Current status of accesses and vascular complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WANG Changjin , LUO Songyuan ,  LI Jie

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

LI Jie, Email: leomoku1981@163.com

Keywords：

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement; Vascular access; Vascular complication

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202107228

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become an increasingly important therapy option for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are not suitable for traditional aortic valve surgery. Transfemoral access remains the most utilized and preferred route for TAVR. Several alternative routes exist, including transapical, direct aortic, axillary-subclavian, transcarotid, and transcaval accesses. Many factors will be taken into account when operators determine the best vascular access, such as diameters of the access and sheater, valve size, calcification, and tortuosity. Vascular complications are the most common complications of TAVR, which are closely related to the adverse outcome and prognosis, and their occurrences are related to many factors, including the surgeon’s experience, the patient-associated factors, and the device-associated factors. The risk of vascular complications can be reduced through the choice of valve type and vascular approach, detailed preoperative imaging evaluation, and improvement of the patient’s baseline disease. It is suitable to determine whether conservative treatment or reintervention will be chosen according to the severity of the complications.

Citation： WANG Changjin, LUO Songyuan, LI Jie. Current status of accesses and vascular complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. West China Medical Journal, 2021, 36(9): 1177-1183. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202107228 Copy

1.	Reardon MJ, van Mieghem NM, Popma JJ, et al. Surgical or transcatheter aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(14): 1321-1331.
2.	Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J, 2017, 38(36): 2739-2791.
3.	Mylotte D, Osnabrugge RLJ, Windecker S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in Europe: adoption trends and factors influencing device utilization. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(3): 210-219.
4.	Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(17): 1597-1607.
5.	Carroll JD, Mack MJ, Vemulapalli S, et al. STS-ACC TVT registry of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(21): 2492-2516.
6.	Aguirre J, Waskowski R, Poddar K, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: experience with the transapical approach, alternate access sites, and concomitant cardiac repairs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014, 148(4): 1417-1422.
7.	Beurtheret S, Karam N, Resseguier N, et al. Femoral versus nonfemoral peripheral access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 74(22): 2728-2739.
8.	Salgado RA, Leipsic JA, Shivalkar B, et al. Preprocedural CT evaluation of transcatheter aortic valve replacement: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics, 2014, 34(6): 1491-1514.
9.	Leipsic J, Hague CJ, Gurvitch R, et al. MDCT to guide transcatheter aortic valve replacement and mitral valve repair. Cardiol Clin, 2012, 30(1): 147-160.
10.	Kurra V, Schoenhagen P, Roselli EE, et al. Prevalence of significant peripheral artery disease in patients evaluated for percutaneous aortic valve insertion: preprocedural assessment with multidetector computed tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(5): 1258-1264.
11.	Auffret V, Lefevre T, Van Belle E, et al. Temporal trends in transcatheter aortic valve replacement in France: FRANCE 2 to FRANCE TAVI. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(1): 42-55.
12.	Al-Attar N, Raffoul R, Himbert D, et al. False aneurysm after transapical aortic valve implantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(1): e21-e22.
13.	Silaschi M, Conradi L, Wendler O, et al. The JUPITER registry: one-year outcomes of transapical aortic valve implantation using a second generation transcatheter heart valve for aortic regurgitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 91(7): 1345-1351.
14.	Blackstone EH, Suri RM, Rajeswaran J, et al. Propensity-matched comparisons of clinical outcomes after transapical or transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a placement of aortic transcatheter valves (PARTNER)-I trial substudy. Circulation, 2015, 131(22): 1989-2000.
