Research progress of two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection after hip and knee arthroplasties_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

WANG Xiangxuan ,  ZHANG Wenming

Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, 350000, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Wenming, Email: zhangwm0591@163.com

Keywords：

Joint arthroplasty; knee; hip; joint infection; two-stage revision

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201901098

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the research progress of two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after hip and knee arthroplasties.Methods The related literature on two-stage revision for PJI was summarized, and the new progress in the choice of spacers, systemic antibiotic therapy, and risk factors were analyzed.Results Two-stage revision is a common way to treat infection after hip and knee arthroplasties. The types of spacers used in the one-stage operation are diverse and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Non-articular spacers are mainly used for the patients with poor soft tissue conditions around the joints and severe bone defects. But the joint mobility is not good after the placement of the spacer. Articular spacers can restore the affected joint movement after operation, which is beneficial to the joint mobility after two-stage operation. The use of antibiotics is an indispensable part of the treatment process, and the effectiveness of short-term antibiotic treatment is similar to long-term treatment. Identifying the relevant risk factors that influence the prognosis of the two-stage revision can help preoperative management and reduce the recurrence rate of infection.Conclusion There are still controversies about the choice of spacers and systemic antibiotic therapy during the two-stage revision and treatment of PJI. The factors affecting the prognosis of the two-stage revision need to be explored and the further high-quality research is needed.

Citation： WANG Xiangxuan, ZHANG Wenming. Research progress of two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection after hip and knee arthroplasties. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2019, 33(12): 1566-1571. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201901098 Copy

