Clinical research progress of spinal epidural lipomatosis_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

ZHANG Lele ^1,2 , XU Yuzhu ^1,2 , FAN Pan ^1,2 , LI Xi ^1,2 , WANG Jiadong ^1,2 , TAO Yuao ^1,2 , LI Xiaolong ^1,2 ,  WANG Yuntao ^1,2

1. Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China;
2. Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Yuntao, Email: wangyttod@aliyun.com

Keywords：

Spinal epidural lipomatosis; pathogenesis; clinical presentation; conservative management; surgery management

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202305071

Video：

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Objective To review the clinical research progress of spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL). Methods The clinical studies on SEL at home and abroad in recent years were extensively reviewed, and the pathogenesis, clinical and imaging manifestations, and treatment status of SEL were summarized and analyzed. Results SEL is a disease characterized by compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots due to abnormal accumulation of epidural adipose tissue in the spinal canal. Its prevalence and diagnosis rate are low and the pathogenesis is not fully understood. MRI is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test for SEL. Surgical decompression and removal of excess adipose tissue are the only options for patients with acute SEL or those who have failed conservative management, and conservative management should be considered for other patients. Conclusion SEL is a rare disease and related research still needs to be improved. In the future, high-quality, multi-center and large-sample studies will be of great significance for evaluating the choice of treatment methods and effectiveness of SEL patients.

Citation： ZHANG Lele, XU Yuzhu, FAN Pan, LI Xi, WANG Jiadong, TAO Yuao, LI Xiaolong, WANG Yuntao. Clinical research progress of spinal epidural lipomatosis. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023, 37(10): 1284-1291. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202305071 Copy

