Research Progress of Vascular Tumor Embolus in Esophageal Cancer_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

YUANYang ¹ , XIAOBo ² , FANGQiang ² ,  RENGuang-guo ²

1. Graduate Institute of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000 Sichuang, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

RENGuang-guo, Email: rengg2091@163.com

Keywords：

Esophageal cancer; Vascular tumor embolus; Prognosis

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.20140196

Video：

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The incidence of esophageal cancer (EC)is high in China. In recent years, vascular tumor embolus (VTE)has become a common pathological finding after esophagectomy. Multiple studies show that VTE is the result of multiple contributing factors, and is correlated to patients' prognosis. Many researchers confirm that VTE is positively correlated with the risk of lymph node metastasis. Optimal treatment for VTE patients has not yet reached a consensus. Research progress of VTE in EC is reviewed.

Citation： YUANYang, XIAOBo, FANGQiang, RENGuang-guo. Research Progress of Vascular Tumor Embolus in Esophageal Cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2014, 21(5): 686-689. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20140196 Copy

1.	Hongo M, Nagasaki Y, Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer:Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity.J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(5):729-735.
2.	李林, 柳硕岩, 朱坤寿, 等.早期食管癌淋巴结转移规律与预后分析.中华肿瘤杂志, 2009, 31(3):226-229.
3.	Del CJ, Corte MD, Alvarez A, et al. Lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion in gastric cancer:Relationship with clinicopathological parameters, biological factors and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clinic Oncol, 2008, 134(2):153-161.
4.	刘志才, 管福顺, 郭建庄, 等.食管贲门癌脉管瘤栓与病理相关因素分析.癌症, 2002, 21(5):530-532.
5.	Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY, et al. Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery, 2000, 127(6):603-608.
6.	阎涛, 赵建军, 毕新宇, 等.肝细胞肝癌术后预后因素分析.中华肿瘤杂志, 2013, 35(1):54-58.
7.	陈焕伟, 廖珊, 王峰杰, 等.解剖性肝切除治疗肝细胞癌的长期结果和预后影响因素分析:附90例报告.中华肝胆外科杂志, 2012, 18(2):110-114.
8.	提云霞, 安永恒, 王立森, 等.胃癌病人脉管内癌栓与临床病理因素及预后的关系.青岛大学医学院学报, 2007, 43(3):256-258.
9.	Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis.Br J Cancer, 2010, 102(S1):S2-S9.
10.	Albelda SM. Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. Lab Invest, 1993, 68(1):4-17.
11.	郭建庄, 杨增周. VEGFR-3在食管癌高发区食管鳞癌淋巴结转移中的作用.肿瘤基础与临床, 2008, 21(3):205-207.
12.	Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, et al. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med, 2011, 17(7):347-362.
13.	Varney ML, Singh S, Backora M, et al. Lymphangiogenesis and anti-tumor immune responses. Curr Mol Med, 2009, 9(6):694-701.
14.	李春海, 李克勤.肿瘤微血管生成的机制与肿瘤侵袭和转移.中华肿瘤杂志, 2000, 22(3):5-7.
15.	王长春, 毛伟敏, 凌志强.腺瘤性息肉病基因DNA甲基化在食管癌患者肿瘤组织及血浆中的表达.中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(9):719-722.
16.	王长春, 毛伟敏, 凌志强.食管癌患者肿瘤组织及外周血中上皮细胞钙黏蛋白及Ras相关区域家族1 A基因甲基化的研究.中华实验外科, 2012, 29(3):475-477.
17.	Ayadi W, Karray-Hakim H, Khabir A, et al. Aberrant methylation of p16, DLECI, BLU and E-cadherin gene promoters in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies from Tunisian patients. Anticancer Res, 2008, 28(4B):2161-2167.
