Research progress of electrospinning used in annulus fibrosus tissue engineering_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WU Ruibang , HUANG Yong , HUANG Leizhen , WANG Jingcheng , WANG Juehan ,  FENG Ganjun ,  LIU Limin , SONG Yueming

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

FENG Ganjun, Email: gjfenghx@163.com; LIU Limin, Email: 18980601394@163.com

Keywords：

Tissue engineering; annulus fibrosus; electrospinning; intervertebral disc degeneration; scaffold; regeneration

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202201133

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Degenerative disc disease is a prevalent chronic disease that orthopaedic surgeons currently face as a difficulty. Tissue engineering represents the most promising possible therapeutic strategy for disc repair and regeneration. Surgery is the primary treatment for degenerative disc disease, but there are still inherent limits in practical practice. Electrospinning technique is a method for manufacturing nanoscale fibers with varied mechanical properties, porosity, and orientation, which can imitate the structural qualities and mechanical properties of natural intervertebral discs. Therefore, electrospinning materials can be utilized for disc regeneration and replacement. This article reviews recent advancements in disc tissue engineering and electrostatically spun nanomaterials typically utilized for the fabrication of disc scaffolds, as well as present and future techniques that may enhance the performance of electrostatically spun fibers.

Citation： WU Ruibang, HUANG Yong, HUANG Leizhen, WANG Jingcheng, WANG Juehan, FENG Ganjun, LIU Limin, SONG Yueming. Research progress of electrospinning used in annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. West China Medical Journal, 2022, 37(10): 1569-1575. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202201133 Copy