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2.	Mugge L, Dang DD, Dang J, et al. Acute spinal cord injury due to epidural lipomatosis without osseous injury. Cureus, 2022, 14(5): e25212.
3.	D’Agostino V, Petrera MR, Tedesco G, et al. Could spinal epidural lipomatosis be the hallmark of metabolic syndrome on the spine? A literature review with emphasis on etiology. Diagnostics (Basel), 2023, 13(2): 322.
4.	Spinnato P, D’Agostino V, Fiorenzo D, et al. Underreporting of spinal epidural lipomatosis: A retrospective analysis of lumbosacral MRI examinations from different radiological settings. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2022, 103(5): 251-257.
5.	Mallard F, Buni M, Nolet PS, et al. Lumbar spinal epidural lipomatosis: A case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2021, 78: 71-75.
6.	Tardivo V, Scudieri C, Bruzzo M, et al. Acute neurologic decline in a patient with spinal stenosis: blame it on the epidural fat. Br J Neurosurg, 2021. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1958149.
7.	Agrawal S, Klarqvist MDR, Diamant N, et al. BMI-adjusted adipose tissue volumes exhibit depot-specific and divergent associations with cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 266.
8.	Badami JP, Hinck VC. Symptomatic deposition of epidural fat in a morbidly obese woman. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1982, 3(6): 664-665.
9.	Alomari S, Lubelski D, Khalifeh JM, et al. Etiologies and outcomes of spinal epidural lipomatosis: Systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of reported cases. Clin Spine Surg, 2022, 35(9): 383-387.
10.	Zhang B, Yuan H, Hu L, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for epidural lipomatosis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2021, 29(2): 23094990211027391. doi: 10.1177/23094990211027391.
11.	Doize H, Bodet-Contentin L, Dhalluin T, et al. High prevalence of clinical and biological features of metabolic syndrome in patients with epidural lipomatosis: A single-center, retrospective study. Joint Bone Spine, 2022, 89(2): 105271.
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20.	Alicioglu B, Sarac A, Tokuc B. Does abdominal obesity cause increase in the amount of epidural fat? Eur Spine J, 2008, 17(10): 1324-1328.
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36.	Louachama O, Rada N, Draiss G, et al. Idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis: Unusual presentation and difficult management. Case Rep Pediatr, 2021, 2021: 4562312.
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41.	Akhaddar A, Ennouali H, Gazzaz M, et al. Idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis without obesity: a case with relapsing and remitting course. Spinal Cord, 2008, 46(3): 243-244.
42.	Quint DJ, Boulos RS, Sanders WP, et al. Epidural lipomatosis. Radiology, 1988, 169(2): 485-490.
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1. Hadidi O, Hijazi H, Pajda R, et al. Spinal epidural lipomatosis and focal posterior longitudinal ligament hypertrophy causing severe cauda equina crowding. BMJ Case Rep, 2022, 15(9): e250112.
2. Mugge L, Dang DD, Dang J, et al. Acute spinal cord injury due to epidural lipomatosis without osseous injury. Cureus, 2022, 14(5): e25212.
3. D’Agostino V, Petrera MR, Tedesco G, et al. Could spinal epidural lipomatosis be the hallmark of metabolic syndrome on the spine? A literature review with emphasis on etiology. Diagnostics (Basel), 2023, 13(2): 322.
4. Spinnato P, D’Agostino V, Fiorenzo D, et al. Underreporting of spinal epidural lipomatosis: A retrospective analysis of lumbosacral MRI examinations from different radiological settings. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2022, 103(5): 251-257.
5. Mallard F, Buni M, Nolet PS, et al. Lumbar spinal epidural lipomatosis: A case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2021, 78: 71-75.
6. Tardivo V, Scudieri C, Bruzzo M, et al. Acute neurologic decline in a patient with spinal stenosis: blame it on the epidural fat. Br J Neurosurg, 2021. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1958149.
7. Agrawal S, Klarqvist MDR, Diamant N, et al. BMI-adjusted adipose tissue volumes exhibit depot-specific and divergent associations with cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 266.
8. Badami JP, Hinck VC. Symptomatic deposition of epidural fat in a morbidly obese woman. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1982, 3(6): 664-665.
9. Alomari S, Lubelski D, Khalifeh JM, et al. Etiologies and outcomes of spinal epidural lipomatosis: Systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of reported cases. Clin Spine Surg, 2022, 35(9): 383-387.
10. Zhang B, Yuan H, Hu L, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for epidural lipomatosis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2021, 29(2): 23094990211027391. doi: 10.1177/23094990211027391.
11. Doize H, Bodet-Contentin L, Dhalluin T, et al. High prevalence of clinical and biological features of metabolic syndrome in patients with epidural lipomatosis: A single-center, retrospective study. Joint Bone Spine, 2022, 89(2): 105271.
12. Jaafar N, Khoueiry M, Khoury SJ, et al. Rare case of spinal neurosarcoidosis with concomitant epidural lipomatosis. Case Rep Neurol Med, 2021, 2021: 5952724.
13. Fujita N. Lumbar spinal canal stenosis from the perspective of locomotive syndrome and metabolic syndrome: A narrative review. Spine Surg Relat Res, 2020, 5(2): 61-67.
14. Lim MJR, Zheng Y, Babla Singbal S, et al. Clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal epidural lipomatosis: A retrospective review of 90 consecutive patients. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 2022, 32: 101988.
15. Maillot F, Mulleman D, Mammou S, et al. Is epidural lipomatosis associated with abnormality of body fat distribution? A case report. Eur Spine J, 2006, 15(1): 105-108.
16. Morishita S, Arai Y, Yoshii T, et al. Lumbar epidural lipomatosis is associated with visceral fat and metabolic disorders. Eur Spine J, 2018, 27(7): 1653-1661.
17. Ishihara S, Fujita N, Azuma K, et al. Spinal epidural lipomatosis is a previously unrecognized manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Spine J, 2019, 19(3): 493-500.
18. Rigsby RK, Barnes S, Sabaté J, et al. Correlation of spinal epidural fat volume with body mass index: a longitudinal study. Clin Imaging, 2023, 98: 61-66.
19. Jennifer C. Obesity doesn’t always mean ill health. Should findings from DNA, animals, and people reframe medical care? Science, 2021, 373(6554): 480-483.
