Advance in research of esophageal stent_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

HE Ying ,  CUI Yong

Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

CUI Yong, Email: cywork1@sina.com

Keywords：

Biodegradable esophageal stent; esophageal disease; 3D printing technology

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201703048

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

The esophageal disease is a major clinical disease. The esophageal stent has extensive clinical applications in the treatment of esophageal diseases. However, the clinical application of esophageal stent is limited, because there are lots of complications after implantation of esophageal stent. Biodegradable esophageal stent has two advantages: biodegradability and good histocompatibility. It is expected to solve a variety of complications of esophageal stent and provide a new choice for the treatment of esophageal diseases. Standardized esophageal stents are not fully applicable to all patients. The application of 3D printing technology in the manufacture of biodegradable esophageal stent can realize the individualized treatment of esophageal stent. And meanwhile, the 3D printing technology can reduce the manufacturing cost of the stent. This review aimed to summarize and discuss the application of esophageal stent, the current research status and prospect of biodegradable esophageal stent and the prospect of 3D printing technology in degradable esophageal stent, hoping to provide evidence and perspectives for the research of biodegradable esophageal stent.

Citation： HE Ying, CUI Yong. Advance in research of esophageal stent. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2018, 25(2): 164-170. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201703048 Copy

1.	Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(6): 1374-1403.
2.	中华医学会消化内镜学分会中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会. 中国早期食管癌筛查及内镜诊治专家共识意见精简版(2014 年, 北京). 中华消化杂志, 2015, 35(5): 294-299.
3.	Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD, et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy, 2016, 48(10): 939-948.
4.	DaVee T, Irani S, Leggett CL, et al. Stent-in-stent technique for removal of embedded partially covered self-expanding metal stents. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(6): 2332-2341.
5.	Dumonceau JM, Devière J. Treatment of Boerhaave's syndrome using the ultraflex self-expandable stent. Gastrointest Endosc, 2000, 51(6): 773-774.
6.	Didden P, Spaander MC, Bruno MJ, et al. Esophageal stents in malignant and benign disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2013, 15(4): 319.
7.	Ross WA, Alkassab F, Lynch PM, et al. Evolving role of self-expanding metal stents in the treatment of malignant dysphagia and fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc, 2007, 65(1): 70-76.
8.	Łochowski MP, Brzeziński D, Rębowski M, et al. Complications after treating esophageal strictures with prostheses and stents - 20 years' experience. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne, 2016, 11(4): 295-299.
9.	Jacobson BC, Hirota W, Baron TH, et al. The role of endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc, 2003, 57(7): 817-822.
10.	ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Evans JA, Early DS, et al. The role of endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc, 2013, 77(3): 328-334.
11.	Varghese TK Jr, Hofstetter WL, Rizk NP, et al. The society of thoracic surgeons guidelines on the diagnosis and staging of patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(1): 346-356.
12.	Homann N, Noftz MR, Klingenberg-Noftz RD, et al. Delayed complications after placement of self-expanding stents in malignant esophageal obstruction: treatment strategies and survival rate. Dig Dis Sci, 2008, 53(2): 334-340.
13.	Homs MY, Siersema PD. Stents in the GI tract. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007, 4(5): 741-752.
14.	Seven G, Irani S, Ross AS, et al. Partially versus fully covered self-expanding metal stents for benign and malignant esophageal conditions: a single center experience. Surg Endosc, 2013, 27(6): 2185-2192.
15.	Sharma P, Kozarek R, Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, 105(2): 258-273.
16.	Fuccio L, Hassan C, Frazzoni L, et al. Clinical outcomes following stent placement in refractory benign esophageal stricture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy, 2016, 48(2):141-148.
17.	Siersema PD. Treatment options for esophageal strictures. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 5(3): 142-152.
18.	van Boeckel PG, Siersema PD. Refractory esophageal strictures: what to do when dilation fails. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol, 2015, 13(1): 47-58.
19.	Wadhwa RP, Kozarek RA, France RE, et al. Use of self-expandable metallic stents in benign GI diseases. Gastrointest Endosc, 2003, 58(2): 207-212.
20.	Hirdes MM, Vleggaar FP, Van der Linde K, et al. Esophageal perforation due to removal of partially covered self-expanding metal stents placed for a benign perforation or leak. Endoscopy, 2011, 43(2): 156-159.
21.	Eloubeidi MA, Lopes TL. Novel removable internally fully covered self-expanding metal esophageal stent: feasibility, technique of removal, and tissue response in humans. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009, 104(6): 1374-1381.
22.	Song HY, Jung HY, Park SI, et al. Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience. Radiology, 2000, 217(2): 551-557.
