Recent advancement of researches on surgery for esophageal cancer_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

DENG Hanyu ^1,2 , WANG Zhiqiang ^1,2 ,  CHEN Longqi ¹

1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;
2. West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Longqi, Email: drchenlq@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Esophageal cancer; surgery; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201608014

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers with a poor prognosis. For those non advanced stage patients, multi-disciplinary treatment based on surgery remains to be an important treatment strategy. Even though surgical techniques have developed rapidly, it still remains controversies in the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. This review aimed to summarize and discuss those hot topics about the surgery of esophageal cancer, including surgical approaches of esophagectomy, anastomosis, lymphadenectomy, minimally invasive esophagectomy, and neoadjuvant therapy, hoping to provide evidence and perspectives in the surgical treatment for esophageal cancer.

Citation： DENG Hanyu, WANG Zhiqiang, CHEN Longqi. Recent advancement of researches on surgery for esophageal cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2017, 24(3): 233-238. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201608014 Copy

1.	Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA,et al. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet, 2013, 381(9864): 400-412.
2.	Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL,et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
3.	Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM,et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2011, 12(7): 681-692.
4.	Fakhrian K, Ordu AD, Lordick F,et al. Long-term outcomes of trimodality treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus with cisplatin and/or 5-FU. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2014, 190(12): 1133-1140.
5.	Pennathur A, Zhang J, Chen H,et al. The "best operation" for esophageal cancer? Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 89(6): S2163-2167.
6.	Huang HT, Wang F, Shen L,et al. Clinical outcome of middle thoracic esophageal cancer with intrathoracic or cervical anastomosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 63(4): 328-334.
7.	Klink CD, Binnebosel M, Otto J,et al. Intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis after resection of esophageal cancer: a matched pair analysis of 72 patients in a single center study. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 159.
8.	Kayani B, Jarral OA, Athanasiou T,et al. Should oesophagectomy be performed with cervical or intrathoracic anastomosis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2012, 14(6): 821-826.
9.	Uzunoglu FG, Reeh M, Kutup A,et al. Surgery of esophageal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2013, 398(2): 189-193.
10.	Boone J, Livestro DP, Elias SG,et al. International survey on esophageal cancer: part I surgical techniques. Dis Esophagus, 2009, 22(3): 195-202.
11.	Chen SB, Weng HR, Wang G,et al. Surgical treatment for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013, 14(6): 3825-3830.
12.	Ma Q, Liu W, Long H,et al. Right versus left transthoracic approach for lymph node-negative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 10: 123.
13.	Li B, Xiang J, Zhang Y,et al. Comparison of Ivor-Lewis vs Sweet esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg, 2015, 150(4): 292-298.
14.	Ma J, Zhan C, Wang L,et al. The sweet approach is still worthwhile in modern esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(5): 1728-1733.
15.	Yekebas EF, Schurr PG, Kaifi JT,et al. Effectiveness of radical en-bloc-esophagectomy compared to transhiatal esophagectomy in squamous cell cancer of the esophagus is influenced by nodal micrometastases. J Surg Oncol, 2006, 93(7): 541-549.
16.	Donohoe CL, O'Farrell NJ, Ravi N,et al. Evidence-based selective application of transhiatal esophagectomy in a high-volume esophageal center. World J Surg, 2012, 36(1): 98-103.
17.	Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG,et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(21): 1662-1669.
18.	Colvin H, Dunning J, Khan OA. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for distal esophageal cancer: which is superior? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2011, 12(2): 265-269.
19.	Kawoosa NU, Dar AM, Sharma ML,et al. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma: experience from a single tertiary care institution. World J Surg, 2011, 35(6): 1296-1302.
20.	Ganesamoni S, Krishnamurthy A. Three-field transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy in the management of carcinoma esophagus-a single--center experience with a review of literature. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2014, 45(1): 66-73.