15.	Biancari F, Rosato S, D’Errigo P, et al. Immediate and intermediate outcome after transapical versus transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol, 2016, 117(2): 245-251.
16.	Bleiziffer S, Piazza N, Mazzitelli D, et al. Apical-access-related complications associated with trans-catheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011, 40(2): 469-474.
17.	van der Boon RM, Marcheix B, Tchetche D, et al. Transapical versus transfemoral aortic valve implantation: a multicenter collaborative study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(1): 22-28.
18.	Modine T, Lemesle G, Azzaoui R, et al. Aortic valve implantation with the CoreValve ReValving System via left carotid artery access: first case report. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(4): 928-929.
19.	Pascual I, Carro A, Avanzas P, et al. Vascular approaches for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(Suppl 6): S478-S487.
20.	Overtchouk P, Folliguet T, Pinaud F, et al. Transcarotid approach for transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the Sapien 3 prosthesis: a multicenter French registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2019, 12(5): 413-419.
21.	Folliguet T, Laurent N, Bertram M, et al. Transcarotid transcatheter aortic valve implantation: multicentre experience in France. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 53(1): 157-161.
22.	Kirker E, Korngold E, Hodson RW, et al. Transcarotid versus subclavian/axillary access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement with SAPIEN 3. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 110(6): 1892-1897.
23.	Allen KB, Chhatriwalla AK, Saxon J, et al. Transcarotid versus transthoracic access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a propensity-matched analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020: S0022-5223(20)32831-2.
24.	Allen KB, Chhatriwalla AK, Cohen D, et al. Transcarotid versus transapical and transaortic access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(3): 715-722.
25.	Junquera L, Kalavrouziotis D, Côté M, et al. Results of transcarotid compared with transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020: S0022-5223(20)30790-X.
26.	Testa L, Brambilla N, Laudisa ML, et al. Right subclavian approach as a feasible alternative for transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the CoreValve ReValving System. EuroIntervention, 2012, 8(6): 685-690.
27.	Bapat V, Khawaja MZ, Attia R, et al. Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation using Edwards Sapien valve: a novel approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 79(5): 733-740.
28.	Bapat V, Attia R. Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation: step-by-step guide. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 24(3): 206-211.
29.	Greenbaum AB, O’Neill WW, Paone G, et al. Caval-aortic access to allow transcatheter aortic valve replacement in otherwise ineligible patients: initial human experience. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(25 Pt A): 2795-2804.
30.	Halabi M, Ratnayaka K, Faranesh AZ, et al. Aortic access from the vena cava for large caliber transcatheter cardiovascular interventions: pre-clinical validation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(16): 1745-1746.
31.	Greenbaum AB, Babaliaros VC, Chen MY, et al. Transcaval access and closure for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a prospective investigation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(5): 511-521.
32.	Sardar MR, Goldsweig AM, Abbott JD, et al. Vascular complications associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Vasc Med, 2017, 22(3): 234-244.
33.	Sherwood MW, Xiang K, Matsouaka R, et al. Incidence, temporal trends, and associated outcomes of vascular and bleeding complications in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapies Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 13(1): e008227.
34.	Langouet Q, Martinez R, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Incidence, predictors, impact, and treatment of vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a modern prospective cohort under real conditions. J Vasc Surg, 2020, 72(6): 2120-2129.
35.	Ullery BW, Jin R, Kirker EB, et al. Trends in vascular complications and associated treatment strategies following transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Vasc Surg, 2020, 72(4): 1313-1324.
36.	Ruge H, Burri M, Erlebach M, et al. Access site related vascular complications with third generation transcatheter heart valve systems. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2021, 97(2): 325-332.
