RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBCHONDRAL BONE RECONSTRUCTION AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REGENERATION IN A RABBIT MODEL OF SPONTANEOUS OSTEOCHONDRAL REPAIR_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

WANGYongcheng , MENGHaoye , YUANXueling , PENGJiang , GUOQuanyi , LUShibi ,  WANGAiyuan

Key Laboratory of Chinese PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANGAiyuan, Email: aiyuanwang301@126.com

Keywords：

Osteochondral defect; Spontaneous repair; Articular cartilage; Subchondral bone; Rabbit

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.20140151

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Objective To explore the relationship between subchondral bone reconstruction and articular cartilage regeneration in a rabbit model of spontaneous osteochondral repair. Methods Twenty-four 6-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were included. The osteochondral defects (4 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) were created in the trochlear groove of the unilateral femur, which penetrated the subchondral bone without any treatment. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after operation, respectively. The specimens were obtained for macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical observations. According to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) histological scoring, the effect of cartilage repair was assessed. The histomorphometrical parameters of subchondral bone were analyzed by micro-CT scan and reconstruction, and the relationship between cartilage repair and the histomorphometrical parameters of the subchondral bone were also analyzed. Results Osteochondral defects could be repaired spontaneously in rabbit model. With time, defect was gradually filled with repaired tissue, subchondral bone plate under the defect region gradually migrated upward. Bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, tissue mineralized density, trabecula number, and trabecula thickness were increased, while trabecula spacing was decreased. Significant difference was found in the other parameters between different time points (P<0.05) except for trabecula thickness between at 4 and 12 weeks after operation (P>0.05). Histological examination showed that fibrous repair was predominant with rare hyaline cartilage. With time, ICRS scores increased gradually, showing significant differences between other time points (P<0.05) except for between at 4 and 12 weeks after operation (P>0.05). Among the histomorphometrical parameters of subchondral bone, the trabecula spacing was negatively correlated with ICRS score (r=-0.584, P=0.039), and the other histomorphometrical parameters were positively correlated with ICRS score (r=0.680-0.891). Conclusion There is relevant correlation as well as independent process between cartilage regeneration and subchondral bone reconstruction in the rabbit model of spontaneous osteochondral repair, and fast subchondral bone remodeling may adversely affect articular cartilage repair.

Citation： WANGYongcheng, MENGHaoye, YUANXueling, PENGJiang, GUOQuanyi, LUShibi, WANGAiyuan. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBCHONDRAL BONE RECONSTRUCTION AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REGENERATION IN A RABBIT MODEL OF SPONTANEOUS OSTEOCHONDRAL REPAIR. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2014, 28(6): 681-686. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.20140151 Copy

1.	Dore D, Quinn S, Ding C, et al. Subchondral bone and cartilage damage:a prospective study in older adults. Arthritis Rheum, 2010, 62(7):1967-1973.
2.	Madry H, van Dijk CN, Mueller-Gerbl M. The basic science of the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):419-433.
3.	李强, 张柳. 骨性关节炎中软骨下骨与软骨退变的关系研究进展. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2009, 23(2):245-248.
4.	Lacourt M, Gao C, Li A, et al. Relationship between cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in repetitive impact trauma-induced equine osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2012, 20(6):572-583.
5.	Thomsen JS, Straarup TS, Danielsen CC, et al. Relationship between articular cartilage damage and subchondral bone properties and meniscal ossification in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol, 2011, 40(5):391-399.
6.	Harada Y, Tomita N, Nakajima M, et al. Effect of low loading and joint immobilization for spontaneous repair of osteochondral defect in the knees of weightless (tail suspension) rats. J Orthop Sci, 2005, 10(5):508-514.
7.	Orth P, Goebel L, Wolfram U, et al. Effect of subchondral drilling on the microarchitecture of subchondral bone:analysis in a large animal model at 6 months. Am J Sports Med, 2012, 40(4):823-836.
8.	Arøen A, Heir S, Løken S, et al. Healing of articular cartilage defects. An experimental study of vascular and minimal vascular microenvironment. J Orthop Res, 2006, 24(5):1069-1077.
9.	Mainil-Varlet P, Aigner T, Brittberg M, et al. Histological assessment of cartilage repair:a report by the Histology Endpoint Committee of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2003, 85-A Suppl 2:45-57.
10.	Menetrey J, Unno-Veith F, Madry H, et al. Epidemiology and imaging of the subchondral bone in articular cartilage repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):463-471.
11.	Pape D, Filardo G, Kon E, et al. Disease-specific clinical problems associated with the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):448-462.
12.	Gelse K, Klinger P, Koch M, et al. Thrombospondin-1 prevents excessive ossification in cartilage repair tissue induced by osteogenic protein-1. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(15-16):2101-2112.
13.	Sakata R, Kokubu T, Nagura I, et al. Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor during the early stages of osteochondral regeneration using a bioabsorbable synthetic polymer scaffold. J Orthop Res, 2012, 30(2):252-259.
14.	Lyons TJ, Stoddart RW, McClure SF, et al. The tidemark of the chondro-osseous junction of the normal human knee joint. J Mol Histol, 2005, 36(3):207-215.
15.	O'Shea TM, Miao X. Bilayered scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2008, 14(4):447-464.
16.	Minas T, Gomoll AH, Rosenberger R, et al. Increased failure rate of autologous chondrocyte implantation after previous treatment with marrow stimulation techniques. Am J Sports Med, 2009, 37(5):902-908.
17.	Henderson IJ, La Valette DP. Subchondral bone overgrowth in the presence of full-thickness cartilage defects in the knee. Knee, 2005, 12(6):435-440.
18.	Gelse K. Endochondral ossification in cartilage repair tissue hampers bone marrow stimulating techniques. Rheumatology:Current Research, 2012, S3:2-8.
19.	Csaki C, Schneider PR, Shakibaei M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential pool for cartilage tissue engineering. Ann Anat, 2008, 190(5):395-412.
20.	Klinger P, Surmann-Schmitt C, Brem M, et al. Chondromodulin 1 stabilizes the chondrocyte phenotype and inhibits endochondral ossification of porcine cartilage repair tissue. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, 63(9):2721-2731.
21.	Gomoll AH, Madry H, Knutsen G, et al. The subchondral bone in articular cartilage repair:current problems in the surgical management. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):434-447.