18.	Xu Q, Ma PQ, Hu CF, et al. Overexpression of the DEC1 protein induces senescence in vitro and is related to better survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7):e41862.
19.	Zhang Hl, Chen Lq, Liu Rl, et al. The number of lymph node metas-tases influences survival and International Union Against Cancer tumor-node-metastasis classification for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2010, 23(1):53-58.
20.	Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancel statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 2005, 55(2):74-108.
21.	Kunisaki C, Akiyama H, Nomura M, et al. Developing an appropriate staging system for esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2005, 201(6):884-890.
22.	Shimada H, Okazumi S, Matsubara H, et al. Impact of the number and extent of positive lymph nodes in 200 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after three-field lymph node dissection. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8):1441-1449.
23.	Li YM, Zhu SC, Liu ZK, et al. Characteristics of the lymph node metastases and influencing factors and their value in target region delineation in postoperative radiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 2010, 32(5):391-395.
24.	Wang YD, Wu P, Mao JD, et al. Relationship between vascular invasion and microvessel density and micrometastasis. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(46):6269-6273.
25.	Chuang WY, Yeh CJ, Wu YC, et al. Tumor cell expression of podoplanin correlates with nodal metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol, 2009, 24(8):1021-1027.
26.	刘巍, 赫希山, 陈勇, 等. 1 526例胸段食管癌及责门癌淋巴结转移状况分析.中国肿瘤临床, 2008, 35(11):601-605.
27.	李斌, 相加庆, 张亚伟, 等.食管癌淋巴结转移特点及其危险因素.中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(9):711-714.
28.	赵宏光, 胡艳君, 毛伟敏, 等.食管癌右喉返神经旁淋巴结转移的相关因素研究.中华肿瘤杂志, 2010, 32(5):387-390.
29.	Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Lang H. Endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/T1b esophageal neoplasms:a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(9):1424-1437.
30.	Takubo K, Makuuchi H, Arima M, et al. Lymph node metastasis in superficial squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Pathologe, 2013, 34(2):148-154.
31.	Gertler R, Stein HJ, Schuster T, et al. Prevalence and topography of lymph node metastases in early esophageal and gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(1):96-101.
32.	王伟, 黄志宇, 陈明强, 等. 53例局限期原发食管小细胞癌治疗与预后分析.肿瘤学杂志, 2013, 19(5):342-345.
33.	祝淑钗, 宋长亮, 沈文斌, 等.食管癌根治性切除术后患者预后的影响因素分析.中华肿瘤杂志, 2012, 34(4):281-286.
34.	霍小东, 王洪江, 庞作良, 等. 339例中晚期胸段食管鳞癌术后生存评价及预后因素分析.实用肿瘤杂志, 2010, 25(3):273-277.
35.	章文成, 王奇峰, 肖泽芬, 等. Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胸段食管癌术后预防性三维放疗疗效分析.中华放射肿瘤学杂志, 2012, 21(2):136-139.
36.	王文凭, 陈龙奇.食管癌外科治疗的现状与展望.中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2011, 18(1):58-65.
37.	Groth SS, Virnig BA, Whitson BA, et al. Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(3):612-620.
38.	刘青, 王军, 程云杰.食管癌新辅助治疗研究进展.中华放射肿瘤学杂志, 2013, 22(3):197-200.
39.	Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg, 2003, 185(6):538-543.
40.	吴海山, 陈俊强, 朱坤寿, 等. N_0期食管鳞癌术后预后因素及术后放疗价值探讨.实用临床医药杂志, 2009, 13(19):22-25.