37.	Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2016, 374(17): 1609-1620.
38.	Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1695-1705.
39.	Carroll JD, Vemulapalli S, Dai D, et al. Procedural experience for transcatheter aortic valve replacement and relation to outcomes: the STS/ACC TVT Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(1): 29-41.
40.	Badheka AO, Patel NJ, Panaich SS, et al. Effect of hospital volume on outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2015, 116(4): 587-594.
41.	van Wiechen MP, Kroon H, Hokken TW, et al. Vascular complications with a plug-based vascular closure device after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: predictors and bail-outs. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. (2021-02-03)[2021-08-01]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.29506.
42.	Potluri SP, Hamandi M, Basra SS, et al. Comparison of frequency of vascular complications with ultrasound-guided versus fluroscopic roadmap-guided femoral arterial access in patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2020, 132: 93-99.
43.	Durand E, Penso M, Hemery T, et al. Standardized measurement of femoral artery depth by computed tomography to predict vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2021, 145: 119-127.
44.	Vlastra W, Chandrasekhar J, García Del Blanco B, et al. Sex differences in transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 74(22): 2758-2767.
45.	Kodali S, Williams MR, Doshi D, et al. Sex-specific differences at presentation and outcomes among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2016, 164(6): 377-384.
46.	Chandrasekhar J, Dangas G, Yu J, et al. Sex-based differences in outcomes with transcatheter aortic valve therapy: TVT registry from 2011 to 2014. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 68(25): 2733-2744.
47.	Dimitriadis Z, Scholtz W, Ensminger SM, et al. Impact of sheath diameter of different sheath types on vascular complications and mortality in transfemoral TAVI approaches using the proglide closure device. PLoS One, 2017, 12(8): e0183658.
48.	Lanz J, Kim WK, Walther T, et al. Safety and efficacy of a self-expanding versus a balloon-expandable bioprosthesis for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2019, 394(10209): 1619-1628.
49.	Yoon SH, Lefèvre T, Ahn JM, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with early- and new-generation devices in bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 68(11): 1195-1205.
50.	Seeger J, Gonska B, Rottbauer W, et al. New generation devices for transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement are superior compared with last generation devices with respect to VARC-2 outcome. Cardiovasc Interv Ther, 2018, 33(3): 247-255.
51.	Seeger J, Gonska B, Rottbauer W, et al. Outcome with the repositionable and retrievable boston scientific lotus valve compared with the balloon-expandable Edwards Sapien 3 valve in patients undergoing transfemoral aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2017, 10(6): e004670.
52.	Barbash IM, Barbanti M, Webb J, et al. Comparison of vascular closure devices for access site closure after transfemoral aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(47): 3370-3379.
53.	Barbanti M, Capranzano P, Ohno Y, et al. Comparison of suture-based vascular closure devices in transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. EuroIntervention, 2015, 11(6): 690-697.
54.	Hayashida K, Lefèvre T, Chevalier B, et al. True percutaneous approach for transfemoral aortic valve implantation using the Prostar XL device: impact of learning curve on vascular complications. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 5(2): 207-214.
55.	Dencker D, Taudorf M, Luk NH, et al. Frequency and effect of access-related vascular injury and subsequent vascular intervention after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol, 2016, 118(8): 1244-1250.
56.	Seto AH, Abu-Fadel MS, Sparling JM, et al. Real-time ultrasound guidance facilitates femoral arterial access and reduces vascular complications: FAUST (Femoral Arterial Access With Ultrasound Trial). JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2010, 3(7): 751-758.
57.	Stone PA, AbuRahma AF, Flaherty SK, et al. Femoral pseudoaneurysms. Vasc Endovascular Surg, 2006, 40(2): 109-117.
58.	Madia C. Management trends for postcatheterization femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. JAAPA, 2019, 32(6): 15-18.