1.	宋兴桂, 李昕, 宋俊雷, 等. 保留假体清创术治疗人工关节置换术后假体周围感染的临床研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2018, 32(6): 685-693.
2.	Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2013, 56(1): e1-e25.
3.	Kapadia BH, Berg RA, Daley JA, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection. Lancet, 2016, 387(10016): 386-394.
4.	Insall JN, Thompson FM, Brause BD. Two-stage reimplantation for the salvage of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1983, 65(8): 1087-1098.
5.	Tsukayama DT, Goldberg VM, Kyle R. Diagnosis and management of infection after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2003, 85-A Suppl 1: S75-S80.
6.	Parvizi J, Gehrke T, Chen AF. Proceedings of the International Consensus on periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J, 2013, 95-B(11): 1450-1452.
7.	Kini SG, Gabr A, Das R, et al. Two-stage revision for periprosthetic hip and knee joint infections. Open Orthop J, 2016, 10: 579-588.
8.	Hsieh PH, Chen LH, Chen CH, et al. Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection with a custom-made, antibiotic-loaded, cement prosthesis as an interim spacer. J Trauma, 2004, 56(6): 1247-1252.
9.	Haddad FS, Muirhead-Allwood SK, Manktelow AR, et al. Two-stage uncemented revision hip arthroplasty for infection. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2000, 82(5): 689-694.
10.	Durbhakula SM, Czajka J, Fuchs MD, et al. Spacer endoprosthesis for the treatment of infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2004, 19(6): 760-767.
11.	Bertazzoni Minelli E, Benini A, Magnan B, et al. Release of gentamicin and vancomycin from temporary human hip spacers in two-stage revision of infected arthroplasty. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004, 53(2): 329-334.
12.	张文明, 李文波, 白国昌, 等. 含抗生素关节型骨水泥间隔器治疗人工关节感染的问题分析. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2015, 29(4): 420-425.
13.	Barrack RL. Rush pin technique for temporary antibiotic-impregnated cement prosthesis for infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2002, 17(5): 600-603.
14.	Takahira N, Itoman M, Higashi K, et al. Treatment outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer. J Orthop Sci, 2003, 8(1): 26-31.
15.	Jacobs C, Christensen CP, Berend ME. Static and mobile antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the management of prosthetic joint infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2009, 17(6): 356-368.
16.	Magnan B, Regis D, Biscaglia R, et al. Preformed acrylic bone cement spacer loaded with antibiotics: use of two-stage procedure in 10 patients because of infected hips after total replacement. Acta Orthop Scand, 2001, 72(6): 591-594.
17.	Yamamoto K, Miyagawa N, Masaoka T, et al. Clinical effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infected implants of the hip joint. J Orthop Sci, 2003, 8(6): 823-828.
18.	Hofmann AA, Goldberg TD, Tanner AM, et al. Ten-year experience using an articulating antibiotic cement hip spacer for the treatment of chronically infected total hip. J Arthroplasty, 2005, 20(7): 874-879.
19.	Evans RP. Successful treatment of total hip and knee infection with articulating antibiotic components: a modified treatment method. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2004, (427): 37-46.
20.	Haddad FS, Masri BA, Garbuz DS, et al. The treatment of the infected hip replacement. The complex case. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1999, (369): 144-156.
21.	Wentworth SJ, Masri BA, Duncan CP, et al. Hip prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement for the treatment of infections following total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2002, 84-A Suppl 2: 123-128.
22.	Lu J, Han J, Zhang C, et al. Infection after total knee arthroplasty and its gold standard surgical treatment: Spacers used in two-stage revision arthroplasty. Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2017, 6(4): 256-261.
23.	Mazzucchelli L, Rosso F, Marmotti A, et al. The use of spacers (static and mobile) in infection knee arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 2015, 8(4): 373-382.
24.	Fehring TK, Odum S, Calton TF, et al. Articulating versus static spacers in revision total knee arthroplasty for sepsis. The Ranawat Award. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2000, (380): 9-16.
25.	Kalore NV, Gioe TJ, Singh JA. Diagnosis and management of infected total knee arthroplasty. Open Orthop J, 2011, 5: 86-91.
26.	Durbhakula SM, Czajka J, Fuchs MD, et al. Antibiotic-loaded articulating cement spacer in the 2-stage exchange of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2004, 19(6): 768-774.
27.	Ha CW. A technique for intraoperative construction of antibiotic spacers. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2006, (445): 204-209.
28.	Hofmann AA, Kane KR, Tkach TK, et al. Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1995, (321): 45-54.
29.	Pietsch M, Hofmann S, Wenisch C. Treatment of deep infection of total knee arthroplasty using a two-stage procedure. Oper Orthop Traumatol, 2006, 18(1): 66-87.
30.	Cuckler JM. The infected total knee: management options. J Arthroplasty, 2005, 20(4 Suppl 2): 33-36.
31.	Haddad FS, Masri BA, Campbell D, et al. The PROSTALAC functional spacer in two-stage revision for infected knee replacements. Prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2000, 82(6): 807-812.
32.	Thabe H, Schill S. Two-stage reimplantation with an application spacer and combined with delivery of antibiotics in the management of prosthetic joint infection. Oper Orthop Traumatol, 2007, 19(1): 78-100.
