Research progress of CXC chemokine ligand 12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 / atypical chemokine receptor 3 axis on the mechanism of coronary heart disease_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WEN Qian , LI Zhilin , DING Yulan ,  WANG Hongxia

Department of General Practice, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Hongxia, Email: 3566829@qq.com

Keywords：

CXC chemokine ligand 12; CXC chemokine receptor 4; atypical chemokine receptor 3; coronary heart disease

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202303010

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is a kind of small molecular polypeptide substance that can move cells towards specific parts. It is widely distributed in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, brain and so on. Current studies believe that CXCL12 plays a role in the formation and progression of cardiovascular diseases by binding to CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3), but the mechanism is not very clear, and even some contrary experimental results appear. This review mainly discusses the role of CXCL12-CXCR4/ACKR3 axis in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and myocardial remodeling, in order to explore the inflammatory mechanism in the development of coronary heart disease and provide a basis for further research of clinical drugs.

Citation： WEN Qian, LI Zhilin, DING Yulan, WANG Hongxia. Research progress of CXC chemokine ligand 12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 / atypical chemokine receptor 3 axis on the mechanism of coronary heart disease. West China Medical Journal, 2023, 38(8): 1262-1268. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202303010 Copy

1.	Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2023, 147(8): e93-e621.
2.	中国心血管健康与疾病报告编写组. 中国心血管健康与疾病报告 2020 概要. 中国循环杂志, 2021, 36(6): 521-545.
3.	Ahmadi Z, Hassanshahi G, Khorramdelazad H, et al. An overlook to the characteristics and roles played by eotaxin network in the pathophysiology of food allergies: allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. Inflammation, 2016, 39(3): 1253-1267.
4.	Noroozi Karimabad M, Khanamani Falahati-Pour S, Hassanshahi G. Significant role(s) of CXCL12 and the SDF-1 3’A genetic variant in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2016, 23(4): 197-208.
5.	Morein D, Erlichman N, Ben-Baruch A. Beyond cell motility: the expanding roles of chemokines and their receptors in malignancy. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 952.
6.	Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett, 2020, 217: 91-115.
7.	Wang X, Wang H, Wei X, et al. Effect of CXCR4 silencing with shRNA on MAPK signaling in ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett, 2018, 15(6): 10026-10030.
8.	Koch C, Engele J. Functions of the CXCL12 receptor ACKR3/CXCR7—what has been perceived and what has been overlooked. Mol Pharmacol, 2020, 98(5): 577-585.
9.	Harrison MR, Bussmann J, Huang Y, et al. Chemokine-guided angiogenesis directs coronary vasculature formation in zebrafish. Dev Cell, 2015, 33(4): 442-454.
10.	Cavallero S, Shen H, Yi C, et al. CXCL12 signaling is essential for maturation of the ventricular coronary endothelial plexus and establishment of functional coronary circulation. Dev Cell, 2015, 33(4): 469-477.
11.	Ivins S, Chappell J, Vernay B, et al. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays a critical role in coronary artery development. Dev Cell, 2015, 33(4): 455-468.
12.	Chang AH, Raftrey BC, D’Amato G, et al. DACH1 stimulates shear stress-guided endothelial cell migration and coronary artery growth through the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis. Genes Dev, 2017, 31(13): 1308-1324.
13.	Ceholski DK, Turnbull IC, Pothula V, et al. CXCR4 and CXCR7 play distinct roles in cardiac lineage specification and pharmacologic β-adrenergic response. Stem Cell Res, 2017, 23: 77-86.
14.	Koenen J, Bachelerie F, Balabanian K, et al. Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3): a comprehensive overview of its expression and potential roles in the immune system. Mol Pharmacol, 2019, 96(6): 809-818.