1. Reardon MJ, van Mieghem NM, Popma JJ, et al. Surgical or transcatheter aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2017, 376(14): 1321-1331.
2. Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J, 2017, 38(36): 2739-2791.
3. Mylotte D, Osnabrugge RLJ, Windecker S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in Europe: adoption trends and factors influencing device utilization. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(3): 210-219.
4. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(17): 1597-1607.
5. Carroll JD, Mack MJ, Vemulapalli S, et al. STS-ACC TVT registry of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(21): 2492-2516.
6. Aguirre J, Waskowski R, Poddar K, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: experience with the transapical approach, alternate access sites, and concomitant cardiac repairs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014, 148(4): 1417-1422.
7. Beurtheret S, Karam N, Resseguier N, et al. Femoral versus nonfemoral peripheral access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 74(22): 2728-2739.
8. Salgado RA, Leipsic JA, Shivalkar B, et al. Preprocedural CT evaluation of transcatheter aortic valve replacement: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics, 2014, 34(6): 1491-1514.
9. Leipsic J, Hague CJ, Gurvitch R, et al. MDCT to guide transcatheter aortic valve replacement and mitral valve repair. Cardiol Clin, 2012, 30(1): 147-160.
10. Kurra V, Schoenhagen P, Roselli EE, et al. Prevalence of significant peripheral artery disease in patients evaluated for percutaneous aortic valve insertion: preprocedural assessment with multidetector computed tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(5): 1258-1264.
11. Auffret V, Lefevre T, Van Belle E, et al. Temporal trends in transcatheter aortic valve replacement in France: FRANCE 2 to FRANCE TAVI. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(1): 42-55.
12. Al-Attar N, Raffoul R, Himbert D, et al. False aneurysm after transapical aortic valve implantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(1): e21-e22.
13. Silaschi M, Conradi L, Wendler O, et al. The JUPITER registry: one-year outcomes of transapical aortic valve implantation using a second generation transcatheter heart valve for aortic regurgitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2018, 91(7): 1345-1351.
14. Blackstone EH, Suri RM, Rajeswaran J, et al. Propensity-matched comparisons of clinical outcomes after transapical or transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a placement of aortic transcatheter valves (PARTNER)-I trial substudy. Circulation, 2015, 131(22): 1989-2000.
15. Biancari F, Rosato S, D’Errigo P, et al. Immediate and intermediate outcome after transapical versus transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol, 2016, 117(2): 245-251.
16. Bleiziffer S, Piazza N, Mazzitelli D, et al. Apical-access-related complications associated with trans-catheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011, 40(2): 469-474.
17. van der Boon RM, Marcheix B, Tchetche D, et al. Transapical versus transfemoral aortic valve implantation: a multicenter collaborative study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(1): 22-28.
18. Modine T, Lemesle G, Azzaoui R, et al. Aortic valve implantation with the CoreValve ReValving System via left carotid artery access: first case report. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(4): 928-929.
19. Pascual I, Carro A, Avanzas P, et al. Vascular approaches for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(Suppl 6): S478-S487.
20. Overtchouk P, Folliguet T, Pinaud F, et al. Transcarotid approach for transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the Sapien 3 prosthesis: a multicenter French registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2019, 12(5): 413-419.
21. Folliguet T, Laurent N, Bertram M, et al. Transcarotid transcatheter aortic valve implantation: multicentre experience in France. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 53(1): 157-161.
22. Kirker E, Korngold E, Hodson RW, et al. Transcarotid versus subclavian/axillary access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement with SAPIEN 3. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 110(6): 1892-1897.
23. Allen KB, Chhatriwalla AK, Saxon J, et al. Transcarotid versus transthoracic access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a propensity-matched analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020: S0022-5223(20)32831-2.
24. Allen KB, Chhatriwalla AK, Cohen D, et al. Transcarotid versus transapical and transaortic access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(3): 715-722.
25. Junquera L, Kalavrouziotis D, Côté M, et al. Results of transcarotid compared with transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020: S0022-5223(20)30790-X.
26. Testa L, Brambilla N, Laudisa ML, et al. Right subclavian approach as a feasible alternative for transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the CoreValve ReValving System. EuroIntervention, 2012, 8(6): 685-690.
27. Bapat V, Khawaja MZ, Attia R, et al. Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation using Edwards Sapien valve: a novel approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 79(5): 733-740.
28. Bapat V, Attia R. Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation: step-by-step guide. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 24(3): 206-211.
29. Greenbaum AB, O’Neill WW, Paone G, et al. Caval-aortic access to allow transcatheter aortic valve replacement in otherwise ineligible patients: initial human experience. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(25 Pt A): 2795-2804.
30. Halabi M, Ratnayaka K, Faranesh AZ, et al. Aortic access from the vena cava for large caliber transcatheter cardiovascular interventions: pre-clinical validation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(16): 1745-1746.