23.	Kim JH, Song HY, Choi EK, et al. Temporary metallic stent placement in the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures: results and factors associated with outcome in 55 patients. Eur Radiol, 2009, 19(2): 384-390.
24.	Buscaglia JM, Ho S, Sethi A, et al. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents for benign esophageal disease: a multicenter retrospective case series of 31 patients. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011, 74(1): 207-211.
25.	Senousy BE, Gupte AR, Draganov PV, et al. Fully covered Alimaxx esophageal metal stents in the endoscopic treatment of benign esophageal diseases. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(12): 3399-3403.
26.	Suzuki T, Siddiqui A, Taylor LJ, et al. Clinical outcomes, efficacy, and adverse events in patients undergoing esophageal stent placement for benign indications: a large multicenter study. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2016, 50(5): 373-378.
27.	Evrard S, Le Moine O, Lazaraki G, et al. Self-expanding plastic stents for benign esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc, 2004, 60(6): 894-900.
28.	Repici A, Conio M, De Angelis C, et al. Temporary placement of an expandable polyester silicone-covered stent for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc, 2004, 60(4): 513-519.
29.	Broto J, Asensio M, Vernet JM. Results of a new technique in the treatment of severe esophageal stenosis in children: poliflex stents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2003, 37(2): 203-206.
30.	Karbowski M, Schembre D, Kozarek R, et al. Polyflex self-expanding, removable plastic stents: assessment of treatment efficacy and safety in a variety of benign and malignant conditions of the esophagus. Surg Endosc, 2008, 22(5): 1326-1333.
31.	Holm AN, de la Mora Levy JG, Gostout CJ, et al. Self-expanding plastic stents in treatment of benign esophageal conditions. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 67(1): 20-25.
32.	Dua KS, Vleggaar FP, Santharam R, et al. Removable self-expanding plastic esophageal stent as a continuous, non-permanent dilator in treating refractory benign esophageal strictures: a prospective two-center study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103(12): 2988-2994.
33.	Oh YS, Kochman ML, Ahmad NA, et al. Clinical outcomes after self-expanding plastic stent placement for refractory benign esophageal strictures. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(5): 1344-1348.
34.	Repici A, Hassan C, Sharma P, et al. Systematic review: the role of self-expanding plastic stents for benign oesophageal strictures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 31(12): 1268-1275.
35.	Ham YH, Kim GH. Plastic and biodegradable stents for complex and refractory benign esophageal strictures. Clin Endosc, 2014, 47(4): 295-300.
36.	Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY, et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula: long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology, 2004, 232(1): 252-259.
37.	Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non-operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(5): 1103-1107.
38.	Na HK, Song HY, Kim JH, et al. How to design the optimal self-expandable oesophageal metallic stents: 22 years of experience in 645 patients with malignant strictures. Eur Radiol, 2013, 23(3): 786-796.
39.	Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM, et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with silicone-covered metallic Z stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 1995, 6(2): 237-242.
40.	Morgan RA, Ellul JP, Denton ER, et al. Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations: management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses. Radiology, 1997, 204(2): 527-532.
41.	Low DE, Kozarek RA. Comparison of conventional and wire mesh expandable prostheses and surgical bypass in patients with malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg, 1998, 65(4): 919-923.
42.	May A, Ell C. Palliative treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with Gianturco-Z stents. A prospective clinical trial and review of the literature on covered metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol, 1998, 93(4): 532-535.
43.	Siersema PD, Schrauwen SL, van Blankenstein M, et al. Self-expanding metal stents for complicated and recurrent esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc, 2001, 54(5): 579-586.
44.	Wang MQ, Sze DY, Wang ZP, et al. Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2001, 12(4): 465-474.
45.	Sarper A, Oz N, Cihangir C, et al. The efficacy of self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant esophageal strictures and fistulas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2003, 23(5): 794-798.
46.	Murthy S, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Rozas MS, et al. Palliation of malignant aerodigestive fistulae with self-expanding metallic stents. Dis Esophagus, 2007, 20(5): 386-389.
47.	Hu Y, Zhao YF, Chen LQ, et al. Comparative study of different treatments for malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae. Dis Esophagus, 2009, 22(6): 526-531.
48.	Herth FJ, Peter S, Baty F, et al. Combined airway and oesophageal stenting in malignant airway-oesophageal fistulas: a prospective study. Eur Respir J, 2010, 36(6): 1370-1374.
49.	Van Heel NC, Haringsma J, Spaander MC, et al. Esophageal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistula recurrence after esophagectomy. Gastrointest Endosc, 2010, 72(2): 249-254.
50.	Chen YH, Li SH, Chiu YC, et al. Comparative study of esophageal stent and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy for tracheoesophageal fistula caused by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8): e42766.