33.	Hsu YC, Cheng HC, Ng TP, et al. Antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer for 2-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty: a simple and economic method. J Arthroplasty, 2007, 22(7): 1060-1066.
34.	Emerson RH, Muncie M, Tarbox TR, et al. Comparison of a static with a mobile spacer in total knee infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2002, (404): 132-138.
35.	Voleti PB, Baldwin KD, Lee GC. Use of static or articulating spacers for infection following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic literature review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(17): 1594-1599.
36.	Siljander MP, Sobh AH, Baker KC, et al. Multidrug-resistant organisms in the setting of periprosthetic joint infection-diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(1): 185-194.
37.	Brunnekreef J, Hannink G, Malefijt Mde W. Recovery of knee mobility after a static or mobile spacer in total knee infection. Acta Orthop Belg, 2013, 79(1): 83-89.
38.	Stockley I, Mockford BJ, Hoad-Reddick A, et al. The use of two-stage exchange arthroplasty with depot antibiotics in the absence of long-term antibiotic therapy in infected total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2008, 90(2): 145-148.
39.	Hsieh PH, Huang KC, Lee PC, et al. Two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty using an antibiotic-loaded spacer: retrospective comparison between short-term and prolonged antibiotic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2009, 64(2): 392-397.
40.	Jiranek WA, Waligora AC, Hess SR, et al. Surgical treatment of prosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee: changing paradigms? J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(6): 912-918.
41.	Puhto AP, Puhto TM, Niinimäki TT, et al. Two-stage revision for prosthetic joint infection: outcome and role of reimplantation microbiology in 107 cases. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(6): 1101-1104.
42.	Babis GC, Sakellariou VI, Pantos PG, et al. Two-stage revision protocol in multidrug resistant periprosthetic infection following total hip arthroplasty using a long interval between stages. J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(9): 1602-1606.
43.	Akgün D, Muller M, Perka C, et al. A positive bacterial culture during re-implantation is associated with a poor outcome in two-stage exchange arthroplasty for deep infection. Bone Joint J, 2017, 99-B(11): 1490-1495.
44.	Frank JM, Kayupov E, Moric M, et al. The Mark Coventry, MD, Award: Oral antibiotics reduce reinfection after two-stage exchange: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017, 475(1): 56-61.
45.	Lee J, Kang CI, Lee JH, et al. Risk factors for treatment failure in patients with prosthetic joint infections. J Hosp Infect, 2010, 75(4): 273-276.
46.	George J, Newman JM, Klika AK, et al. Changes in antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus between the stages of 2-stage revision arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(6): 1844-1849.
47.	Boisrenoult P. Cutibacterium acnes prosthetic joint infection: diagnosis and treatment. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2018, 104(1S): S19-S24.
48.	Brown TS, Petis SM, Osmon DR, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection with fungal pathogens. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(8): 2605-2612.
49.	Akgün D, Trampuz A, Perka C, et al. High failure rates in treatment of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection: results from a seven-year retrospective cohort study. Bone Joint J, 2017, 99-B(5): 653-659.
50.	Benito N, Franco M, Ribera A, et al. Time trends in the aetiology of prosthetic joint infections: a multicentre cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(8): 732.
51.	Kheir MM, Tan TL, Higuera C, et al. Periprosthetic joint infections caused by enterococci have poor outcomes. J Arthroplasty, 2017, 32(3): 933-947.
52.	Aali Rezaie A, Goswami K, Shohat N, et al. Time to reimplantation: waiting longer confers no added benefit. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(6): 1850-1854.
53.	Cancienne JM, Werner BC, Bolarinwa SA, et al. Removal of an infected total hip arthroplasty: risk factors for repeat debridement, long-term spacer retention, and mortality. J Arthroplasty, 2017, 32(8): 2519-2522.
54.	Shohat N, Goswami K, Tarabichi M, et al. All patients should be screened for diabetes before total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(7): 2057-2061.
55.	Ma CY, Lu YD, Bell KL, et al. Predictors of treatment failure after 2-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty: A 2- to 10-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(7): 2234-2239.
56.	Hawn MT, Houston TK, Campagna EJ, et al. The attributable risk of smoking on surgical complications. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(6): 914-920.
57.	Nolan MB, Martin DP, Thompson R, et al. Association between smoking status, preoperative exhaled carbon monoxide levels, and postoperative surgical site infection in patients undergoing elective surgery. JAMA Surg, 2017, 152(5): 476-483.
58.	Sørensen LT. Wound healing and infection in surgery: the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy: a systematic review. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(6): 1069-1079.
59.	Zhu Y, Zhang F, Chen W, et al. Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection after total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect, 2015, 89(2): 82-89.