21.	Hulscher JB, Tijssen JG, Obertop H,et al. Transthoracic versus transhiatal resection for carcinoma of the esophagus: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001, 72(1): 306-313.
22.	Boshier PR, Anderson O, Hanna GB. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for the treatment of esophagogastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(6): 894-906.
23.	Wei MT, Zhang YC, Deng XB,et al. Transthoracic vs transhiatal surgery for cancer of the esophagogastric junction: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(29): 10183-10192.
24.	Yuan Y, Wang KN, Chen LQ. Esophageal anastomosis. Dis Esophagus, 2015, 28(2): 127-137.
25.	Markar SR, Karthikesalingam A, Vyas S,et al. Hand-sewn versus stapled oesophago-gastric anastomosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg, 2011, 15(5): 876-884.
26.	Honda M, Kuriyama A, Noma H,et al. Hand-sewn versus mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(2): 238-248.
27.	Kondra J, Ong SR, Clifton J,et al. A change in clinical practice: a partially stapled cervical esophagogastric anastomosis reduces morbidity and improves functional outcome after esophagectomy for cancer. Dis Esophagus, 2008, 21(5): 422-429.
28.	Cooke DT, Lin GC, Lau CL,et al. Analysis of cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leaks after transhiatal esophagectomy: risk factors, presentation, and detection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(1): 177-184.
29.	Harustiak T, Pazdro A, Snajdauf M,et al. Anastomotic leak and stricture after hand-sewn versus linear-stapled intrathoracic oesophagogastric anastomosis: single-centre analysis of 415 oesophagectomies. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49(6): 1650-1659.
30.	Blackmon SH, Correa AM, Wynn B,et al. Propensity-matched analysis of three techniques for intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(5): 1805-1813.
31.	Xu QR, Wang KN, Wang WP,et al. Linear stapled esophagogastrostomy is more effective than hand-sewn or circular stapler in prevention of anastomotic stricture: a comparative clinical study. J Gastrointest Surg, 2011, 15(6): 915-921.
32.	Wang WP, Gao Q, Wang KN,et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of semi-mechanical versus hand-sewn or circular stapled esophagogastrostomy for prevention of anastomotic stricture. World J Surg, 2013, 37(5): 1043-1050.
33.	Metzger R, Schutze F, Monig S. Evidence-based operative details in esophageal cancer treatment: surgical approach, lymphadenectomy, anastomosis. Viszeralmedizin, 2015, 31(5): 337-340.
34.	Fujita H, Sueyoshi S, Tanaka T,et al. Optimal lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus: comparing the short- and long-term outcome among the four types of lymphadenectomy. World J Surg, 2003, 27(5): 571-579.
35.	Isono K, Sato H, Nakayama K. Results of a nationwide study on the three-field lymph node dissection of esophageal cancer. Oncology, 1991, 48(5): 411-420.
36.	Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H,et al. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg, 1994, 220(3): 364-372.
37.	Kato H. Lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Two- and 3-field lymph node dissection. Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1995, 84(2): 193-199.
38.	Fujita H, Kakegawa T, Yamana H,et al. Mortality and morbidity rates, postoperative course, quality of life, and prognosis after extended radical lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Comparison of three-field lymphadenectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg, 1995, 222(5): 654-662.
39.	Noguchi T, Wada S, Takeno S,et al. Two-step three-field lymph node dissection is beneficial for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2004, 17(1): 27-31.
40.	Igaki H, Tachimori Y, Kato H. Improved survival for patients with upper and/or middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower thoracic esophagus treated with 3-field dissection. Ann Surg, 2004, 239(4): 483-490.
41.	Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachimori Y,et al. Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg, 1991, 51(6): 931-935.
42.	Nishihira T, Hirayama K, Mori S. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am J Surg, 1998, 175(1): 47-51.
43.	Ye T, Sun Y, Zhang Y,et al. Three-field or two-field resection for thoracic esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(6): 1933-1941.
44.	Ma GW, Situ DR, Ma QL,et al. Three-field vs two-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(47): 18022-18030.
