RESEARCH PROGRESS OF MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS IMPLANTS IN ORTHOPEDICS_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

YANGJunyu ¹ ,  XUYongqing ² , HEXiaoqing ²

1. Graduate Department of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China;
2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

XUYongqing, Email: xuyongqingkm@163.net

Keywords：

Magnesium; Magnesium alloy; Orthopedics; Implant; Degradation biological material

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.20160321

Video：

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Objective To summarize the research and application progress of magnesium and magnesium alloys implants in the orthopedics. Methods The domestic and foreign related literature about the research progress and application of magnesium and magnesium alloys implants in the orthopedics was reviewed. Results Currently approved and commonly used metallic implants in orthopedics include stainless steels, titanium alloys, and chromium alloys having many disadvantages of poor biocompatibility, mismatch with the biomechanical properties of the bone tissue, and need of second surgical procedure to remove. Compared with traditional implants, magnesium and magnesium alloys have biomechanical properties closer to natural bone tissue, and in vivo degradation, which have the potential to serve as new biocompatible and degradable implants. Although magnesium and magnesium alloy materials have their own advantages, but the degradation rate is still too fast and so on. At present, the research and development of medical magnesium and magnesium alloy materials are to improve their corrosion resistance and control the rate of degradation. Conclusion Magnesium and magnesium alloys have great potential as a implant material in the orthopedics, through further systematic and in-depth study, it is expected to become a new generation of degradation biological implant materials.

Citation： YANGJunyu, XUYongqing, HEXiaoqing. RESEARCH PROGRESS OF MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS IMPLANTS IN ORTHOPEDICS. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2016, 30(12): 1562-1566. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.20160321 Copy