15.	Lau S, Feitzinger A, Venkiteswaran G, et al. A negative-feedback loop maintains optimal chemokine concentrations for directional cell migration. Nat Cell Biol, 2020, 22(3): 266-273.
16.	Doijen J, Van Loy T, De Haes W, et al. Signaling properties of the human chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 by cellular electric impedance measurements. PLoS One, 2017, 12(9): e0185354.
17.	Yu L, Pham Q, Yu LL, et al. Modulation of CXC-motif chemokine receptor 7, but not 4, expression is related to migration of the human prostate cancer cell LNCaP: regulation by androgen and inflammatory stimuli. Inflamm Res, 2020, 69(2): 167-178.
18.	Del Molino Del Barrio I, Wilkins GC, Meeson A, et al. Breast cancer: an examination of the potential of ACKR3 to modify the response of CXCR4 to CXCL12. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(11): 3592.
19.	Ghadge SK, Messner M, Seiringer H, et al. Smooth muscle specific ablation of CXCL12 in mice downregulates CXCR7 associated with defective coronary arteries and cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(11): 5908.
20.	Li L, Du Z, Rong B, et al. Foam cells promote atherosclerosis progression by releasing CXCL12. Biosci Rep, 2020, 40(1): BSR20193267.
21.	Döring Y, van der Vorst EPC, Duchene J, et al. CXCL12 derived from endothelial cells promotes atherosclerosis to drive coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2019, 139(10): 1338-1340.
22.	Döring Y, Noels H, van der Vorst EPC, et al. Vascular CXCR4 limits atherosclerosis by maintaining arterial integrity: evidence from mouse and human studies. Circulation, 2017, 136(4): 388-403.
23.	Mause SF, Ritzel E, Deck A, et al. Engagement of the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in the interaction of endothelial progenitor cell and smooth muscle cell to promote phenotype control and guard vascular homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(2): 867.
24.	Gao JH, He LH, Yu XH, et al. CXCL12 promotes atherosclerosis by downregulating ABCA1 expression via the CXCR4/GSK3β/β-cateninT120/TCF21 pathway. J Lipid Res, 2019, 60(12): 2020-2033.
25.	Li X, Zhu M, Penfold ME, et al. Activation of CXCR7 limits atherosclerosis and improves hyperlipidemia by increasing cholesterol uptake in adipose tissue. Circulation, 2014, 129(11): 1244-1253.
26.	Qiu L, Zhang M, Zhang S, et al. Activation of ACKR3 promotes endothelial repair and reduces the carotid atherosclerotic lesions through inhibition of pyroptosis signaling pathways. Aging Cell, 2020, 19: e13205.
27.	Sjaarda J, Gerstein H, Chong M, et al. Blood CSF1 and CXCL12 as causal mediators of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018, 72(3): 300-310.
28.	Tavakolian Ferdousie V, Mohammadi M, Hassanshahi G, et al. Serum CXCL10 and CXCL12 chemokine levels are associated with the severity of coronary artery disease and coronary artery occlusion. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 233: 23-28.
29.	Peiró ÓM, Farré N, Cediel G, et al. Stromal cell derived factor-1 and long-term prognosis in acute coronary syndrome. Biomark Med, 2019, 13(14): 1187-1198.
30.	Oprescu N, Micheu MM, Scafa-Udriste A, et al. Inflammatory markers in acute myocardial infarction and the correlation with the severity of coronary heart disease. Ann Med, 2021, 53(1): 1041-1047.
31.	Das S, Goldstone AB, Wang H, et al. A Unique collateral artery development program promotes neonatal heart regeneration. Cell, 2019, 176(5): 1128-1142.
32.	Marín-Juez R, El-Sammak H, Helker CSM, et al. Coronary revascularization during heart regeneration is regulated by epicardial and endocardial cues and forms a scaffold for cardiomyocyte repopulation. Dev Cell, 2019, 51(4): 503-515.
33.	Mayorga ME, Kiedrowski M, McCallinhart P, et al. Role of SDF-1: CXCR4 in impaired post-myocardial infarction cardiac repair in diabetes. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2018, 7(1): 115-124.
34.	Gong XH, Liu H, Wang SJ, et al. Exosomes derived from SDF1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells inhibit ischemic myocardial cell apoptosis and promote cardiac endothelial microvascular regeneration in mice with myocardial infarction. J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234(8): 13878-13893.
35.	Jarrah AA, Schwarskopf M, Wang ER, et al. SDF-1 induces TNF-mediated apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Apoptosis, 2018, 23(1): 79-91.