1.	GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017, 390(10100): 1211-1259.
2.	Hashimoto K, Aizawa T, Kanno H, et al. Adjacent segment degeneration after fusion spinal surgerya systematic review. Int Orthop, 2019, 43(4): 987-993.
3.	Sharifi S, Bulstra SK, Grijpma DW, et al. Treatment of the degenerated intervertebral disc; closure, repair and regeneration of the annulus fibrosus. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2015, 9(10): 1120-1132.
4.	Gebhard H, Bowles R, Dyke J, et al. Total disc replacement using a tissue-engineered intervertebral disc in vivo: new animal model and initial results. Evid Based Spine Care J, 2010, 1(2): 62-66.
5.	魏晨旭, 何怡文, 王聃, 等. 组织工程学中骨修复材料的研究热点与进展. 2020, 24 (10): 1615-1621.
6.	Schutgens EM, Tryfonidou MA, Smit TH, et al. Biomaterials for intervertebral disc regeneration: past performance and possible future strategies. Eur Cell Mater, 2015, 30: 210-231.
7.	Wang Z, Wang Y, Yan J, et al. Pharmaceutical electrospinning and 3D printing scaffold design for bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2021, 174: 504-534.
8.	Agarwal S, Greiner A, Wendorff JH. Functional materials by electrospinning of polymers. Prog Polym Sci, 2013, 38(6): 963-991.
9.	Brown TD, Daltona PD, Hutmacher DW. Melt electrospinning today: an opportune time for an emerging polymer process. Prog Polym Sci, 2016, 56: 116-166.
10.	Sobreiro-Almeida R, Fonseca DR, Neves NM. Extracellular matrix electrospun membranes for mimicking natural renal filtration barriers. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019, 103: 109866.
11.	Unal S, Arslan S, Yilmaz BK, et al. Polycaprolactone/gelatin/hyaluronic acid electrospun scaffolds to mimic glioblastoma extracellular matrix. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(11): 2661.
12.	Yilmaz EN, Zeugolis DI. Electrospun polymers in cartilage engineering-state of play. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020, 8: 77.
13.	Deitzel JM, Kleinmeyer J, Harris D, et al. The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles. Polymer, 2001, 42(1): 261-272.
14.	Lu CH, Chang YH, Lin SY, et al. Recent progresses in gene delivery-based bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv, 2013, 31(8): 1695-1706.
15.	Nerurkar NL, Baker BM, Sen S, et al. Nanofibrous biologic laminates replicate the form and function of the annulus fibrosus. Nat Mater, 2009, 8(12): 986-992.
16.	Dash TK, Konkimalla VB. Poly-є-caprolactone based formulations for drug delivery and tissue engineering: a review. J Control Release, 2012, 158(1): 15-33.
17.	Sinha VR, Bansal K, Kaushik R, et al. Poly-epsilon-caprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview. Int J Pharm, 2004, 278(1): 1-23.
18.	Nerurkar NL, Elliott DM, Mauck RL. Mechanics of oriented electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. J Orthop Res, 2007, 25(8): 1018-1028.
19.	Martin JT, Milby AH, Chiaro JA, et al. Translation of an engineered nanofibrous disc-like angle-ply structure for intervertebral disc replacement in a small animal model. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(6): 2473-2481.
20.	Kurusu RS, Demarquette NR. Surface modification to control the water wettability of electrospun mats. Int Mater Rev, 2019, 64(5): 249-287.
21.	Kang R, Svend Le DQ, Li H, et al. Engineered three-dimensional nanofibrous multi-lamellar structure for annulus fibrosus repair. J Mater Chem B, 2013, 1(40): 5462-5468.
22.	Santerre JP, Woodhouse K, Laroche G, et al. Understanding the biodegradation of polyurethanes: from classical implants to tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(35): 7457-7470.
23.	Wang YF, Levene HB, Gu W, et al. Enhancement of energy production of the intervertebral disc by the implantation of polyurethane mass transfer devices. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(9): 2098-2108.
24.	Yeganegi M, Kandel RA, Santerre JP. Characterization of a biodegradable electrospun polyurethane nanofiber scaffold: mechanical properties and cytotoxicity. Acta Biomater, 2010, 6(10): 3847-3855.
25.	Yang L, Kandel RA, Chang G, et al. Polar surface chemistry of nanofibrous polyurethane scaffold affects annulus fibrosus cell attachment and early matrix accumulation. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009, 91(4): 1089-1099.
26.	Li Z, Lang G, Chen X, et al. Polyurethane scaffold with in situ swelling capacity for nucleus pulposus replacement. Biomaterials, 2016, 84: 196-209.
27.	Wismer N, Grad S, Fortunato G, et al. Biodegradable electrospun scaffolds for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering: effect of scaffold structure and composition on annulus fibrosus cells in vitro. Tissue Eng Part A, 2014, 20(3/4): 672-682.
28.	Li L, Song K, Chen Y, et al. Design and biophysical characterization of poly (l-lactic) acid microcarriers with and without modification of chitosan and nanohydroxyapatite. Polymers (Basel), 2018, 10(10): 1061.
29.	Zhao Y, Liu B, Bi H, et al. The degradation properties of MgO whiskers/PLLA composite in vitro. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(9): 2740.
30.	Vadalà G, Mozetic P, Rainer A, et al. Bioactive electrospun scaffold for annulus fibrosus repair and regeneration. Eur Spine J, 2012, 21 (Suppl 1): S20-S26.