1.	郑凯, 于秀淳, 郭征, 等.生物金属材料在骨科的应用及发展.生物骨科材料与临床研究, 2013, 10(2):31-33.
2.	Nagels J, Stokdijk M, Rozing PM. Stress shielding and bone resorption in shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2003, 12(1):35-39.
3.	Kinraide TB, Yermiyahu U. A scale of metal ion binding strengths correlating with ionic charge, Pauling electronegativity, toxicity, and other physiological effects. J Inorg Biochem, 2007, 101(9):1201-1213.
4.	Okuma T. Magnesium and bone strength. Nutrition, 2001, 17(7-8):679-680.
5.	Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, et al. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials:a review. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(9):1728-1734.
6.	Hartwig A. Role of magnesium in genomic stability. Mutat Res, 2001, 475(1-2):113-121.
7.	Wolf FI, Cittadini A. Chemistry and biochemistry of magnesium. Mol Aspects Med, 2003, 24(1-3):3-9.
8.	Lukaski HC. Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Can J Appl Physiol, 2001, 26 Suppl:S13-22.
9.	Persaud-Sharma D, McGoron A. Biodegradable magnesium alloys:a review of material development and applications. J Biomim Biomater Tissue Eng, 2012, 12:25-39.
10.	Pichler K, Kraus T, Martunelli E, et al. Cellular reactions to biodegradable magnesium alloys on human growth plate chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Int Orthop, 2014, 38(4):881-889.
11.	Witte F. Reprint of:the history of biodegradable magnesium implants:a review. Acta Biomater, 2015, 23 Suppl:S28-40.
12.	Choudhary L, Raman RK. Magnesium alloys as body implants:fracture mechanism under dynamic and static loadings in a physiological environment. Acta Biomater, 2012, 8(2):916-923.
13.	Fan F, Zhou C, Wang X, et al. Layer-by-layer assembly of a self-healing anticorrosion coating on magnesium alloys. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(49):27271-27278.
14.	Chaya A, Yoshizawa S, Verdelis K, et al. Fracture healing using degradable magnesium fixation plates and screws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 73(2):295-305.
15.	Henderson SE, Verdelis K, Maiti S, et al. Magnesium alloys as a biomaterial for degradable craniofacial screws. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(5):2323-2332.
16.	Yu X, Zhao D, Huang S, et al. Biodegradable magnesium screws and vascularized iliac grafting for displaced femoral neck fracture in young adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2015, 16:329.
17.	Windhagen H, Radtke K, Weizbauer A, et al. Biodegradable magnesium-based screw clinically equivalent to titanium screw in hallux valgus surgery:short term results of the first prospective, randomized, controlled clinical pilot study. Biomed Eng Online, 2013, 12:62.
18.	Diekmann J, Bauer S, Weizbauer A, et al. Examination of a biodegradable magnesium screw for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament:A pilot in vivo study in rabbits. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016, 59:1100-1109.
19.	Kim SW, Jung HD, Kang MH, et al. Fabrication of porous titanium scaffold with controlled porous structure and net-shape using magnesium as spacer. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2013, 33(5):2808-2815.
20.	Johan Van der Stok, Esther Van Lieshout, Youssef El-Massoudi, et al. Bone substitutes in the Netherlands-a systematic literature review. Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(2):739-750.
21.	Okuda T, Ioku K, Yonezawa I, et al. The effect of the microstructure of beta-tricalcium phosphate on the metabolism of subsequently formed bone tissue. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(16):2612-2621.
22.	Yusop AH, Bakir AA, Shaharom NA, et al. Porous biodegradable metals for hard tissue scaffolds:a review. Int J Biomater, 2012, 2012:641430.
23.	Liu YJ, Yang ZY, Tan LL, et al. An animal experimental study of porous magnesium scaffold degradation and osteogenesis. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2014, 47(8):715-720.
24.	Zhai Z, Qu X, Li H, et al. The effect of metallic magnesium degradation products on osteoclast-induced osteolysis and attenuation of NF-kappaB and NFATc1 signaling. Biomaterials, 2014, 35(24):6299-6310.
25.	Zhang X, Li XW, Li JG, et al. Preparation and mechanical property of a novel 3D porous magnesium scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2014, 42:362-367.
26.	裴轶丰, 李小康, 王财儒, 等.多孔钛合金表面镁涂层改性及其成骨效应的实验研究.中华创伤骨科杂志, 2015, 17(5):438-443.
27.	Witte F, Fischer J, Nellesen J, et al. In vitro and in vivo corrosion measurements of magnesium alloys. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(7):1013-1018.
28.	杨柯, 谭丽丽, 任伊宾, 等. AZ31镁合金的生物降解行为研究.中国材料进展, 2009, 28(2):26-30.
29.	Trubiani O, Salvolini E, Staffolani R, et al. DMSO modifies structural and functional properties of RPMI-8402 cells by promoting programmed cell death. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2003, 16(3):253-259.
30.	陈旭琼, 尹庆水, 张余, 等.镁合金的初步生物安全性评价.临床和实验医学杂志, 2013, 12(14):1084-1086.
31.	Witte F, Kaese V, Haferkamp H, et al. In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(17):3557-3563.
32.	Wang H, Shi Z. In vitro biodegradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2011, 98(2):203-209.
33.	Willbold E, Gu X, Albert D, et al. Effect of the addition of low rare earth elements (lanthanum, neodymium, cerium) on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of magnesium. Acta Biomater, 2015, 11:554-562.
34.	Gu XN, Xie XH, Li N, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies on a Mg-Sr binary alloy system developed as a new kind of biodegradable metal. Acta Biomater, 2012, 8(6):2360-2374.
35.	Li Z, Gu X, Lou S, et al. The development of binary Mg-Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(10):1329-1344.
36.	卢俊英.纯镁表面镀钛应用于医学的可行性研究.内蒙古石油化工, 2009, (23):19-20.
37.	Tan L, Wang Q, Lin X, et al. Loss of mechanical properties in vivo and bone-implant interface strength of AZ31B magnesium alloy screws with Si-containing coating. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(5):2333-2340.
38.	Zomorodian A, Garcia MP, Mourae Silva T, et al. Corrosion resistance of a composite polymeric coating applied on biodegradable AZ31 magnesium alloy. Acta Biomater, 2013, 9(10):8660-8670.
39.	Diez M, Kang MH, Kim SM, et al. Hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) dual coating on magnesium alloy under deformation for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2016, 27(2):34.