20. Alicioglu B, Sarac A, Tokuc B. Does abdominal obesity cause increase in the amount of epidural fat? Eur Spine J, 2008, 17(10): 1324-1328.
21. Seok HY. Steroid-induced spinal epidural lipomatosis in a patient with myasthenia gravis. Neurol Sci, 2022, 43(7): 4595-4596.
22. Kim K, Mendelis J, Cho W. Spinal epidural lipomatosis: A review of pathogenesis, characteristics, clinical presentation, and management. Global Spine J, 2019, 9(6): 658-665.
23. Fogel GR, Cunningham PY, Esses SI. Spinal epidural lipomatosis: case reports, literature review and meta-analysis. Spine J, 2005, 5(2): 202-211.
24. Al-Khawaja D, Seex K, Eslick GD. Spinal epidural lipomatosis—a brief review. J Clin Neurosci, 2008, 15(12): 1323-1326.
25. Alnabwani D, Ganta N, Babayev R, et al. Chronic steroid use causing spinal epidural lipomatosis. Cureus, 2022, 14(2): e21945.
26. Holder EK, Raju R, Dundas MA, et al. Is there an association between lumbosacral epidural lipomatosis and lumbosacral epidural steroid injections? A comprehensive narrative literature review. N Am Spine Soc J, 2022, 9: 100101.
27. Mukhtar N, Alzahrani AS. Spinal epidural lipomatosis: a rare and frequently unrecognized complication of Cushing syndrome. Endocrine, 2022, 76(1): 218-223.
28. Praver M, Kennedy BC, Ellis JA, et al. Severity of presentation is associated with time to recovery in spinal epidural lipomatosis. J Clin Neurosci, 2015, 22(8): 1244-1249.
29. 陈海丹, 贾思宇, 汪龙, 等. 椎管内硬膜外脂肪增多症1例与文献综述. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2022, 30(8): 727-731.
30. Spinnato P, Barakat M, Lotrecchiano L, et al. MRI features and clinical significance of spinal epidural lipomatosis: All you should know. Curr Med Imaging, 2022, 18(2): 208-215.
31. Greenish D, Watura K, Harding I. Spinal epidural lipomatosis following bilateral spinal decompression surgery. BMJ Case Rep, 2019, 12(2): e226985.
32. Youn MS, Woo YH, Shin JK. Rapid progression of spinal epidural lipomatosis after percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery mimicking disc herniation. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2020, 73: 1-4.
33. Akter S, Akhter H, Chaudhury HS, et al. Dietary carbohydrates: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets to obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. Biofactors, 2022, 48(5): 1036-1059.
34. Fujita N, Ishihara S, Michikawa T, et al. Negative impact of spinal epidural lipomatosis on the surgical outcome of posterior lumbar spinous-splitting decompression surgery: a multicenter retrospective study. Spine J, 2019, 19(12): 1977-1985.
35. Neal MT, Patra DP, Lyons MK. Surgical management of thoracic myelopathy from long-segment epidural lipomatosis with skip hemilaminotomies: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons, 2021, 2(24): CASE21595.
36. Louachama O, Rada N, Draiss G, et al. Idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis: Unusual presentation and difficult management. Case Rep Pediatr, 2021, 2021: 4562312.
37. Manjila S, Fana M, Medani K, et al. Spinal epidural lipomatosis causing lumbar canal stenosis: A pictorial essay on radiological grading and the role of bariatric surgery versus laminectomy. Cureus, 2022, 14(7): e26492.
38. Sugaya H, Tanaka T, Ogawa T, et al. Spinal epidural lipomatosis in lumbar magnetic resonance imaging scans. Orthopedics, 2014, 37(4): e362-e366.
39. Berlet R, Li D, Ruge J. Spinal epidural lipomatosis in a pediatric patient with a malignant brain tumor: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons, 2023, 5(8): CASE22556.
40. Park SK, Han JM, Lee K, et al. The clinical characteristics of spinal epidural lipomatosis in the lumbar spine. Anesth Pain Med, 2018, 8(5): e83069.
41. Akhaddar A, Ennouali H, Gazzaz M, et al. Idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis without obesity: a case with relapsing and remitting course. Spinal Cord, 2008, 46(3): 243-244.
42. Quint DJ, Boulos RS, Sanders WP, et al. Epidural lipomatosis. Radiology, 1988, 169(2): 485-490.
43. Kuhn MJ, Youssef HT, Swan TL, et al. Lumbar epidural lipomatosis: the “Y” sign of thecal sac compression. Comput Med Imaging Graph, 1994, 18(5): 367-372.
44. Geers C, Lecouvet FE, Behets C, et al. Polygonal deformation of the dural sac in lumbar epidural lipomatosis: anatomic explanation by the presence of meningovertebral ligaments. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2003, 24(7): 1276-1282.
45. Ishikawa Y, Shimada Y, Miyakoshi N, et al. Decompression of idiopathic lumbar epidural lipomatosis: diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging evaluation and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine, 2006, 4(1): 24-30.
46. Borré DG, Borré GE, Aude F, et al. Lumbosacral epidural lipomatosis: MRI grading. Eur Radiol, 2003, 13(7): 1709-1721.
47. Sasagasako T, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, et al. Clinical implications of the epidural fat thickness in the management of lumbar spinal stenosis. World Neurosurg, 2021, 146: e205-e213.
48. Papastefan ST, Bhimani AD, Denyer S, et al. Management of idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis: a case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst, 2018, 34(4): 757-763.
49. Ramdani H, Jidal M, Saouab R, et al. Spinal epidural lipomatosis. Int J Emerg Med, 2022, 15(1): 14.
50. Roberti F, Bell J, Arsenault K. Lumbar cystic epidural lipomatosis with mass effect. Report of an unusual case. J Clin Neurosci, 2020, 77: 195-198.
51. Han X, Xu D, Ren Z, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis combined with obesity-induced idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis treated with posterior lumbar fusion: case report. BMC Surg, 2021, 21(1): 215.
52. Walker MA, Younan Y, de la Houssaye C, et al. Volumetric evaluation of lumbar epidural fat distribution in epidural lipomatosis and back pain in patients who are obese: introducing a novel technique (Fat Finder algorithm). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2019, 7(1): e000599.
53. Walker PB, Sark C, Brennan G, et al. Spinal epidural lipomatosis: A comprehensive review. Orthop Rev (Pavia), 2021, 13(2): 25571.
54. Patel AJ, Sellin J, Ehni BL, et al. Spontaneous resolution of spinal epidural lipomatosis. J Clin Neurosci, 2013, 20(11): 1595-1597.
55. Shimada Y, Suyama Y. Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL). QJM, 2023. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcad074.
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