36.	Bromage DI, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Stromal derived factor 1α: a chemokine that delivers a two-pronged defence of the myocardium. Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 143(3): 305-315.
37.	Bromage DI, Taferner S, He Z, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α signals via the endothelium to protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2019, 128: 187-197.
38.	Wang Y, Dembowsky K, Chevalier E, et al. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 blockade promotes tissue repair after myocardial infarction by enhancing regulatory T cell mobilization and immune-regulatory function. Circulation, 2019, 139(15): 1798-1812.
39.	Ziff OJ, Bromage DI, Yellon DM, et al. Therapeutic strategies utilizing SDF-1α in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res, 2018, 114(3): 358-367.
40.	Hao H, Hu S, Chen H, et al. Loss of endothelial CXCR7 impairs vascular homeostasis and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction: implications for cardiovascular drug discovery. Circulation, 2017, 135(13): 1253-1264.
41.	Ishizuka M, Harada M, Toko H, et al. CXCL7 in cardiomyocytes prevents cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(Suppl 2): 3647.
42.	Ishizuka M, Harada M, Nomura S, et al. CXCR7 ameliorates myocardial infarction as a β-arrestin-biased receptor. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 3426.
43.	Zhang S, Yue J, Ge Z, et al. Activation of CXCR7 alleviates cardiac insufficiency after myocardial infarction by promoting angiogenesis and reducing apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 127: 110168.
44.	Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xin S, et al. CXCR7 suppression modulates macrophage phenotype and function to ameliorate post-myocardial infarction injury. Inflamm Res, 2020, 69(5): 523-532.
45.	Rath D, Chatterjee M, Meyer L, et al. Relative survival potential of platelets is associated with platelet CXCR4/CXCR7 surface exposure and functional recovery following STEMI. Atherosclerosis, 2018, 278: 269-277.
46.	Li X, Weng X, Shi H, et al. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency exacerbates cardiac fibrosis by promoting mobilization and homing of bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2019, 137: 107-118.
47.	Jackson EK, Zhang Y, Gillespie DD, et al. SDF-1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α) induces cardiac fibroblasts, renal microvascular smooth muscle cells, and glomerular mesangial cells to proliferate, cause hypertrophy, and produce collagen. J Am Heart Assoc, 2017, 6(11): e007253.
48.	Projahn D, Simsekyilmaz S, Singh S, et al. Controlled intramyocardial release of engineered chemokines by biodegradable hydrogels as a treatment approach of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med, 2014, 18(5): 790-800.
49.	Puca AA, Carrizzo A, Spinelli C, et al. Single systemic transfer of a human gene associated with exceptional longevity halts the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammation in ApoE knockout mice through a CXCR4-mediated mechanism. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(26): 2487-2497.
50.	Upadhye A, Srikakulapu P, Gonen A, et al. Diversification and CXCR4-dependent establishment of the bone marrow B-1a cell pool governs atheroprotective IgM production linked to human coronary atherosclerosis. Circ Res, 2019, 125(10): e55-e70.
51.	Huang FY, Xia TL, Li JL, et al. The bifunctional SDF-1-AnxA5 fusion protein protects cardiac function after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(11): 7673-7684.
52.	Wang H, Wisneski A, Paulsen MJ, et al. Bioengineered analog of stromal cell-derived factor 1α preserves the biaxial mechanical properties of native myocardium after infarction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2019, 96: 165-171.
53.	Jeong HS, Park CY, Kim JH, et al. Cardioprotective effects of genetically engineered cardiac stem cells by spheroid formation on ischemic cardiomyocytes. Mol Med, 2020, 26(1): 15.
54.	Hess A, Derlin T, Koenig T, et al. Molecular imaging-guided repair after acute myocardial infarction by targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(37): 3564-3575.

1. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2023, 147(8): e93-e621.
2. 中国心血管健康与疾病报告编写组. 中国心血管健康与疾病报告 2020 概要. 中国循环杂志, 2021, 36(6): 521-545.
3. Ahmadi Z, Hassanshahi G, Khorramdelazad H, et al. An overlook to the characteristics and roles played by eotaxin network in the pathophysiology of food allergies: allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. Inflammation, 2016, 39(3): 1253-1267.
4. Noroozi Karimabad M, Khanamani Falahati-Pour S, Hassanshahi G. Significant role(s) of CXCL12 and the SDF-1 3’A genetic variant in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2016, 23(4): 197-208.
5. Morein D, Erlichman N, Ben-Baruch A. Beyond cell motility: the expanding roles of chemokines and their receptors in malignancy. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 952.
6. Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett, 2020, 217: 91-115.
7. Wang X, Wang H, Wei X, et al. Effect of CXCR4 silencing with shRNA on MAPK signaling in ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett, 2018, 15(6): 10026-10030.
8. Koch C, Engele J. Functions of the CXCL12 receptor ACKR3/CXCR7—what has been perceived and what has been overlooked. Mol Pharmacol, 2020, 98(5): 577-585.
9. Harrison MR, Bussmann J, Huang Y, et al. Chemokine-guided angiogenesis directs coronary vasculature formation in zebrafish. Dev Cell, 2015, 33(4): 442-454.
10. Cavallero S, Shen H, Yi C, et al. CXCL12 signaling is essential for maturation of the ventricular coronary endothelial plexus and establishment of functional coronary circulation. Dev Cell, 2015, 33(4): 469-477.
11. Ivins S, Chappell J, Vernay B, et al. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays a critical role in coronary artery development. Dev Cell, 2015, 33(4): 455-468.
12. Chang AH, Raftrey BC, D’Amato G, et al. DACH1 stimulates shear stress-guided endothelial cell migration and coronary artery growth through the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis. Genes Dev, 2017, 31(13): 1308-1324.
13. Ceholski DK, Turnbull IC, Pothula V, et al. CXCR4 and CXCR7 play distinct roles in cardiac lineage specification and pharmacologic β-adrenergic response. Stem Cell Res, 2017, 23: 77-86.
14. Koenen J, Bachelerie F, Balabanian K, et al. Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3): a comprehensive overview of its expression and potential roles in the immune system. Mol Pharmacol, 2019, 96(6): 809-818.
15. Lau S, Feitzinger A, Venkiteswaran G, et al. A negative-feedback loop maintains optimal chemokine concentrations for directional cell migration. Nat Cell Biol, 2020, 22(3): 266-273.
16. Doijen J, Van Loy T, De Haes W, et al. Signaling properties of the human chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 by cellular electric impedance measurements. PLoS One, 2017, 12(9): e0185354.
17. Yu L, Pham Q, Yu LL, et al. Modulation of CXC-motif chemokine receptor 7, but not 4, expression is related to migration of the human prostate cancer cell LNCaP: regulation by androgen and inflammatory stimuli. Inflamm Res, 2020, 69(2): 167-178.
18. Del Molino Del Barrio I, Wilkins GC, Meeson A, et al. Breast cancer: an examination of the potential of ACKR3 to modify the response of CXCR4 to CXCL12. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(11): 3592.
19. Ghadge SK, Messner M, Seiringer H, et al. Smooth muscle specific ablation of CXCL12 in mice downregulates CXCR7 associated with defective coronary arteries and cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(11): 5908.
20. Li L, Du Z, Rong B, et al. Foam cells promote atherosclerosis progression by releasing CXCL12. Biosci Rep, 2020, 40(1): BSR20193267.
21. Döring Y, van der Vorst EPC, Duchene J, et al. CXCL12 derived from endothelial cells promotes atherosclerosis to drive coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2019, 139(10): 1338-1340.
22. Döring Y, Noels H, van der Vorst EPC, et al. Vascular CXCR4 limits atherosclerosis by maintaining arterial integrity: evidence from mouse and human studies. Circulation, 2017, 136(4): 388-403.
23. Mause SF, Ritzel E, Deck A, et al. Engagement of the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in the interaction of endothelial progenitor cell and smooth muscle cell to promote phenotype control and guard vascular homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(2): 867.
24. Gao JH, He LH, Yu XH, et al. CXCL12 promotes atherosclerosis by downregulating ABCA1 expression via the CXCR4/GSK3β/β-cateninT120/TCF21 pathway. J Lipid Res, 2019, 60(12): 2020-2033.
25. Li X, Zhu M, Penfold ME, et al. Activation of CXCR7 limits atherosclerosis and improves hyperlipidemia by increasing cholesterol uptake in adipose tissue. Circulation, 2014, 129(11): 1244-1253.
26. Qiu L, Zhang M, Zhang S, et al. Activation of ACKR3 promotes endothelial repair and reduces the carotid atherosclerotic lesions through inhibition of pyroptosis signaling pathways. Aging Cell, 2020, 19: e13205.
27. Sjaarda J, Gerstein H, Chong M, et al. Blood CSF1 and CXCL12 as causal mediators of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018, 72(3): 300-310.
28. Tavakolian Ferdousie V, Mohammadi M, Hassanshahi G, et al. Serum CXCL10 and CXCL12 chemokine levels are associated with the severity of coronary artery disease and coronary artery occlusion. Int J Cardiol, 2017, 233: 23-28.
29. Peiró ÓM, Farré N, Cediel G, et al. Stromal cell derived factor-1 and long-term prognosis in acute coronary syndrome. Biomark Med, 2019, 13(14): 1187-1198.
30. Oprescu N, Micheu MM, Scafa-Udriste A, et al. Inflammatory markers in acute myocardial infarction and the correlation with the severity of coronary heart disease. Ann Med, 2021, 53(1): 1041-1047.