31.	Zhou P, Wei B, Guan J, et al. Mechanical stimulation and diameter of fiber scaffolds affect the differentiation of rabbit annulus fibrous stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2021, 18(1): 49-60.
32.	Liu C, Zhu C, Li J, et al. The effect of the fibre orientation of electrospun scaffolds on the matrix production of rabbit annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells. Bone Res, 2015, 3: 15012.
33.	Chu G, Zhang W, Zhou P, et al. Substrate topography regulates differentiation of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells via CAV1-YAP-mediated mechanotransduction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2021, 7(3): 862-871.
34.	Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, et al. Mimicking the annulus fibrosus using electrospun polyester blended scaffolds. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2019, 9(4): 537.
35.	Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, et al. Tissue engineering the annulus fibrosus using 3D rings of electrospun PCL: PLLA angle-ply nanofiber sheets. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020, 7: 437.
36.	Nerurkar NL, Elliott DM, Mauck RL. Mechanical design criteria for intervertebral disc tissue engineering. J Biomech, 2010, 43(6): 1017-1030.
37.	Chong JE, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Generation of an in vitro model of the outer annulus fibrosus-cartilage interface. JOR Spine, 2020, 3(2): e1089.
38.	Khorshidi S, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H, et al. A review of key challenges of electrospun scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2016, 10(9): 715-738.
39.	Sampson SL, Saraiva L, Gustafsson K, et al. Cell Electrospinning: an in vitro and in vivo study. Small, 2014, 10(1): 78-82.
40.	Townsend-Nicholson A, Jayasinghe SN. Cell electrospinning: a unique biotechnique for encapsulating living organisms for generating active biological microthreads/scaffolds. Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7(12): 3364-3369.
41.	Yeo M, Kim G. Fabrication of cell-laden electrospun hybrid scaffolds of alginate-based bioink and PCL microstructures for tissue regeneration. Chemical Eng J, 2015, 275: 27-35.
42.	Ayutsede J, Gandhi M, Sukigara S, et al. Carbon nanotube reinforced Bombyx mori silk nanofibers by the electrospinning process. Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7(1): 208-214.
43.	Dong Z, Wu Y, Wang Q, et al. Reinforcement of electrospun membranes using nanoscale Al2O3 whiskers for improved tissue scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012, 100A(4): 903-910.
44.	Barber JG, Handorf AM, Allee TJ, et al. Braided nanofibrous scaffold for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2013, 19(11/12): 1265-1274.
45.	Ma J, He Y, Liu X, et al. A novel electrospun-aligned nanoyarn/three-dimensional porous nanofibrous hybrid scaffold for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine, 2018, 13: 1553-1567.
46.	Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells exhibit differentiated phenotypes and yield changes in extracellular matrix protein composition in vitro on a polycarbonate urethane scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A, 2014, 20(23/24): 3261-3269.
47.	Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Towards engineering distinct multi-lamellated outer and inner annulus fibrosus tissues. J Orthop Res, 2018, 36(5): 1346-1355.
48.	邓享誉, 梁航, 陈胜, 等. 椎间盘脱细胞基质材料用于椎间盘再生研究进展. 国际骨科学杂志, 2017, 38(3): 179-182.
49.	Liu C, Xiao L, Zhang Y, et al. Regeneration of annulus fibrosus tissue using a DAFM/PECUU-blended electrospun scaffold. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2020, 31(18): 2347-2361.
50.	Park JS, Kim JM, Lee SJ, et al. Surface hydrolysis of fibrous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds for enhanced osteoblast adhesion and proliferation. Macromol Res, 2007, 15(5): 424-429.
51.	Nesti LJ, Li WJ, Shanti RM, et al. Intervertebral disc tissue engineering using a novel hyaluronic acid-nanofibrous scaffold (HANFS) amalgam. Tissue Eng Part A, 2008, 14(9): 1527-1537.
52.	Nerurkar NL, Sen S, Huang AH, et al. Engineered disc-like angle-ply structures for intervertebral disc replacement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2010, 35(8): 867-873.
53.	Lazebnik M, Singh M, Glatt P, et al. Biomimetic method for combining the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus for intervertebral disc tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2011, 5(8): e179-e187.
54.	Do AV, Akkouch A, Green B, et al. Controlled and sequential delivery of fluorophores from 3D printed alginate-plga tubes. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(1): 297-305.
55.	Lee SH, Kim BS, Kim SH, et al. Elastic biodegradable poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2003, 66(1): 29-37.
56.	Tian H, Tang Z, Zhuang X, et al. Biodegradable synthetic polymers: preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. Prog Polym Sci, 2012, 37(2): 237-280.
57.	Yang J, Yang X, Wang L, et al. Biomimetic nanofibers can construct effective tissue-engineered intervertebral discs for therapeutic implantation. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(35): 13095-13103.

1. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017, 390(10100): 1211-1259.
2. Hashimoto K, Aizawa T, Kanno H, et al. Adjacent segment degeneration after fusion spinal surgerya systematic review. Int Orthop, 2019, 43(4): 987-993.
3. Sharifi S, Bulstra SK, Grijpma DW, et al. Treatment of the degenerated intervertebral disc; closure, repair and regeneration of the annulus fibrosus. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2015, 9(10): 1120-1132.
4. Gebhard H, Bowles R, Dyke J, et al. Total disc replacement using a tissue-engineered intervertebral disc in vivo: new animal model and initial results. Evid Based Spine Care J, 2010, 1(2): 62-66.
5. 魏晨旭, 何怡文, 王聃, 等. 组织工程学中骨修复材料的研究热点与进展. 2020, 24 (10): 1615-1621.
6. Schutgens EM, Tryfonidou MA, Smit TH, et al. Biomaterials for intervertebral disc regeneration: past performance and possible future strategies. Eur Cell Mater, 2015, 30: 210-231.
7. Wang Z, Wang Y, Yan J, et al. Pharmaceutical electrospinning and 3D printing scaffold design for bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2021, 174: 504-534.
8. Agarwal S, Greiner A, Wendorff JH. Functional materials by electrospinning of polymers. Prog Polym Sci, 2013, 38(6): 963-991.
9. Brown TD, Daltona PD, Hutmacher DW. Melt electrospinning today: an opportune time for an emerging polymer process. Prog Polym Sci, 2016, 56: 116-166.
10. Sobreiro-Almeida R, Fonseca DR, Neves NM. Extracellular matrix electrospun membranes for mimicking natural renal filtration barriers. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019, 103: 109866.
11. Unal S, Arslan S, Yilmaz BK, et al. Polycaprolactone/gelatin/hyaluronic acid electrospun scaffolds to mimic glioblastoma extracellular matrix. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(11): 2661.
12. Yilmaz EN, Zeugolis DI. Electrospun polymers in cartilage engineering-state of play. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020, 8: 77.
13. Deitzel JM, Kleinmeyer J, Harris D, et al. The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles. Polymer, 2001, 42(1): 261-272.
14. Lu CH, Chang YH, Lin SY, et al. Recent progresses in gene delivery-based bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv, 2013, 31(8): 1695-1706.
15. Nerurkar NL, Baker BM, Sen S, et al. Nanofibrous biologic laminates replicate the form and function of the annulus fibrosus. Nat Mater, 2009, 8(12): 986-992.
16. Dash TK, Konkimalla VB. Poly-є-caprolactone based formulations for drug delivery and tissue engineering: a review. J Control Release, 2012, 158(1): 15-33.
17. Sinha VR, Bansal K, Kaushik R, et al. Poly-epsilon-caprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview. Int J Pharm, 2004, 278(1): 1-23.
18. Nerurkar NL, Elliott DM, Mauck RL. Mechanics of oriented electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. J Orthop Res, 2007, 25(8): 1018-1028.
19. Martin JT, Milby AH, Chiaro JA, et al. Translation of an engineered nanofibrous disc-like angle-ply structure for intervertebral disc replacement in a small animal model. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(6): 2473-2481.
20. Kurusu RS, Demarquette NR. Surface modification to control the water wettability of electrospun mats. Int Mater Rev, 2019, 64(5): 249-287.
21. Kang R, Svend Le DQ, Li H, et al. Engineered three-dimensional nanofibrous multi-lamellar structure for annulus fibrosus repair. J Mater Chem B, 2013, 1(40): 5462-5468.
22. Santerre JP, Woodhouse K, Laroche G, et al. Understanding the biodegradation of polyurethanes: from classical implants to tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(35): 7457-7470.
23. Wang YF, Levene HB, Gu W, et al. Enhancement of energy production of the intervertebral disc by the implantation of polyurethane mass transfer devices. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(9): 2098-2108.
24. Yeganegi M, Kandel RA, Santerre JP. Characterization of a biodegradable electrospun polyurethane nanofiber scaffold: mechanical properties and cytotoxicity. Acta Biomater, 2010, 6(10): 3847-3855.
25. Yang L, Kandel RA, Chang G, et al. Polar surface chemistry of nanofibrous polyurethane scaffold affects annulus fibrosus cell attachment and early matrix accumulation. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2009, 91(4): 1089-1099.
26. Li Z, Lang G, Chen X, et al. Polyurethane scaffold with in situ swelling capacity for nucleus pulposus replacement. Biomaterials, 2016, 84: 196-209.
27. Wismer N, Grad S, Fortunato G, et al. Biodegradable electrospun scaffolds for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering: effect of scaffold structure and composition on annulus fibrosus cells in vitro. Tissue Eng Part A, 2014, 20(3/4): 672-682.
28. Li L, Song K, Chen Y, et al. Design and biophysical characterization of poly (l-lactic) acid microcarriers with and without modification of chitosan and nanohydroxyapatite. Polymers (Basel), 2018, 10(10): 1061.
29. Zhao Y, Liu B, Bi H, et al. The degradation properties of MgO whiskers/PLLA composite in vitro. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(9): 2740.
30. Vadalà G, Mozetic P, Rainer A, et al. Bioactive electrospun scaffold for annulus fibrosus repair and regeneration. Eur Spine J, 2012, 21 (Suppl 1): S20-S26.
