Clinical research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of chronic wounds_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

CAO Yingxuan , YAN Jianxin ,  LIU Hongwei

Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510630, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LIU Hongwei, Email: liuhongwei0521@hotmail.com

Keywords：

Mesenchymal stem cells; chronic wound; clinical research

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202011009

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the clinical research progress of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of chronic wounds.Methods The literature related to the chronic wound repair with MSCs at home and abroad in recent years was extensively reviewed, and the possible mechanism of MSCs in the treatment of chronic wounds, as well as its application and existing problems were summarized.Results MSCs can participate in all aspects of chronic wound healing to promote wound healing, and has shown broad application prospects in clinical trials. MSCs commonly used in clinical research include bone marrow-derived MSCs, adipose-derived tissue MSCs, and umbilical cord-derived MSCs.Conclusion MSCs treatment is a promising strategy for the chronic wounds, but there are still many problems in its widespread clinical application that require further research.

Citation： CAO Yingxuan, YAN Jianxin, LIU Hongwei. Clinical research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of chronic wounds. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2021, 35(4): 496-501. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202011009 Copy

1.	Martin P. Wound healing-aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science, 1997, 276(5309): 75-81.
2.	Hu MS, Maan ZN, Wu JC, et al. Tissue engineering and regenerative repair in wound healing. Ann Biomed Eng, 2014, 42(7): 1494-1507.
3.	Cha J, Falanga V. Stem cells in cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol, 2007, 25(1): 73-78.
4.	Maxson S, Lopez EA, Yoo D, et al. Concise review: role of mesenchymal stem cells in wound repair. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2012, 1(2): 142-149.
5.	Hanson SE. Mesenchymal stem cells: a multimodality option for wound healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle), 2012, 1(4): 153-158.
6.	Maranda EL, Rodriguez-Menocal L, Badiavas EV. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in dermal repair in burns and diabetic wounds. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017, 12(1): 61-70.
7.	Raghuram AC, Yu RP, Lo AY, et al. Role of stem cell therapies in treating chronic wounds: A systematic review. World J Stem Cells, 2020, 12(7): 659-675.
8.	Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood, 2005, 105(4): 1815-1822.
9.	Nauta AJ, Kruisselbrink AB, Lurvink E, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit generation and function of both CD34+-derived and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol, 2006, 177(4): 2080-2087.
10.	Chiesa S, Morbelli S, Morando S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells impair in vivo T-cell priming by dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(42): 17384-17389.
11.	Johnson V, Webb T, Norman A, et al. Activated mesenchymal stem cells interact with antibiotics and host innate immune responses to control chronic bacterial infections. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 9575.
12.	Chow L, Johnson V, Impastato R, et al. Antibacterial activity of human mesenchymal stem cells mediated directly by constitutively secreted factors and indirectly by activation of innate immune effector cells. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2020, 9(2): 235-249.
13.	Harman RM, Yang S, He MK, et al. Antimicrobial peptides secreted by equine mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit the growth of bacteria commonly found in skin wounds. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017, 8(1): 157.
14.	Sasaki M, Abe R, Fujita Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited into wounded skin and contribute to wound repair by transdifferentiation into multiple skin cell type. J Immunol, 2008, 180(4): 2581-2587.