1. 郑凯, 于秀淳, 郭征, 等.生物金属材料在骨科的应用及发展.生物骨科材料与临床研究, 2013, 10(2):31-33.
2. Nagels J, Stokdijk M, Rozing PM. Stress shielding and bone resorption in shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2003, 12(1):35-39.
3. Kinraide TB, Yermiyahu U. A scale of metal ion binding strengths correlating with ionic charge, Pauling electronegativity, toxicity, and other physiological effects. J Inorg Biochem, 2007, 101(9):1201-1213.
4. Okuma T. Magnesium and bone strength. Nutrition, 2001, 17(7-8):679-680.
5. Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, et al. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials:a review. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(9):1728-1734.
6. Hartwig A. Role of magnesium in genomic stability. Mutat Res, 2001, 475(1-2):113-121.
7. Wolf FI, Cittadini A. Chemistry and biochemistry of magnesium. Mol Aspects Med, 2003, 24(1-3):3-9.
8. Lukaski HC. Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Can J Appl Physiol, 2001, 26 Suppl:S13-22.
9. Persaud-Sharma D, McGoron A. Biodegradable magnesium alloys:a review of material development and applications. J Biomim Biomater Tissue Eng, 2012, 12:25-39.
10. Pichler K, Kraus T, Martunelli E, et al. Cellular reactions to biodegradable magnesium alloys on human growth plate chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Int Orthop, 2014, 38(4):881-889.
11. Witte F. Reprint of:the history of biodegradable magnesium implants:a review. Acta Biomater, 2015, 23 Suppl:S28-40.
12. Choudhary L, Raman RK. Magnesium alloys as body implants:fracture mechanism under dynamic and static loadings in a physiological environment. Acta Biomater, 2012, 8(2):916-923.
13. Fan F, Zhou C, Wang X, et al. Layer-by-layer assembly of a self-healing anticorrosion coating on magnesium alloys. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(49):27271-27278.
14. Chaya A, Yoshizawa S, Verdelis K, et al. Fracture healing using degradable magnesium fixation plates and screws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 73(2):295-305.
15. Henderson SE, Verdelis K, Maiti S, et al. Magnesium alloys as a biomaterial for degradable craniofacial screws. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(5):2323-2332.
16. Yu X, Zhao D, Huang S, et al. Biodegradable magnesium screws and vascularized iliac grafting for displaced femoral neck fracture in young adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2015, 16:329.
17. Windhagen H, Radtke K, Weizbauer A, et al. Biodegradable magnesium-based screw clinically equivalent to titanium screw in hallux valgus surgery:short term results of the first prospective, randomized, controlled clinical pilot study. Biomed Eng Online, 2013, 12:62.
18. Diekmann J, Bauer S, Weizbauer A, et al. Examination of a biodegradable magnesium screw for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament:A pilot in vivo study in rabbits. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016, 59:1100-1109.
19. Kim SW, Jung HD, Kang MH, et al. Fabrication of porous titanium scaffold with controlled porous structure and net-shape using magnesium as spacer. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2013, 33(5):2808-2815.
20. Johan Van der Stok, Esther Van Lieshout, Youssef El-Massoudi, et al. Bone substitutes in the Netherlands-a systematic literature review. Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(2):739-750.
21. Okuda T, Ioku K, Yonezawa I, et al. The effect of the microstructure of beta-tricalcium phosphate on the metabolism of subsequently formed bone tissue. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(16):2612-2621.
22. Yusop AH, Bakir AA, Shaharom NA, et al. Porous biodegradable metals for hard tissue scaffolds:a review. Int J Biomater, 2012, 2012:641430.
23. Liu YJ, Yang ZY, Tan LL, et al. An animal experimental study of porous magnesium scaffold degradation and osteogenesis. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2014, 47(8):715-720.
24. Zhai Z, Qu X, Li H, et al. The effect of metallic magnesium degradation products on osteoclast-induced osteolysis and attenuation of NF-kappaB and NFATc1 signaling. Biomaterials, 2014, 35(24):6299-6310.
25. Zhang X, Li XW, Li JG, et al. Preparation and mechanical property of a novel 3D porous magnesium scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2014, 42:362-367.
26. 裴轶丰, 李小康, 王财儒, 等.多孔钛合金表面镁涂层改性及其成骨效应的实验研究.中华创伤骨科杂志, 2015, 17(5):438-443.
27. Witte F, Fischer J, Nellesen J, et al. In vitro and in vivo corrosion measurements of magnesium alloys. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(7):1013-1018.
28. 杨柯, 谭丽丽, 任伊宾, 等. AZ31镁合金的生物降解行为研究.中国材料进展, 2009, 28(2):26-30.
29. Trubiani O, Salvolini E, Staffolani R, et al. DMSO modifies structural and functional properties of RPMI-8402 cells by promoting programmed cell death. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2003, 16(3):253-259.
30. 陈旭琼, 尹庆水, 张余, 等.镁合金的初步生物安全性评价.临床和实验医学杂志, 2013, 12(14):1084-1086.
31. Witte F, Kaese V, Haferkamp H, et al. In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(17):3557-3563.
32. Wang H, Shi Z. In vitro biodegradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2011, 98(2):203-209.
33. Willbold E, Gu X, Albert D, et al. Effect of the addition of low rare earth elements (lanthanum, neodymium, cerium) on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of magnesium. Acta Biomater, 2015, 11:554-562.
34. Gu XN, Xie XH, Li N, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies on a Mg-Sr binary alloy system developed as a new kind of biodegradable metal. Acta Biomater, 2012, 8(6):2360-2374.
35. Li Z, Gu X, Lou S, et al. The development of binary Mg-Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(10):1329-1344.
36. 卢俊英.纯镁表面镀钛应用于医学的可行性研究.内蒙古石油化工, 2009, (23):19-20.
37. Tan L, Wang Q, Lin X, et al. Loss of mechanical properties in vivo and bone-implant interface strength of AZ31B magnesium alloy screws with Si-containing coating. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(5):2333-2340.
38. Zomorodian A, Garcia MP, Mourae Silva T, et al. Corrosion resistance of a composite polymeric coating applied on biodegradable AZ31 magnesium alloy. Acta Biomater, 2013, 9(10):8660-8670.
39. Diez M, Kang MH, Kim SM, et al. Hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) dual coating on magnesium alloy under deformation for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2016, 27(2):34.

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