45.	Petropoulos K, Macheras A, Liakakos T,et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: techniques and outcomes. Chirurgia (Bucur), 2015, 110(2): 99-108.
46.	Anderegg MC, Gisbertz SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI. Minimally invasive surgery for oesophageal cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2014, 28(1): 41-52.
47.	Biere SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Maas KW,et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2012, 379(9829): 1887-1892.
48.	Maas KW, Cuesta MA, van Berge Henegouwen MI,et al. Quality of life and late complications after minimally invasive compared to open esophagectomy: Results of a randomized trial. World J Surg, 2015, 39(8): 1986-1993.
49.	Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Radtke A,et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy: meta-analysis of outcomes. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(11): 3031-3040.
50.	Dantoc M, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Evidence to support the use of minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg, 2012, 147(8): 768-776.
51.	Avery KN, Metcalfe C, Berrisford R,et al. The feasibility of a randomized controlled trial of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer--the ROMIO (Randomized Oesophagectomy: Minimally Invasive or Open) study: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2014, 15: 200.
52.	Mu J, Gao S, Mao Y,et al. Open three-stage transthoracic oesophagectomy versus minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer: protocol for a multicentre prospective, open and parallel, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(11): e008328.
53.	Clark J, Sodergren MH, Purkayastha S,et al. The role of robotic assisted laparoscopy for oesophagogastric oncological resection; an appraisal of the literature. Dis Esophagus, 2011, 24(4): 240-250.
54.	Kernstine KH, DeArmond DT, Karimi M,et al. The robotic, 2-stage, 3-field esophagolymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2004, 127(6): 1847-1849.
55.	Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP,et al. Robotic surgery: a current perspective. Ann Surg, 2004, 239(1): 14-21.
56.	Fan M, Lin Y, Pan J,et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer, 2016, 7(2): 173-181.
57.	Wijnhoven BP, van Lanschot JJ, Tilanus HW,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: a review of meta-analyses. World J Surg, 2009, 33(12): 2606-2614.
58.	Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJ, Hulshof MC,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(9): 1090-1098.
59.	Fu T, Bu ZD, Li ZY,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for resectable esophago-gastric adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cancer, 2015, 15: 322.
60.	Klevebro F, Alexandersson von Dobeln G, Wang N,et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(4): 660-667.
61.	Deng HY, Wang WP, Wang YC,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the options for neoadjuvant therapy for treating oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016. [Epub ahead of print].

1. Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA,et al. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet, 2013, 381(9864): 400-412.
2. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL,et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin, 2015, 65(2): 87-108.
3. Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM,et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2011, 12(7): 681-692.
4. Fakhrian K, Ordu AD, Lordick F,et al. Long-term outcomes of trimodality treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus with cisplatin and/or 5-FU. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2014, 190(12): 1133-1140.
5. Pennathur A, Zhang J, Chen H,et al. The "best operation" for esophageal cancer? Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 89(6): S2163-2167.
6. Huang HT, Wang F, Shen L,et al. Clinical outcome of middle thoracic esophageal cancer with intrathoracic or cervical anastomosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 63(4): 328-334.
7. Klink CD, Binnebosel M, Otto J,et al. Intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis after resection of esophageal cancer: a matched pair analysis of 72 patients in a single center study. World J Surg Oncol, 2012, 10: 159.
8. Kayani B, Jarral OA, Athanasiou T,et al. Should oesophagectomy be performed with cervical or intrathoracic anastomosis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2012, 14(6): 821-826.
9. Uzunoglu FG, Reeh M, Kutup A,et al. Surgery of esophageal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2013, 398(2): 189-193.
10. Boone J, Livestro DP, Elias SG,et al. International survey on esophageal cancer: part I surgical techniques. Dis Esophagus, 2009, 22(3): 195-202.
11. Chen SB, Weng HR, Wang G,et al. Surgical treatment for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013, 14(6): 3825-3830.