15.	Ozpur MA, Guneren E, Canter HI, et al. Generation of skin tissue using adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016, 137(1): 134-143.
16.	Galiano RD, Tepper OM, Pelo CR, et al. Topical vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates diabetic wound healing through increased angiogenesis and by mobilizing and recruiting bone marrow-derived cells. Am J Pathol, 2004, 164(6): 1935-1947.
17.	Li M, Zhao Y, Hao H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for nonhealing wounds: today and tomorrow. Wound Repair Regen, 2015, 23(4): 465-482.
18.	Lozito TP, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit both endogenous and exogenous MMPs via secreted TIMPs. J Cell Physiol, 2011, 226(2): 385-396.
19.	Jeon YK, Jang YH, Yoo DR, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells’ interaction with skin: wound-healing effect on fibroblast cells and skin tissue. Wound Repair Regen, 2010, 18(6): 655-661.
20.	Park SR, Kim JW, Jun HS, et al. Stem cell secretome and its effect on cellular mechanisms relevant to wound healing. Mol Ther, 2018, 26(2): 606-617.
21.	de Mayo T, Conget P, Becerra-Bayona S, et al. The role of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell derivatives in skin wound healing in diabetic mice. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6): e177533.
22.	Badiavas EV, Falanga V. Treatment of chronic wounds with bone marrow-derived cells. Arch Dermatol, 2003, 139(4): 510-516.
23.	Ichioka S, Kouraba S, Sekiya N, et al. Bone marrow-impregnated collagen matrix for wound healing: experimental evaluation in a microcirculatory model of angiogenesis, and clinical experience. Br J Plast Surg, 2005, 58(8): 1124-1130.
24.	Falanga V, Iwamoto S, Chartier M, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived cultured mesenchymal stem cells delivered in a fibrin spray accelerate healing in murine and human cutaneous wounds. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(6): 1299-1312.
25.	Gupta PK, Krishna M, Chullikana A, et al. Administration of adult human bone marrow-derived, cultured, pooled, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in critical limb ischemia due to Buerger’s disease: Phase Ⅱ study report suggests clinical efficacy. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(3): 689-699.
26.	Wijnand JGJ, Teraa M, Gremmels H, et al. Rationale and design of the SAIL trial for intramuscular injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in no-option critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2018, 67(2): 656-661.
27.	Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galiè M, et al. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2007, 119(5): 1409-1422.
28.	Lee HC, An SG, Lee HW, et al. Safety and effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cell implantation in patients with critical limb ischemia: a pilot study. Circ J, 2012, 76(7): 1750-1760.
29.	Zollino I, Campioni D, Sibilla MG, et al. A phaseⅡrandomized clinical trial for the treatment of recalcitrant chronic leg ulcers using centrifuged adipose tissue containing progenitor cells. Cytotherapy, 2019, 21(2): 200-211.
30.	Moon KC, Suh HS, Kim KB, et al. Potential of allogeneic adipose-derived stem cell-hydrogel complex for treating diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes, 2019, 68(4): 837-846.
31.	Swan J. Use of Cryopreserved, Particulate human amniotic membrane and umbilical cord (AM/UC) tissue: a case series study for application in the healing of chronic wounds. Surg Technol Int, 2014, 25: 73-78.
32.	Couture M. A single-center, retrospective study of cryopreserved umbilical cord for wound healing in patients suffering from chronic wounds of the foot and ankle. Wounds, 2016, 28(7): 217-225.
33.	Hashemi SS, Mohammadi AA, Kabiri H, et al. The healing effect of Wharton’s jelly stem cells seeded on biological scaffold in chronic skin ulcers: A randomized clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2019, 18(6): 1961-1967.
34.	Suzdaltseva Y, Zhidkih S, Kiselev SL, et al. Locally delivered umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells reduce chronic inflammation in long-term nonhealing wounds: a randomized study. Stem Cells International, 2020, 2020: 1-11.