1. Dore D, Quinn S, Ding C, et al. Subchondral bone and cartilage damage:a prospective study in older adults. Arthritis Rheum, 2010, 62(7):1967-1973.
2. Madry H, van Dijk CN, Mueller-Gerbl M. The basic science of the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):419-433.
3. 李强, 张柳. 骨性关节炎中软骨下骨与软骨退变的关系研究进展. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2009, 23(2):245-248.
4. Lacourt M, Gao C, Li A, et al. Relationship between cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in repetitive impact trauma-induced equine osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2012, 20(6):572-583.
5. Thomsen JS, Straarup TS, Danielsen CC, et al. Relationship between articular cartilage damage and subchondral bone properties and meniscal ossification in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol, 2011, 40(5):391-399.
6. Harada Y, Tomita N, Nakajima M, et al. Effect of low loading and joint immobilization for spontaneous repair of osteochondral defect in the knees of weightless (tail suspension) rats. J Orthop Sci, 2005, 10(5):508-514.
7. Orth P, Goebel L, Wolfram U, et al. Effect of subchondral drilling on the microarchitecture of subchondral bone:analysis in a large animal model at 6 months. Am J Sports Med, 2012, 40(4):823-836.
8. Arøen A, Heir S, Løken S, et al. Healing of articular cartilage defects. An experimental study of vascular and minimal vascular microenvironment. J Orthop Res, 2006, 24(5):1069-1077.
9. Mainil-Varlet P, Aigner T, Brittberg M, et al. Histological assessment of cartilage repair:a report by the Histology Endpoint Committee of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2003, 85-A Suppl 2:45-57.
10. Menetrey J, Unno-Veith F, Madry H, et al. Epidemiology and imaging of the subchondral bone in articular cartilage repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):463-471.
11. Pape D, Filardo G, Kon E, et al. Disease-specific clinical problems associated with the subchondral bone. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):448-462.
12. Gelse K, Klinger P, Koch M, et al. Thrombospondin-1 prevents excessive ossification in cartilage repair tissue induced by osteogenic protein-1. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(15-16):2101-2112.
13. Sakata R, Kokubu T, Nagura I, et al. Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor during the early stages of osteochondral regeneration using a bioabsorbable synthetic polymer scaffold. J Orthop Res, 2012, 30(2):252-259.
14. Lyons TJ, Stoddart RW, McClure SF, et al. The tidemark of the chondro-osseous junction of the normal human knee joint. J Mol Histol, 2005, 36(3):207-215.
15. O'Shea TM, Miao X. Bilayered scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2008, 14(4):447-464.
16. Minas T, Gomoll AH, Rosenberger R, et al. Increased failure rate of autologous chondrocyte implantation after previous treatment with marrow stimulation techniques. Am J Sports Med, 2009, 37(5):902-908.
17. Henderson IJ, La Valette DP. Subchondral bone overgrowth in the presence of full-thickness cartilage defects in the knee. Knee, 2005, 12(6):435-440.
18. Gelse K. Endochondral ossification in cartilage repair tissue hampers bone marrow stimulating techniques. Rheumatology:Current Research, 2012, S3:2-8.
19. Csaki C, Schneider PR, Shakibaei M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential pool for cartilage tissue engineering. Ann Anat, 2008, 190(5):395-412.
20. Klinger P, Surmann-Schmitt C, Brem M, et al. Chondromodulin 1 stabilizes the chondrocyte phenotype and inhibits endochondral ossification of porcine cartilage repair tissue. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, 63(9):2721-2731.
21. Gomoll AH, Madry H, Knutsen G, et al. The subchondral bone in articular cartilage repair:current problems in the surgical management. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2010, 18(4):434-447.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBCHONDRAL BONE RECONSTRUCTION AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REGENERATION IN A RABBIT MODEL OF SPONTANEOUS OSTEOCHONDRAL REPAIR

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