31. Greenbaum AB, Babaliaros VC, Chen MY, et al. Transcaval access and closure for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a prospective investigation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(5): 511-521.
32. Sardar MR, Goldsweig AM, Abbott JD, et al. Vascular complications associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Vasc Med, 2017, 22(3): 234-244.
33. Sherwood MW, Xiang K, Matsouaka R, et al. Incidence, temporal trends, and associated outcomes of vascular and bleeding complications in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapies Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 13(1): e008227.
34. Langouet Q, Martinez R, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Incidence, predictors, impact, and treatment of vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a modern prospective cohort under real conditions. J Vasc Surg, 2020, 72(6): 2120-2129.
35. Ullery BW, Jin R, Kirker EB, et al. Trends in vascular complications and associated treatment strategies following transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Vasc Surg, 2020, 72(4): 1313-1324.
36. Ruge H, Burri M, Erlebach M, et al. Access site related vascular complications with third generation transcatheter heart valve systems. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2021, 97(2): 325-332.
37. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2016, 374(17): 1609-1620.
38. Mack MJ, Leon MB, Thourani VH, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable valve in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(18): 1695-1705.
39. Carroll JD, Vemulapalli S, Dai D, et al. Procedural experience for transcatheter aortic valve replacement and relation to outcomes: the STS/ACC TVT Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 70(1): 29-41.
40. Badheka AO, Patel NJ, Panaich SS, et al. Effect of hospital volume on outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2015, 116(4): 587-594.
41. van Wiechen MP, Kroon H, Hokken TW, et al. Vascular complications with a plug-based vascular closure device after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: predictors and bail-outs. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. (2021-02-03)[2021-08-01]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.29506.
42. Potluri SP, Hamandi M, Basra SS, et al. Comparison of frequency of vascular complications with ultrasound-guided versus fluroscopic roadmap-guided femoral arterial access in patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2020, 132: 93-99.
43. Durand E, Penso M, Hemery T, et al. Standardized measurement of femoral artery depth by computed tomography to predict vascular complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol, 2021, 145: 119-127.
44. Vlastra W, Chandrasekhar J, García Del Blanco B, et al. Sex differences in transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2019, 74(22): 2758-2767.
45. Kodali S, Williams MR, Doshi D, et al. Sex-specific differences at presentation and outcomes among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2016, 164(6): 377-384.
46. Chandrasekhar J, Dangas G, Yu J, et al. Sex-based differences in outcomes with transcatheter aortic valve therapy: TVT registry from 2011 to 2014. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 68(25): 2733-2744.
47. Dimitriadis Z, Scholtz W, Ensminger SM, et al. Impact of sheath diameter of different sheath types on vascular complications and mortality in transfemoral TAVI approaches using the proglide closure device. PLoS One, 2017, 12(8): e0183658.
48. Lanz J, Kim WK, Walther T, et al. Safety and efficacy of a self-expanding versus a balloon-expandable bioprosthesis for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2019, 394(10209): 1619-1628.
49. Yoon SH, Lefèvre T, Ahn JM, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with early- and new-generation devices in bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 68(11): 1195-1205.
50. Seeger J, Gonska B, Rottbauer W, et al. New generation devices for transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement are superior compared with last generation devices with respect to VARC-2 outcome. Cardiovasc Interv Ther, 2018, 33(3): 247-255.
51. Seeger J, Gonska B, Rottbauer W, et al. Outcome with the repositionable and retrievable boston scientific lotus valve compared with the balloon-expandable Edwards Sapien 3 valve in patients undergoing transfemoral aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2017, 10(6): e004670.
52. Barbash IM, Barbanti M, Webb J, et al. Comparison of vascular closure devices for access site closure after transfemoral aortic valve implantation. Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(47): 3370-3379.
53. Barbanti M, Capranzano P, Ohno Y, et al. Comparison of suture-based vascular closure devices in transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. EuroIntervention, 2015, 11(6): 690-697.
54. Hayashida K, Lefèvre T, Chevalier B, et al. True percutaneous approach for transfemoral aortic valve implantation using the Prostar XL device: impact of learning curve on vascular complications. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 5(2): 207-214.
55. Dencker D, Taudorf M, Luk NH, et al. Frequency and effect of access-related vascular injury and subsequent vascular intervention after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol, 2016, 118(8): 1244-1250.
56. Seto AH, Abu-Fadel MS, Sparling JM, et al. Real-time ultrasound guidance facilitates femoral arterial access and reduces vascular complications: FAUST (Femoral Arterial Access With Ultrasound Trial). JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2010, 3(7): 751-758.
57. Stone PA, AbuRahma AF, Flaherty SK, et al. Femoral pseudoaneurysms. Vasc Endovascular Surg, 2006, 40(2): 109-117.
58. Madia C. Management trends for postcatheterization femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. JAAPA, 2019, 32(6): 15-18.

West China Medical Journal

Current status of accesses and vascular complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement

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