51.	Zori AG, Jantz MA, Forsmark CE, et al. Simultaneous dual scope endotherapy of esophago-airway fistulas and obstructions. Dis Esophagus, 2014, 27(5): 428-434.
52.	Hindy P, Hong J, Lam-Tsai Y, et al. A comprehensive review of esophageal stents. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y), 2012, 8(8): 526-534.
53.	Eloubeidi MA, Talreja JP, Lopes TL, et al. Success and complications associated with placement of fully covered removable self-expandable metal stents for benign esophageal diseases (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc, 2011, 73(4): 673-681.
54.	Li H, Chang J. pH-compensation effect of bioactive inorganic fillers on the degradation of PLGA. Compos Sci Technol, 2005, 65(14): 2226-2232.
55.	Ma X, Oyamada S, Wu T, et al. In vitro and in vivo degradation of poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)/amorphous calcium phosphate copolymer coated on metal stents. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2011, 96(4): 632-638.
56.	Novotny L, Crha M, Rauser P, et al. Novel biodegradable polydioxanone stents in a rabbit airway model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 143(2): 437-444.
57.	Shin JH, Sung KB, Kim EY, et al. A rat tracheal model to investigate stent-induced tissue hyperplasia: a pilot study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2010, 21(12): 1878-1883.
58.	Park JH, Song HY, Shin JH, et al. Polydioxanone biodegradable stent placement in a canine urethral model: analysis of inflammatory reaction and biodegradation. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(8): 1257-1264.
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63.	van Boeckel PG, Vleggaar FP, Siersema PD. A comparison of temporary self-expanding plastic and biodegradable stents for refractory benign esophageal strictures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 9(8): 653-659.
64.	Canena JM, Liberato MJ, Rio-Tinto RA, et al. A comparison of the temporary placement of 3 different self-expanding stents for the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures: a prospective multicentre study. BMC Gastroenterol, 2012, 12: 70.
65.	Repici A, Vleggaar FP, Hassan C, et al. Efficacy and safety of biodegradable stents for refractory benign esophageal strictures: the BEST (Biodegradable Esophageal Stent) study. Gastrointest Endosc, 2010, 72(5): 927-934.
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1. Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(6): 1374-1403.
2. 中华医学会消化内镜学分会中国抗癌协会肿瘤内镜专业委员会. 中国早期食管癌筛查及内镜诊治专家共识意见精简版(2014 年, 北京). 中华消化杂志, 2015, 35(5): 294-299.
3. Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD, et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy, 2016, 48(10): 939-948.
4. DaVee T, Irani S, Leggett CL, et al. Stent-in-stent technique for removal of embedded partially covered self-expanding metal stents. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(6): 2332-2341.
5. Dumonceau JM, Devière J. Treatment of Boerhaave's syndrome using the ultraflex self-expandable stent. Gastrointest Endosc, 2000, 51(6): 773-774.
6. Didden P, Spaander MC, Bruno MJ, et al. Esophageal stents in malignant and benign disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2013, 15(4): 319.
7. Ross WA, Alkassab F, Lynch PM, et al. Evolving role of self-expanding metal stents in the treatment of malignant dysphagia and fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc, 2007, 65(1): 70-76.
8. Łochowski MP, Brzeziński D, Rębowski M, et al. Complications after treating esophageal strictures with prostheses and stents - 20 years' experience. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne, 2016, 11(4): 295-299.
9. Jacobson BC, Hirota W, Baron TH, et al. The role of endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc, 2003, 57(7): 817-822.
10. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Evans JA, Early DS, et al. The role of endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc, 2013, 77(3): 328-334.
11. Varghese TK Jr, Hofstetter WL, Rizk NP, et al. The society of thoracic surgeons guidelines on the diagnosis and staging of patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 96(1): 346-356.
12. Homann N, Noftz MR, Klingenberg-Noftz RD, et al. Delayed complications after placement of self-expanding stents in malignant esophageal obstruction: treatment strategies and survival rate. Dig Dis Sci, 2008, 53(2): 334-340.
13. Homs MY, Siersema PD. Stents in the GI tract. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007, 4(5): 741-752.
14. Seven G, Irani S, Ross AS, et al. Partially versus fully covered self-expanding metal stents for benign and malignant esophageal conditions: a single center experience. Surg Endosc, 2013, 27(6): 2185-2192.
15. Sharma P, Kozarek R, Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, 105(2): 258-273.
16. Fuccio L, Hassan C, Frazzoni L, et al. Clinical outcomes following stent placement in refractory benign esophageal stricture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy, 2016, 48(2):141-148.
17. Siersema PD. Treatment options for esophageal strictures. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 5(3): 142-152.
18. van Boeckel PG, Siersema PD. Refractory esophageal strictures: what to do when dilation fails. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol, 2015, 13(1): 47-58.
19. Wadhwa RP, Kozarek RA, France RE, et al. Use of self-expandable metallic stents in benign GI diseases. Gastrointest Endosc, 2003, 58(2): 207-212.