12. Ma Q, Liu W, Long H,et al. Right versus left transthoracic approach for lymph node-negative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 10: 123.
13. Li B, Xiang J, Zhang Y,et al. Comparison of Ivor-Lewis vs Sweet esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg, 2015, 150(4): 292-298.
14. Ma J, Zhan C, Wang L,et al. The sweet approach is still worthwhile in modern esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(5): 1728-1733.
15. Yekebas EF, Schurr PG, Kaifi JT,et al. Effectiveness of radical en-bloc-esophagectomy compared to transhiatal esophagectomy in squamous cell cancer of the esophagus is influenced by nodal micrometastases. J Surg Oncol, 2006, 93(7): 541-549.
16. Donohoe CL, O'Farrell NJ, Ravi N,et al. Evidence-based selective application of transhiatal esophagectomy in a high-volume esophageal center. World J Surg, 2012, 36(1): 98-103.
17. Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG,et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(21): 1662-1669.
18. Colvin H, Dunning J, Khan OA. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for distal esophageal cancer: which is superior? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2011, 12(2): 265-269.
19. Kawoosa NU, Dar AM, Sharma ML,et al. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma: experience from a single tertiary care institution. World J Surg, 2011, 35(6): 1296-1302.
20. Ganesamoni S, Krishnamurthy A. Three-field transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy in the management of carcinoma esophagus-a single--center experience with a review of literature. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2014, 45(1): 66-73.
21. Hulscher JB, Tijssen JG, Obertop H,et al. Transthoracic versus transhiatal resection for carcinoma of the esophagus: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2001, 72(1): 306-313.
22. Boshier PR, Anderson O, Hanna GB. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for the treatment of esophagogastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(6): 894-906.
23. Wei MT, Zhang YC, Deng XB,et al. Transthoracic vs transhiatal surgery for cancer of the esophagogastric junction: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(29): 10183-10192.
24. Yuan Y, Wang KN, Chen LQ. Esophageal anastomosis. Dis Esophagus, 2015, 28(2): 127-137.
25. Markar SR, Karthikesalingam A, Vyas S,et al. Hand-sewn versus stapled oesophago-gastric anastomosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg, 2011, 15(5): 876-884.
26. Honda M, Kuriyama A, Noma H,et al. Hand-sewn versus mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(2): 238-248.
27. Kondra J, Ong SR, Clifton J,et al. A change in clinical practice: a partially stapled cervical esophagogastric anastomosis reduces morbidity and improves functional outcome after esophagectomy for cancer. Dis Esophagus, 2008, 21(5): 422-429.
28. Cooke DT, Lin GC, Lau CL,et al. Analysis of cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leaks after transhiatal esophagectomy: risk factors, presentation, and detection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(1): 177-184.
29. Harustiak T, Pazdro A, Snajdauf M,et al. Anastomotic leak and stricture after hand-sewn versus linear-stapled intrathoracic oesophagogastric anastomosis: single-centre analysis of 415 oesophagectomies. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49(6): 1650-1659.
30. Blackmon SH, Correa AM, Wynn B,et al. Propensity-matched analysis of three techniques for intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2007, 83(5): 1805-1813.
31. Xu QR, Wang KN, Wang WP,et al. Linear stapled esophagogastrostomy is more effective than hand-sewn or circular stapler in prevention of anastomotic stricture: a comparative clinical study. J Gastrointest Surg, 2011, 15(6): 915-921.
32. Wang WP, Gao Q, Wang KN,et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of semi-mechanical versus hand-sewn or circular stapled esophagogastrostomy for prevention of anastomotic stricture. World J Surg, 2013, 37(5): 1043-1050.
33. Metzger R, Schutze F, Monig S. Evidence-based operative details in esophageal cancer treatment: surgical approach, lymphadenectomy, anastomosis. Viszeralmedizin, 2015, 31(5): 337-340.