31. Das S, Goldstone AB, Wang H, et al. A Unique collateral artery development program promotes neonatal heart regeneration. Cell, 2019, 176(5): 1128-1142.
32. Marín-Juez R, El-Sammak H, Helker CSM, et al. Coronary revascularization during heart regeneration is regulated by epicardial and endocardial cues and forms a scaffold for cardiomyocyte repopulation. Dev Cell, 2019, 51(4): 503-515.
33. Mayorga ME, Kiedrowski M, McCallinhart P, et al. Role of SDF-1: CXCR4 in impaired post-myocardial infarction cardiac repair in diabetes. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2018, 7(1): 115-124.
34. Gong XH, Liu H, Wang SJ, et al. Exosomes derived from SDF1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells inhibit ischemic myocardial cell apoptosis and promote cardiac endothelial microvascular regeneration in mice with myocardial infarction. J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234(8): 13878-13893.
35. Jarrah AA, Schwarskopf M, Wang ER, et al. SDF-1 induces TNF-mediated apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Apoptosis, 2018, 23(1): 79-91.
36. Bromage DI, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Stromal derived factor 1α: a chemokine that delivers a two-pronged defence of the myocardium. Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 143(3): 305-315.
37. Bromage DI, Taferner S, He Z, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α signals via the endothelium to protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2019, 128: 187-197.
38. Wang Y, Dembowsky K, Chevalier E, et al. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 blockade promotes tissue repair after myocardial infarction by enhancing regulatory T cell mobilization and immune-regulatory function. Circulation, 2019, 139(15): 1798-1812.
39. Ziff OJ, Bromage DI, Yellon DM, et al. Therapeutic strategies utilizing SDF-1α in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res, 2018, 114(3): 358-367.
40. Hao H, Hu S, Chen H, et al. Loss of endothelial CXCR7 impairs vascular homeostasis and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction: implications for cardiovascular drug discovery. Circulation, 2017, 135(13): 1253-1264.
41. Ishizuka M, Harada M, Toko H, et al. CXCL7 in cardiomyocytes prevents cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(Suppl 2): 3647.
42. Ishizuka M, Harada M, Nomura S, et al. CXCR7 ameliorates myocardial infarction as a β-arrestin-biased receptor. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 3426.
43. Zhang S, Yue J, Ge Z, et al. Activation of CXCR7 alleviates cardiac insufficiency after myocardial infarction by promoting angiogenesis and reducing apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 127: 110168.
44. Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xin S, et al. CXCR7 suppression modulates macrophage phenotype and function to ameliorate post-myocardial infarction injury. Inflamm Res, 2020, 69(5): 523-532.
45. Rath D, Chatterjee M, Meyer L, et al. Relative survival potential of platelets is associated with platelet CXCR4/CXCR7 surface exposure and functional recovery following STEMI. Atherosclerosis, 2018, 278: 269-277.
46. Li X, Weng X, Shi H, et al. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency exacerbates cardiac fibrosis by promoting mobilization and homing of bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2019, 137: 107-118.
47. Jackson EK, Zhang Y, Gillespie DD, et al. SDF-1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α) induces cardiac fibroblasts, renal microvascular smooth muscle cells, and glomerular mesangial cells to proliferate, cause hypertrophy, and produce collagen. J Am Heart Assoc, 2017, 6(11): e007253.
48. Projahn D, Simsekyilmaz S, Singh S, et al. Controlled intramyocardial release of engineered chemokines by biodegradable hydrogels as a treatment approach of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med, 2014, 18(5): 790-800.
49. Puca AA, Carrizzo A, Spinelli C, et al. Single systemic transfer of a human gene associated with exceptional longevity halts the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammation in ApoE knockout mice through a CXCR4-mediated mechanism. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(26): 2487-2497.
50. Upadhye A, Srikakulapu P, Gonen A, et al. Diversification and CXCR4-dependent establishment of the bone marrow B-1a cell pool governs atheroprotective IgM production linked to human coronary atherosclerosis. Circ Res, 2019, 125(10): e55-e70.
51. Huang FY, Xia TL, Li JL, et al. The bifunctional SDF-1-AnxA5 fusion protein protects cardiac function after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(11): 7673-7684.
52. Wang H, Wisneski A, Paulsen MJ, et al. Bioengineered analog of stromal cell-derived factor 1α preserves the biaxial mechanical properties of native myocardium after infarction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2019, 96: 165-171.
53. Jeong HS, Park CY, Kim JH, et al. Cardioprotective effects of genetically engineered cardiac stem cells by spheroid formation on ischemic cardiomyocytes. Mol Med, 2020, 26(1): 15.
54. Hess A, Derlin T, Koenig T, et al. Molecular imaging-guided repair after acute myocardial infarction by targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(37): 3564-3575.

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Research progress of CXC chemokine ligand 12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 / atypical chemokine receptor 3 axis on the mechanism of coronary heart disease

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