治疗指南(2006). 中国危重病急救医学, 2006(12): 706-710.
- 51. Steinberg KP. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(16): 1671-1684.
- 52. Diamanto Aretha, 1 Fotini Fligou. etal. Extracorporeal life support: the next step in moderate to severe ARDS-a review and meta-analysis of the literature. BioMed Res Int, 2019: 1-11.
- 53. Tsai HC, Chang CH, Tsai FC, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a score matched study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 100(2): 458-464.
- 54. Michael A. Matthay, Rachel L. Zemans et al Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2019, 5(1): 18.
- 55. Griffiths MJ, Evans TW. Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adults. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353(25): 2683-2695.
- 56. Repessé X, Charron C, Vieillard-Baron A. Acute cor pulmonale in ARDS: rationale for protecting the right ventricle. Chest, 2015, 147(1): 259-265.
- 57. Taylor R W. Low-dose inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute lung injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2004, 291(13): 1603-1609.