1. 宋兴桂, 李昕, 宋俊雷, 等. 保留假体清创术治疗人工关节置换术后假体周围感染的临床研究. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2018, 32(6): 685-693.
2. Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2013, 56(1): e1-e25.
3. Kapadia BH, Berg RA, Daley JA, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection. Lancet, 2016, 387(10016): 386-394.
4. Insall JN, Thompson FM, Brause BD. Two-stage reimplantation for the salvage of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1983, 65(8): 1087-1098.
5. Tsukayama DT, Goldberg VM, Kyle R. Diagnosis and management of infection after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2003, 85-A Suppl 1: S75-S80.
6. Parvizi J, Gehrke T, Chen AF. Proceedings of the International Consensus on periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J, 2013, 95-B(11): 1450-1452.
7. Kini SG, Gabr A, Das R, et al. Two-stage revision for periprosthetic hip and knee joint infections. Open Orthop J, 2016, 10: 579-588.
8. Hsieh PH, Chen LH, Chen CH, et al. Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection with a custom-made, antibiotic-loaded, cement prosthesis as an interim spacer. J Trauma, 2004, 56(6): 1247-1252.
9. Haddad FS, Muirhead-Allwood SK, Manktelow AR, et al. Two-stage uncemented revision hip arthroplasty for infection. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2000, 82(5): 689-694.
10. Durbhakula SM, Czajka J, Fuchs MD, et al. Spacer endoprosthesis for the treatment of infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2004, 19(6): 760-767.
11. Bertazzoni Minelli E, Benini A, Magnan B, et al. Release of gentamicin and vancomycin from temporary human hip spacers in two-stage revision of infected arthroplasty. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004, 53(2): 329-334.
12. 张文明, 李文波, 白国昌, 等. 含抗生素关节型骨水泥间隔器治疗人工关节感染的问题分析. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2015, 29(4): 420-425.
13. Barrack RL. Rush pin technique for temporary antibiotic-impregnated cement prosthesis for infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2002, 17(5): 600-603.
14. Takahira N, Itoman M, Higashi K, et al. Treatment outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer. J Orthop Sci, 2003, 8(1): 26-31.
15. Jacobs C, Christensen CP, Berend ME. Static and mobile antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the management of prosthetic joint infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2009, 17(6): 356-368.
16. Magnan B, Regis D, Biscaglia R, et al. Preformed acrylic bone cement spacer loaded with antibiotics: use of two-stage procedure in 10 patients because of infected hips after total replacement. Acta Orthop Scand, 2001, 72(6): 591-594.
17. Yamamoto K, Miyagawa N, Masaoka T, et al. Clinical effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infected implants of the hip joint. J Orthop Sci, 2003, 8(6): 823-828.
18. Hofmann AA, Goldberg TD, Tanner AM, et al. Ten-year experience using an articulating antibiotic cement hip spacer for the treatment of chronically infected total hip. J Arthroplasty, 2005, 20(7): 874-879.
19. Evans RP. Successful treatment of total hip and knee infection with articulating antibiotic components: a modified treatment method. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2004, (427): 37-46.
20. Haddad FS, Masri BA, Garbuz DS, et al. The treatment of the infected hip replacement. The complex case. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1999, (369): 144-156.
21. Wentworth SJ, Masri BA, Duncan CP, et al. Hip prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement for the treatment of infections following total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2002, 84-A Suppl 2: 123-128.
22. Lu J, Han J, Zhang C, et al. Infection after total knee arthroplasty and its gold standard surgical treatment: Spacers used in two-stage revision arthroplasty. Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2017, 6(4): 256-261.
23. Mazzucchelli L, Rosso F, Marmotti A, et al. The use of spacers (static and mobile) in infection knee arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 2015, 8(4): 373-382.
24. Fehring TK, Odum S, Calton TF, et al. Articulating versus static spacers in revision total knee arthroplasty for sepsis. The Ranawat Award. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2000, (380): 9-16.
25. Kalore NV, Gioe TJ, Singh JA. Diagnosis and management of infected total knee arthroplasty. Open Orthop J, 2011, 5: 86-91.
26. Durbhakula SM, Czajka J, Fuchs MD, et al. Antibiotic-loaded articulating cement spacer in the 2-stage exchange of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2004, 19(6): 768-774.
27. Ha CW. A technique for intraoperative construction of antibiotic spacers. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2006, (445): 204-209.
28. Hofmann AA, Kane KR, Tkach TK, et al. Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1995, (321): 45-54.
29. Pietsch M, Hofmann S, Wenisch C. Treatment of deep infection of total knee arthroplasty using a two-stage procedure. Oper Orthop Traumatol, 2006, 18(1): 66-87.
30. Cuckler JM. The infected total knee: management options. J Arthroplasty, 2005, 20(4 Suppl 2): 33-36.
31. Haddad FS, Masri BA, Campbell D, et al. The PROSTALAC functional spacer in two-stage revision for infected knee replacements. Prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2000, 82(6): 807-812.
32. Thabe H, Schill S. Two-stage reimplantation with an application spacer and combined with delivery of antibiotics in the management of prosthetic joint infection. Oper Orthop Traumatol, 2007, 19(1): 78-100.
33. Hsu YC, Cheng HC, Ng TP, et al. Antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer for 2-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty: a simple and economic method. J Arthroplasty, 2007, 22(7): 1060-1066.