35.	Harris DT. Banking of adipose- and cord tissue-derived stem cells: technical and regulatory issues. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2016, 951: 147-154.
36.	Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived stem cell utility is independent of anatomical harvest site. Biores Open Access, 2015, 4(1): 131-145.
37.	Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, et al. Comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose and cord tissue. Cytotherapy, 2013, 15(3): 330-343.
38.	Badowski M, Muise A, Harris DT. Mixed effects of long-term frozen storage on cord tissue stem cells. Cytotherapy, 2014, 16(9): 1313-1321.
39.	Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, et al. Effect of mild heat stress on the proliferative and differentiative ability of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy, 2015, 17(4): 359-368.
40.	Bernardo ME, Locatelli F, Fibbe WE. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2009, 1176: 101-117.
41.	Li H, Ghazanfari R, Zacharaki D, et al. Isolation and characterization of primary bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2016, 1370(1): 109-118.
42.	Schneider M, Angele P, Järvinen TAH, et al. Rescue plan for Achilles: Therapeutics steering the fate and functions of stem cells in tendon wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2018, 129: 352-375.
43.	Bianco P. “Mesenchymal” stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2014, 30: 677-704.
44.	Kosaric N, Kiwanuka H, Gurtner GC. Stem cell therapies for wound healing. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2019, 19(6): 575-585.
45.	Noël D, Caton D, Roche S, et al. Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal-stromal cells despite similar differentiation potentials. Exp Cell Res, 2008, 314(7): 1575-1584.
46.	Hoang DH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen H, et al. Differential wound healing capacity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes originated from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord under serum- and xeno-free condition. Front Mol Biosci, 2020, 7: 119.
47.	王斯琪, 卢海源, 程腊梅. 3 种不同组织来源的间充质干细胞促内皮祖细胞血管形成作用的比较. 中南大学学报 (医学版), 2018, 43(2): 184-191.
48.	Huang Y, Gou M, Da L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for chronic wound healing: current status of preclinical and clinical studies. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2020. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2019.0351.
49.	Goodarzi P, Falahzadeh K, Nematizadeh M, et al. Tissue engineered skin substitutes. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018, 1107: 143-188.
50.	Moon KC, Lee JS, Han SK, et al. Effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and dermal fibroblasts on diabetic wound healing. Cytotherapy, 2017, 19(7): 821-828.
51.	Kim SW, Zhang HZ, Guo L, et al. Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells enhance wound healing in diabetic NOD/SCID mice through high angiogenic and engraftment capabilities. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7): e41105. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041105.
52.	Kucharzewski M, Rojczyk E, Wilemska-Kucharzewska K, et al. Novel trends in application of stem cells in skin wound healing. Eur J Pharmacol, 2019, 843: 307-315.
53.	Yu JM, Jun ES, Bae YC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissues favor tumor cell growth in vivo. Stem Cells Dev, 2008, 17(3): 463-473.
54.	Rubio D, Garcia-Castro J, Martín MC, et al. Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Res, 2005, 65(8): 3035-3039.
55.	de la Fuente R, Bernad A, Garcia-Castro J, et al. Retraction: spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Research, 2010, 70(16): 6682. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2451.
56.	Gadelkarim M, Abushouk AI, Ghanem E, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells: Effectiveness and advances in delivery in diabetic wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 107: 625-633.
57.	Wu Q, Chen B, Liang Z. Mesenchymal stem cells as a prospective therapy for the diabetic foot. Stem Cells International, 2016, 2016: 1-18.