34. Fujita H, Sueyoshi S, Tanaka T,et al. Optimal lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus: comparing the short- and long-term outcome among the four types of lymphadenectomy. World J Surg, 2003, 27(5): 571-579.
35. Isono K, Sato H, Nakayama K. Results of a nationwide study on the three-field lymph node dissection of esophageal cancer. Oncology, 1991, 48(5): 411-420.
36. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H,et al. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg, 1994, 220(3): 364-372.
37. Kato H. Lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Two- and 3-field lymph node dissection. Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1995, 84(2): 193-199.
38. Fujita H, Kakegawa T, Yamana H,et al. Mortality and morbidity rates, postoperative course, quality of life, and prognosis after extended radical lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Comparison of three-field lymphadenectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg, 1995, 222(5): 654-662.
39. Noguchi T, Wada S, Takeno S,et al. Two-step three-field lymph node dissection is beneficial for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 2004, 17(1): 27-31.
40. Igaki H, Tachimori Y, Kato H. Improved survival for patients with upper and/or middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower thoracic esophagus treated with 3-field dissection. Ann Surg, 2004, 239(4): 483-490.
41. Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachimori Y,et al. Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg, 1991, 51(6): 931-935.
42. Nishihira T, Hirayama K, Mori S. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am J Surg, 1998, 175(1): 47-51.
43. Ye T, Sun Y, Zhang Y,et al. Three-field or two-field resection for thoracic esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(6): 1933-1941.
44. Ma GW, Situ DR, Ma QL,et al. Three-field vs two-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(47): 18022-18030.
45. Petropoulos K, Macheras A, Liakakos T,et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: techniques and outcomes. Chirurgia (Bucur), 2015, 110(2): 99-108.
46. Anderegg MC, Gisbertz SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI. Minimally invasive surgery for oesophageal cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2014, 28(1): 41-52.
47. Biere SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Maas KW,et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2012, 379(9829): 1887-1892.
48. Maas KW, Cuesta MA, van Berge Henegouwen MI,et al. Quality of life and late complications after minimally invasive compared to open esophagectomy: Results of a randomized trial. World J Surg, 2015, 39(8): 1986-1993.
49. Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Radtke A,et al. Minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy: meta-analysis of outcomes. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(11): 3031-3040.
50. Dantoc M, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Evidence to support the use of minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg, 2012, 147(8): 768-776.
51. Avery KN, Metcalfe C, Berrisford R,et al. The feasibility of a randomized controlled trial of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer--the ROMIO (Randomized Oesophagectomy: Minimally Invasive or Open) study: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2014, 15: 200.
52. Mu J, Gao S, Mao Y,et al. Open three-stage transthoracic oesophagectomy versus minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer: protocol for a multicentre prospective, open and parallel, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(11): e008328.
53. Clark J, Sodergren MH, Purkayastha S,et al. The role of robotic assisted laparoscopy for oesophagogastric oncological resection; an appraisal of the literature. Dis Esophagus, 2011, 24(4): 240-250.
54. Kernstine KH, DeArmond DT, Karimi M,et al. The robotic, 2-stage, 3-field esophagolymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2004, 127(6): 1847-1849.
55. Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP,et al. Robotic surgery: a current perspective. Ann Surg, 2004, 239(1): 14-21.
56. Fan M, Lin Y, Pan J,et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer, 2016, 7(2): 173-181.
57. Wijnhoven BP, van Lanschot JJ, Tilanus HW,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: a review of meta-analyses. World J Surg, 2009, 33(12): 2606-2614.
58. Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJ, Hulshof MC,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(9): 1090-1098.
59. Fu T, Bu ZD, Li ZY,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for resectable esophago-gastric adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cancer, 2015, 15: 322.
60. Klevebro F, Alexandersson von Dobeln G, Wang N,et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol, 2016, 27(4): 660-667.
61. Deng HY, Wang WP, Wang YC,et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the options for neoadjuvant therapy for treating oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016. [Epub ahead of print].

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Recent advancement of researches on surgery for esophageal cancer

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