Lifelong management of mitral stenosis_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

WANG Jing ,  CHEN Yundai

Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Yundai, Email: cyundai@vip.163.com

Keywords：

Mitral stenosis; new popular features; diagnostic imaging; treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202408322

Video：

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Mitral stenosis (MS) includes mitral stenosis due to rheumatic fever and non-rheumatic valve stenosis characterized by degenerative changes. Rheumatic mitral stenosis is common in developing countries and occurs in young adults, while degenerative mitral stenosis is common in developed countries and increases in incidence with aging. Mitral stenosis of different etiologies can lead to changes in heart structure and function, which affects the quality of life and prognosis of patients, so lifelong management of mitral stenosis is crucial. This article provides a comprehensive reference for clinicians in the management of mitral stenosis, with a detailed overview of the emerging prevalence features, imaging diagnosis, and treatment methods.

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2.	Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009, 22(1): 1-23.
3.	Jain S, Mankad SV. Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis: echocardiographic features of rheumatic mitral stenosis. Cardiol Clin, 2013, 31(2): 177-191.
4.	Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guide‐line for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation, 2014, 129(23): 2440-2492.
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9.	Elmariah S, Budoff MJ, Delaney JA, et al. Risk factors associated with the incidence and progression of mitral annulus calcification: the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J, 2013, 166(5): 904-912.
10.	Silbiger JJ. Anatomy, mechanics, and pathophysiology of the mitral annulus. Am Heart J, 2012, 164(2): 163-176.
11.	Harpaz D, Auerbach I, Vered Z, et al. Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: a neglected, unrecognized diagnosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2001, 14(8): 825-831.
12.	Mejean S, Bouvier E, Bataille V, et al. Mitral annular calcium and mitral stenosis determined by multidetector computed tomography in patients referred for aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol, 2016, 118(8): 1251-1257.
13.	Pasca I, Dang P, Tyagi G, et al. Survival in patients with degenerative mitral stenosis: results from a large retrospective cohort study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2016, 29(5): 461-469.
14.	Tyagi G, Dang P, Pasca I, et al. Progression of degenerative mitral stenosis: insights from a cohort of 254 patients. J Heart Valve Dis, 2014, 23(6): 707-712.
15.	Kohsaka S, Jin Z, Rundek T, et al. Impact of mitral annular calcification on cardiovascular events in a multiethnic community: the Northern Manhattan Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2008, 1(5): 617-623.
16.	Gilon D, Cape EG, Handschumacher MD, et al. Insights from three‐dimensional echocardiographic laser stereolithography. Effect of leaflet funnel geometry on the coefficient of orifice contraction, pressure loss, and the Gorlin formula in mitral stenosis. Circulation, 1996, 94(3): 452-459.
17.	Kato N, Padang R, Scott CG, et al. The natural history of severe calcific mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(24): 3048-3057.
18.	Willmann JK, Kobza R, Roos JE, et al. Ecg‐gated multi‐detector row CT for assessment of mitral valve disease: initial experience. Eur Radiol, 2002, 12(11): 2662-2669.
19.	Heuser L, Neufang KF, Jansen W. Computed tomographic findings in mitral valve disease. Rofo, 1984, 140(4): 435-440.
20.	Mahnken AH, Mühlenbruch G, Das M, et al. MDCT detection of mitral valve calcification: prevalence and clinical relevance compared with echocardiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 188(5): 1264-1269.
21.	Romero J, Husain SA, Kelesidis I, et al. Detection of left atrial appendage thrombus by cardiac computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta‐analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(2): 185-194.
22.	Messika‐Zeitoun D, Serfaty JM, Laissy JP, et al. Assessment of the mitral valve area in patients with mitral stenosis by multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 48(2): 411-413.
23.	Uçar O, Vural M, Cetfïn Z, et al. Assessment of planimetric mitral valve area using 16‐row multidetector computed tomography inpatients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis, 2011, 20(1): 13-17.
24.	Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(7): 561-632.
25.	Galusko V, Ionescu A, Edwards A, et al. Management of mitral stenosis: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and recommendations. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 2021, 8(6): 602-618.
26.	Urena M, Himbert D, Brochet E, et al. Transseptal transcatheter mitral valve replacement using balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valves: a step by-step approach. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2017, 10(19): 1905-1919.