1. Martin P. Wound healing-aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science, 1997, 276(5309): 75-81.
2. Hu MS, Maan ZN, Wu JC, et al. Tissue engineering and regenerative repair in wound healing. Ann Biomed Eng, 2014, 42(7): 1494-1507.
3. Cha J, Falanga V. Stem cells in cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol, 2007, 25(1): 73-78.
4. Maxson S, Lopez EA, Yoo D, et al. Concise review: role of mesenchymal stem cells in wound repair. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2012, 1(2): 142-149.
5. Hanson SE. Mesenchymal stem cells: a multimodality option for wound healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle), 2012, 1(4): 153-158.
6. Maranda EL, Rodriguez-Menocal L, Badiavas EV. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in dermal repair in burns and diabetic wounds. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017, 12(1): 61-70.
7. Raghuram AC, Yu RP, Lo AY, et al. Role of stem cell therapies in treating chronic wounds: A systematic review. World J Stem Cells, 2020, 12(7): 659-675.
8. Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood, 2005, 105(4): 1815-1822.
9. Nauta AJ, Kruisselbrink AB, Lurvink E, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit generation and function of both CD34+-derived and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol, 2006, 177(4): 2080-2087.
10. Chiesa S, Morbelli S, Morando S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells impair in vivo T-cell priming by dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(42): 17384-17389.
11. Johnson V, Webb T, Norman A, et al. Activated mesenchymal stem cells interact with antibiotics and host innate immune responses to control chronic bacterial infections. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 9575.
12. Chow L, Johnson V, Impastato R, et al. Antibacterial activity of human mesenchymal stem cells mediated directly by constitutively secreted factors and indirectly by activation of innate immune effector cells. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2020, 9(2): 235-249.
13. Harman RM, Yang S, He MK, et al. Antimicrobial peptides secreted by equine mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit the growth of bacteria commonly found in skin wounds. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017, 8(1): 157.
14. Sasaki M, Abe R, Fujita Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited into wounded skin and contribute to wound repair by transdifferentiation into multiple skin cell type. J Immunol, 2008, 180(4): 2581-2587.
15. Ozpur MA, Guneren E, Canter HI, et al. Generation of skin tissue using adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016, 137(1): 134-143.
16. Galiano RD, Tepper OM, Pelo CR, et al. Topical vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates diabetic wound healing through increased angiogenesis and by mobilizing and recruiting bone marrow-derived cells. Am J Pathol, 2004, 164(6): 1935-1947.
17. Li M, Zhao Y, Hao H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for nonhealing wounds: today and tomorrow. Wound Repair Regen, 2015, 23(4): 465-482.
18. Lozito TP, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit both endogenous and exogenous MMPs via secreted TIMPs. J Cell Physiol, 2011, 226(2): 385-396.
19. Jeon YK, Jang YH, Yoo DR, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells’ interaction with skin: wound-healing effect on fibroblast cells and skin tissue. Wound Repair Regen, 2010, 18(6): 655-661.
20. Park SR, Kim JW, Jun HS, et al. Stem cell secretome and its effect on cellular mechanisms relevant to wound healing. Mol Ther, 2018, 26(2): 606-617.
21. de Mayo T, Conget P, Becerra-Bayona S, et al. The role of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell derivatives in skin wound healing in diabetic mice. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6): e177533.
22. Badiavas EV, Falanga V. Treatment of chronic wounds with bone marrow-derived cells. Arch Dermatol, 2003, 139(4): 510-516.
23. Ichioka S, Kouraba S, Sekiya N, et al. Bone marrow-impregnated collagen matrix for wound healing: experimental evaluation in a microcirculatory model of angiogenesis, and clinical experience. Br J Plast Surg, 2005, 58(8): 1124-1130.
24. Falanga V, Iwamoto S, Chartier M, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived cultured mesenchymal stem cells delivered in a fibrin spray accelerate healing in murine and human cutaneous wounds. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(6): 1299-1312.
25. Gupta PK, Krishna M, Chullikana A, et al. Administration of adult human bone marrow-derived, cultured, pooled, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in critical limb ischemia due to Buerger’s disease: Phase Ⅱ study report suggests clinical efficacy. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2017, 6(3): 689-699.
26. Wijnand JGJ, Teraa M, Gremmels H, et al. Rationale and design of the SAIL trial for intramuscular injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in no-option critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2018, 67(2): 656-661.
27. Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galiè M, et al. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2007, 119(5): 1409-1422.
28. Lee HC, An SG, Lee HW, et al. Safety and effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cell implantation in patients with critical limb ischemia: a pilot study. Circ J, 2012, 76(7): 1750-1760.