31. Zhou P, Wei B, Guan J, et al. Mechanical stimulation and diameter of fiber scaffolds affect the differentiation of rabbit annulus fibrous stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2021, 18(1): 49-60.
32. Liu C, Zhu C, Li J, et al. The effect of the fibre orientation of electrospun scaffolds on the matrix production of rabbit annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells. Bone Res, 2015, 3: 15012.
33. Chu G, Zhang W, Zhou P, et al. Substrate topography regulates differentiation of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells via CAV1-YAP-mediated mechanotransduction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2021, 7(3): 862-871.
34. Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, et al. Mimicking the annulus fibrosus using electrospun polyester blended scaffolds. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2019, 9(4): 537.
35. Shamsah AH, Cartmell SH, Richardson SM, et al. Tissue engineering the annulus fibrosus using 3D rings of electrospun PCL: PLLA angle-ply nanofiber sheets. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020, 7: 437.
36. Nerurkar NL, Elliott DM, Mauck RL. Mechanical design criteria for intervertebral disc tissue engineering. J Biomech, 2010, 43(6): 1017-1030.
37. Chong JE, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Generation of an in vitro model of the outer annulus fibrosus-cartilage interface. JOR Spine, 2020, 3(2): e1089.
38. Khorshidi S, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H, et al. A review of key challenges of electrospun scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2016, 10(9): 715-738.
39. Sampson SL, Saraiva L, Gustafsson K, et al. Cell Electrospinning: an in vitro and in vivo study. Small, 2014, 10(1): 78-82.
40. Townsend-Nicholson A, Jayasinghe SN. Cell electrospinning: a unique biotechnique for encapsulating living organisms for generating active biological microthreads/scaffolds. Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7(12): 3364-3369.
41. Yeo M, Kim G. Fabrication of cell-laden electrospun hybrid scaffolds of alginate-based bioink and PCL microstructures for tissue regeneration. Chemical Eng J, 2015, 275: 27-35.
42. Ayutsede J, Gandhi M, Sukigara S, et al. Carbon nanotube reinforced Bombyx mori silk nanofibers by the electrospinning process. Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7(1): 208-214.
43. Dong Z, Wu Y, Wang Q, et al. Reinforcement of electrospun membranes using nanoscale Al2O3 whiskers for improved tissue scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012, 100A(4): 903-910.
44. Barber JG, Handorf AM, Allee TJ, et al. Braided nanofibrous scaffold for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2013, 19(11/12): 1265-1274.
45. Ma J, He Y, Liu X, et al. A novel electrospun-aligned nanoyarn/three-dimensional porous nanofibrous hybrid scaffold for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine, 2018, 13: 1553-1567.
46. Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells exhibit differentiated phenotypes and yield changes in extracellular matrix protein composition in vitro on a polycarbonate urethane scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A, 2014, 20(23/24): 3261-3269.
47. Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Towards engineering distinct multi-lamellated outer and inner annulus fibrosus tissues. J Orthop Res, 2018, 36(5): 1346-1355.
48. 邓享誉, 梁航, 陈胜, 等. 椎间盘脱细胞基质材料用于椎间盘再生研究进展. 国际骨科学杂志, 2017, 38(3): 179-182.
49. Liu C, Xiao L, Zhang Y, et al. Regeneration of annulus fibrosus tissue using a DAFM/PECUU-blended electrospun scaffold. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2020, 31(18): 2347-2361.
50. Park JS, Kim JM, Lee SJ, et al. Surface hydrolysis of fibrous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds for enhanced osteoblast adhesion and proliferation. Macromol Res, 2007, 15(5): 424-429.
51. Nesti LJ, Li WJ, Shanti RM, et al. Intervertebral disc tissue engineering using a novel hyaluronic acid-nanofibrous scaffold (HANFS) amalgam. Tissue Eng Part A, 2008, 14(9): 1527-1537.
52. Nerurkar NL, Sen S, Huang AH, et al. Engineered disc-like angle-ply structures for intervertebral disc replacement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2010, 35(8): 867-873.
53. Lazebnik M, Singh M, Glatt P, et al. Biomimetic method for combining the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus for intervertebral disc tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2011, 5(8): e179-e187.
54. Do AV, Akkouch A, Green B, et al. Controlled and sequential delivery of fluorophores from 3D printed alginate-plga tubes. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(1): 297-305.
55. Lee SH, Kim BS, Kim SH, et al. Elastic biodegradable poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2003, 66(1): 29-37.
56. Tian H, Tang Z, Zhuang X, et al. Biodegradable synthetic polymers: preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. Prog Polym Sci, 2012, 37(2): 237-280.
57. Yang J, Yang X, Wang L, et al. Biomimetic nanofibers can construct effective tissue-engineered intervertebral discs for therapeutic implantation. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(35): 13095-13103.

West China Medical Journal

Research progress of electrospinning used in annulus fibrosus tissue engineering

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

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