34. Emerson RH, Muncie M, Tarbox TR, et al. Comparison of a static with a mobile spacer in total knee infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2002, (404): 132-138.
35. Voleti PB, Baldwin KD, Lee GC. Use of static or articulating spacers for infection following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic literature review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(17): 1594-1599.
36. Siljander MP, Sobh AH, Baker KC, et al. Multidrug-resistant organisms in the setting of periprosthetic joint infection-diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(1): 185-194.
37. Brunnekreef J, Hannink G, Malefijt Mde W. Recovery of knee mobility after a static or mobile spacer in total knee infection. Acta Orthop Belg, 2013, 79(1): 83-89.
38. Stockley I, Mockford BJ, Hoad-Reddick A, et al. The use of two-stage exchange arthroplasty with depot antibiotics in the absence of long-term antibiotic therapy in infected total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2008, 90(2): 145-148.
39. Hsieh PH, Huang KC, Lee PC, et al. Two-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty using an antibiotic-loaded spacer: retrospective comparison between short-term and prolonged antibiotic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2009, 64(2): 392-397.
40. Jiranek WA, Waligora AC, Hess SR, et al. Surgical treatment of prosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee: changing paradigms? J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(6): 912-918.
41. Puhto AP, Puhto TM, Niinimäki TT, et al. Two-stage revision for prosthetic joint infection: outcome and role of reimplantation microbiology in 107 cases. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(6): 1101-1104.
42. Babis GC, Sakellariou VI, Pantos PG, et al. Two-stage revision protocol in multidrug resistant periprosthetic infection following total hip arthroplasty using a long interval between stages. J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(9): 1602-1606.
43. Akgün D, Muller M, Perka C, et al. A positive bacterial culture during re-implantation is associated with a poor outcome in two-stage exchange arthroplasty for deep infection. Bone Joint J, 2017, 99-B(11): 1490-1495.
44. Frank JM, Kayupov E, Moric M, et al. The Mark Coventry, MD, Award: Oral antibiotics reduce reinfection after two-stage exchange: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017, 475(1): 56-61.
45. Lee J, Kang CI, Lee JH, et al. Risk factors for treatment failure in patients with prosthetic joint infections. J Hosp Infect, 2010, 75(4): 273-276.
46. George J, Newman JM, Klika AK, et al. Changes in antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus between the stages of 2-stage revision arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(6): 1844-1849.
47. Boisrenoult P. Cutibacterium acnes prosthetic joint infection: diagnosis and treatment. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2018, 104(1S): S19-S24.
48. Brown TS, Petis SM, Osmon DR, et al. Periprosthetic joint infection with fungal pathogens. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(8): 2605-2612.
49. Akgün D, Trampuz A, Perka C, et al. High failure rates in treatment of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection: results from a seven-year retrospective cohort study. Bone Joint J, 2017, 99-B(5): 653-659.
50. Benito N, Franco M, Ribera A, et al. Time trends in the aetiology of prosthetic joint infections: a multicentre cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(8): 732.
51. Kheir MM, Tan TL, Higuera C, et al. Periprosthetic joint infections caused by enterococci have poor outcomes. J Arthroplasty, 2017, 32(3): 933-947.
52. Aali Rezaie A, Goswami K, Shohat N, et al. Time to reimplantation: waiting longer confers no added benefit. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(6): 1850-1854.
53. Cancienne JM, Werner BC, Bolarinwa SA, et al. Removal of an infected total hip arthroplasty: risk factors for repeat debridement, long-term spacer retention, and mortality. J Arthroplasty, 2017, 32(8): 2519-2522.
54. Shohat N, Goswami K, Tarabichi M, et al. All patients should be screened for diabetes before total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(7): 2057-2061.
55. Ma CY, Lu YD, Bell KL, et al. Predictors of treatment failure after 2-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty: A 2- to 10-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty, 2018, 33(7): 2234-2239.
56. Hawn MT, Houston TK, Campagna EJ, et al. The attributable risk of smoking on surgical complications. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(6): 914-920.
57. Nolan MB, Martin DP, Thompson R, et al. Association between smoking status, preoperative exhaled carbon monoxide levels, and postoperative surgical site infection in patients undergoing elective surgery. JAMA Surg, 2017, 152(5): 476-483.
58. Sørensen LT. Wound healing and infection in surgery: the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy: a systematic review. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(6): 1069-1079.
59. Zhu Y, Zhang F, Chen W, et al. Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection after total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect, 2015, 89(2): 82-89.

Previous Article
Effect of adipose-derived stem cell derived exosomes on angiogenesis after skin flap transplantation in rats
Next Article
Guiding role of imaging evaluation in oblique lumbar interbody fusion

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Research progress of two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection after hip and knee arthroplasties

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content