29. Zollino I, Campioni D, Sibilla MG, et al. A phaseⅡrandomized clinical trial for the treatment of recalcitrant chronic leg ulcers using centrifuged adipose tissue containing progenitor cells. Cytotherapy, 2019, 21(2): 200-211.
30. Moon KC, Suh HS, Kim KB, et al. Potential of allogeneic adipose-derived stem cell-hydrogel complex for treating diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes, 2019, 68(4): 837-846.
31. Swan J. Use of Cryopreserved, Particulate human amniotic membrane and umbilical cord (AM/UC) tissue: a case series study for application in the healing of chronic wounds. Surg Technol Int, 2014, 25: 73-78.
32. Couture M. A single-center, retrospective study of cryopreserved umbilical cord for wound healing in patients suffering from chronic wounds of the foot and ankle. Wounds, 2016, 28(7): 217-225.
33. Hashemi SS, Mohammadi AA, Kabiri H, et al. The healing effect of Wharton’s jelly stem cells seeded on biological scaffold in chronic skin ulcers: A randomized clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2019, 18(6): 1961-1967.
34. Suzdaltseva Y, Zhidkih S, Kiselev SL, et al. Locally delivered umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells reduce chronic inflammation in long-term nonhealing wounds: a randomized study. Stem Cells International, 2020, 2020: 1-11.
35. Harris DT. Banking of adipose- and cord tissue-derived stem cells: technical and regulatory issues. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2016, 951: 147-154.
36. Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived stem cell utility is independent of anatomical harvest site. Biores Open Access, 2015, 4(1): 131-145.
37. Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, et al. Comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose and cord tissue. Cytotherapy, 2013, 15(3): 330-343.
38. Badowski M, Muise A, Harris DT. Mixed effects of long-term frozen storage on cord tissue stem cells. Cytotherapy, 2014, 16(9): 1313-1321.
39. Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, et al. Effect of mild heat stress on the proliferative and differentiative ability of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy, 2015, 17(4): 359-368.
40. Bernardo ME, Locatelli F, Fibbe WE. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2009, 1176: 101-117.
41. Li H, Ghazanfari R, Zacharaki D, et al. Isolation and characterization of primary bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2016, 1370(1): 109-118.
42. Schneider M, Angele P, Järvinen TAH, et al. Rescue plan for Achilles: Therapeutics steering the fate and functions of stem cells in tendon wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2018, 129: 352-375.
43. Bianco P. “Mesenchymal” stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2014, 30: 677-704.
44. Kosaric N, Kiwanuka H, Gurtner GC. Stem cell therapies for wound healing. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2019, 19(6): 575-585.
45. Noël D, Caton D, Roche S, et al. Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal-stromal cells despite similar differentiation potentials. Exp Cell Res, 2008, 314(7): 1575-1584.
46. Hoang DH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen H, et al. Differential wound healing capacity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes originated from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord under serum- and xeno-free condition. Front Mol Biosci, 2020, 7: 119.
47. 王斯琪, 卢海源, 程腊梅. 3 种不同组织来源的间充质干细胞促内皮祖细胞血管形成作用的比较. 中南大学学报 (医学版), 2018, 43(2): 184-191.
48. Huang Y, Gou M, Da L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for chronic wound healing: current status of preclinical and clinical studies. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2020. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2019.0351.
49. Goodarzi P, Falahzadeh K, Nematizadeh M, et al. Tissue engineered skin substitutes. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018, 1107: 143-188.
50. Moon KC, Lee JS, Han SK, et al. Effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and dermal fibroblasts on diabetic wound healing. Cytotherapy, 2017, 19(7): 821-828.
51. Kim SW, Zhang HZ, Guo L, et al. Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells enhance wound healing in diabetic NOD/SCID mice through high angiogenic and engraftment capabilities. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7): e41105. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041105.
52. Kucharzewski M, Rojczyk E, Wilemska-Kucharzewska K, et al. Novel trends in application of stem cells in skin wound healing. Eur J Pharmacol, 2019, 843: 307-315.
53. Yu JM, Jun ES, Bae YC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissues favor tumor cell growth in vivo. Stem Cells Dev, 2008, 17(3): 463-473.
54. Rubio D, Garcia-Castro J, Martín MC, et al. Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Res, 2005, 65(8): 3035-3039.
55. de la Fuente R, Bernad A, Garcia-Castro J, et al. Retraction: spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Research, 2010, 70(16): 6682. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2451.
56. Gadelkarim M, Abushouk AI, Ghanem E, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells: Effectiveness and advances in delivery in diabetic wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 107: 625-633.
57. Wu Q, Chen B, Liang Z. Mesenchymal stem cells as a prospective therapy for the diabetic foot. Stem Cells International, 2016, 2016: 1-18.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Clinical research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of chronic wounds

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content