1. Lung B, Baron G, Butchart EG, et al. A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: the Euro heart survey on valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J, 2003, 24(13): 1231-1243.
2. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009, 22(1): 1-23.
3. Jain S, Mankad SV. Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis: echocardiographic features of rheumatic mitral stenosis. Cardiol Clin, 2013, 31(2): 177-191.
4. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guide‐line for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation, 2014, 129(23): 2440-2492.
5. Iung B, Delgado V, Rosenhek R, et al. Contemporary presentation and management of valvular heart disease: the EURObservational research programme valvular heart diseaseⅡsurvey. Circulation, 2019, 140(14): 1156-1169.
6. Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(5): 470-476.
7. Sika‐Paotonu D, Beaton A, Raghu A, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease//Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA. Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations. Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2017: 771-826.
8. Anwar AM, Attia WM, Nosir YF, et al. Validation of a new score for the assessment of mitral stenosis using real‐time three‐dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2010, 23(1): 13-22.
9. Elmariah S, Budoff MJ, Delaney JA, et al. Risk factors associated with the incidence and progression of mitral annulus calcification: the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J, 2013, 166(5): 904-912.
10. Silbiger JJ. Anatomy, mechanics, and pathophysiology of the mitral annulus. Am Heart J, 2012, 164(2): 163-176.
11. Harpaz D, Auerbach I, Vered Z, et al. Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: a neglected, unrecognized diagnosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2001, 14(8): 825-831.
12. Mejean S, Bouvier E, Bataille V, et al. Mitral annular calcium and mitral stenosis determined by multidetector computed tomography in patients referred for aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol, 2016, 118(8): 1251-1257.
13. Pasca I, Dang P, Tyagi G, et al. Survival in patients with degenerative mitral stenosis: results from a large retrospective cohort study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2016, 29(5): 461-469.
14. Tyagi G, Dang P, Pasca I, et al. Progression of degenerative mitral stenosis: insights from a cohort of 254 patients. J Heart Valve Dis, 2014, 23(6): 707-712.
15. Kohsaka S, Jin Z, Rundek T, et al. Impact of mitral annular calcification on cardiovascular events in a multiethnic community: the Northern Manhattan Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 2008, 1(5): 617-623.
16. Gilon D, Cape EG, Handschumacher MD, et al. Insights from three‐dimensional echocardiographic laser stereolithography. Effect of leaflet funnel geometry on the coefficient of orifice contraction, pressure loss, and the Gorlin formula in mitral stenosis. Circulation, 1996, 94(3): 452-459.
17. Kato N, Padang R, Scott CG, et al. The natural history of severe calcific mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(24): 3048-3057.
18. Willmann JK, Kobza R, Roos JE, et al. Ecg‐gated multi‐detector row CT for assessment of mitral valve disease: initial experience. Eur Radiol, 2002, 12(11): 2662-2669.
19. Heuser L, Neufang KF, Jansen W. Computed tomographic findings in mitral valve disease. Rofo, 1984, 140(4): 435-440.
20. Mahnken AH, Mühlenbruch G, Das M, et al. MDCT detection of mitral valve calcification: prevalence and clinical relevance compared with echocardiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 188(5): 1264-1269.
21. Romero J, Husain SA, Kelesidis I, et al. Detection of left atrial appendage thrombus by cardiac computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta‐analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2013, 6(2): 185-194.
22. Messika‐Zeitoun D, Serfaty JM, Laissy JP, et al. Assessment of the mitral valve area in patients with mitral stenosis by multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 48(2): 411-413.
23. Uçar O, Vural M, Cetfïn Z, et al. Assessment of planimetric mitral valve area using 16‐row multidetector computed tomography inpatients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis, 2011, 20(1): 13-17.
24. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J, 2022, 43(7): 561-632.
25. Galusko V, Ionescu A, Edwards A, et al. Management of mitral stenosis: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and recommendations. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 2021, 8(6): 602-618.
26. Urena M, Himbert D, Brochet E, et al. Transseptal transcatheter mitral valve replacement using balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valves: a step by-step approach. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2017, 10(19): 1905-1919.

West China Medical Journal

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