1. Hongo M, Nagasaki Y, Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer:Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity.J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(5):729-735.
2. 李林, 柳硕岩, 朱坤寿, 等.早期食管癌淋巴结转移规律与预后分析.中华肿瘤杂志, 2009, 31(3):226-229.
3. Del CJ, Corte MD, Alvarez A, et al. Lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion in gastric cancer:Relationship with clinicopathological parameters, biological factors and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clinic Oncol, 2008, 134(2):153-161.
4. 刘志才, 管福顺, 郭建庄, 等.食管贲门癌脉管瘤栓与病理相关因素分析.癌症, 2002, 21(5):530-532.
5. Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY, et al. Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery, 2000, 127(6):603-608.
6. 阎涛, 赵建军, 毕新宇, 等.肝细胞肝癌术后预后因素分析.中华肿瘤杂志, 2013, 35(1):54-58.
7. 陈焕伟, 廖珊, 王峰杰, 等.解剖性肝切除治疗肝细胞癌的长期结果和预后影响因素分析:附90例报告.中华肝胆外科杂志, 2012, 18(2):110-114.
8. 提云霞, 安永恒, 王立森, 等.胃癌病人脉管内癌栓与临床病理因素及预后的关系.青岛大学医学院学报, 2007, 43(3):256-258.
9. Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis.Br J Cancer, 2010, 102(S1):S2-S9.
10. Albelda SM. Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. Lab Invest, 1993, 68(1):4-17.
11. 郭建庄, 杨增周. VEGFR-3在食管癌高发区食管鳞癌淋巴结转移中的作用.肿瘤基础与临床, 2008, 21(3):205-207.
12. Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, et al. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med, 2011, 17(7):347-362.
13. Varney ML, Singh S, Backora M, et al. Lymphangiogenesis and anti-tumor immune responses. Curr Mol Med, 2009, 9(6):694-701.
14. 李春海, 李克勤.肿瘤微血管生成的机制与肿瘤侵袭和转移.中华肿瘤杂志, 2000, 22(3):5-7.
15. 王长春, 毛伟敏, 凌志强.腺瘤性息肉病基因DNA甲基化在食管癌患者肿瘤组织及血浆中的表达.中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(9):719-722.
16. 王长春, 毛伟敏, 凌志强.食管癌患者肿瘤组织及外周血中上皮细胞钙黏蛋白及Ras相关区域家族1 A基因甲基化的研究.中华实验外科, 2012, 29(3):475-477.
17. Ayadi W, Karray-Hakim H, Khabir A, et al. Aberrant methylation of p16, DLECI, BLU and E-cadherin gene promoters in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies from Tunisian patients. Anticancer Res, 2008, 28(4B):2161-2167.
18. Xu Q, Ma PQ, Hu CF, et al. Overexpression of the DEC1 protein induces senescence in vitro and is related to better survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7):e41862.
19. Zhang Hl, Chen Lq, Liu Rl, et al. The number of lymph node metas-tases influences survival and International Union Against Cancer tumor-node-metastasis classification for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2010, 23(1):53-58.
20. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancel statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 2005, 55(2):74-108.
21. Kunisaki C, Akiyama H, Nomura M, et al. Developing an appropriate staging system for esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2005, 201(6):884-890.
22. Shimada H, Okazumi S, Matsubara H, et al. Impact of the number and extent of positive lymph nodes in 200 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after three-field lymph node dissection. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8):1441-1449.
23. Li YM, Zhu SC, Liu ZK, et al. Characteristics of the lymph node metastases and influencing factors and their value in target region delineation in postoperative radiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 2010, 32(5):391-395.
24. Wang YD, Wu P, Mao JD, et al. Relationship between vascular invasion and microvessel density and micrometastasis. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(46):6269-6273.
25. Chuang WY, Yeh CJ, Wu YC, et al. Tumor cell expression of podoplanin correlates with nodal metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol, 2009, 24(8):1021-1027.
26. 刘巍, 赫希山, 陈勇, 等. 1 526例胸段食管癌及责门癌淋巴结转移状况分析.中国肿瘤临床, 2008, 35(11):601-605.
27. 李斌, 相加庆, 张亚伟, 等.食管癌淋巴结转移特点及其危险因素.中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(9):711-714.
28. 赵宏光, 胡艳君, 毛伟敏, 等.食管癌右喉返神经旁淋巴结转移的相关因素研究.中华肿瘤杂志, 2010, 32(5):387-390.
29. Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Lang H. Endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/T1b esophageal neoplasms:a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(9):1424-1437.
30. Takubo K, Makuuchi H, Arima M, et al. Lymph node metastasis in superficial squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Pathologe, 2013, 34(2):148-154.
31. Gertler R, Stein HJ, Schuster T, et al. Prevalence and topography of lymph node metastases in early esophageal and gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 2014, 259(1):96-101.
32. 王伟, 黄志宇, 陈明强, 等. 53例局限期原发食管小细胞癌治疗与预后分析.肿瘤学杂志, 2013, 19(5):342-345.
33. 祝淑钗, 宋长亮, 沈文斌, 等.食管癌根治性切除术后患者预后的影响因素分析.中华肿瘤杂志, 2012, 34(4):281-286.
34. 霍小东, 王洪江, 庞作良, 等. 339例中晚期胸段食管鳞癌术后生存评价及预后因素分析.实用肿瘤杂志, 2010, 25(3):273-277.
35. 章文成, 王奇峰, 肖泽芬, 等. Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胸段食管癌术后预防性三维放疗疗效分析.中华放射肿瘤学杂志, 2012, 21(2):136-139.
36. 王文凭, 陈龙奇.食管癌外科治疗的现状与展望.中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2011, 18(1):58-65.
37. Groth SS, Virnig BA, Whitson BA, et al. Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 139(3):612-620.
38. 刘青, 王军, 程云杰.食管癌新辅助治疗研究进展.中华放射肿瘤学杂志, 2013, 22(3):197-200.
39. Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg, 2003, 185(6):538-543.
40. 吴海山, 陈俊强, 朱坤寿, 等. N_0期食管鳞癌术后预后因素及术后放疗价值探讨.实用临床医药杂志, 2009, 13(19):22-25.

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