20. Hirdes MM, Vleggaar FP, Van der Linde K, et al. Esophageal perforation due to removal of partially covered self-expanding metal stents placed for a benign perforation or leak. Endoscopy, 2011, 43(2): 156-159.
21. Eloubeidi MA, Lopes TL. Novel removable internally fully covered self-expanding metal esophageal stent: feasibility, technique of removal, and tissue response in humans. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009, 104(6): 1374-1381.
22. Song HY, Jung HY, Park SI, et al. Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience. Radiology, 2000, 217(2): 551-557.
23. Kim JH, Song HY, Choi EK, et al. Temporary metallic stent placement in the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures: results and factors associated with outcome in 55 patients. Eur Radiol, 2009, 19(2): 384-390.
24. Buscaglia JM, Ho S, Sethi A, et al. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents for benign esophageal disease: a multicenter retrospective case series of 31 patients. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011, 74(1): 207-211.
25. Senousy BE, Gupte AR, Draganov PV, et al. Fully covered Alimaxx esophageal metal stents in the endoscopic treatment of benign esophageal diseases. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(12): 3399-3403.
26. Suzuki T, Siddiqui A, Taylor LJ, et al. Clinical outcomes, efficacy, and adverse events in patients undergoing esophageal stent placement for benign indications: a large multicenter study. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2016, 50(5): 373-378.
27. Evrard S, Le Moine O, Lazaraki G, et al. Self-expanding plastic stents for benign esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc, 2004, 60(6): 894-900.
28. Repici A, Conio M, De Angelis C, et al. Temporary placement of an expandable polyester silicone-covered stent for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc, 2004, 60(4): 513-519.
29. Broto J, Asensio M, Vernet JM. Results of a new technique in the treatment of severe esophageal stenosis in children: poliflex stents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2003, 37(2): 203-206.
30. Karbowski M, Schembre D, Kozarek R, et al. Polyflex self-expanding, removable plastic stents: assessment of treatment efficacy and safety in a variety of benign and malignant conditions of the esophagus. Surg Endosc, 2008, 22(5): 1326-1333.
31. Holm AN, de la Mora Levy JG, Gostout CJ, et al. Self-expanding plastic stents in treatment of benign esophageal conditions. Gastrointest Endosc, 2008, 67(1): 20-25.
32. Dua KS, Vleggaar FP, Santharam R, et al. Removable self-expanding plastic esophageal stent as a continuous, non-permanent dilator in treating refractory benign esophageal strictures: a prospective two-center study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103(12): 2988-2994.
33. Oh YS, Kochman ML, Ahmad NA, et al. Clinical outcomes after self-expanding plastic stent placement for refractory benign esophageal strictures. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(5): 1344-1348.
34. Repici A, Hassan C, Sharma P, et al. Systematic review: the role of self-expanding plastic stents for benign oesophageal strictures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 31(12): 1268-1275.
35. Ham YH, Kim GH. Plastic and biodegradable stents for complex and refractory benign esophageal strictures. Clin Endosc, 2014, 47(4): 295-300.
36. Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY, et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula: long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology, 2004, 232(1): 252-259.
37. Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non-operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(5): 1103-1107.
38. Na HK, Song HY, Kim JH, et al. How to design the optimal self-expandable oesophageal metallic stents: 22 years of experience in 645 patients with malignant strictures. Eur Radiol, 2013, 23(3): 786-796.
39. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM, et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with silicone-covered metallic Z stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 1995, 6(2): 237-242.
40. Morgan RA, Ellul JP, Denton ER, et al. Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations: management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses. Radiology, 1997, 204(2): 527-532.
41. Low DE, Kozarek RA. Comparison of conventional and wire mesh expandable prostheses and surgical bypass in patients with malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas. Ann Thorac Surg, 1998, 65(4): 919-923.
42. May A, Ell C. Palliative treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with Gianturco-Z stents. A prospective clinical trial and review of the literature on covered metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol, 1998, 93(4): 532-535.
43. Siersema PD, Schrauwen SL, van Blankenstein M, et al. Self-expanding metal stents for complicated and recurrent esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc, 2001, 54(5): 579-586.
44. Wang MQ, Sze DY, Wang ZP, et al. Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2001, 12(4): 465-474.
45. Sarper A, Oz N, Cihangir C, et al. The efficacy of self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant esophageal strictures and fistulas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2003, 23(5): 794-798.
46. Murthy S, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Rozas MS, et al. Palliation of malignant aerodigestive fistulae with self-expanding metallic stents. Dis Esophagus, 2007, 20(5): 386-389.
47. Hu Y, Zhao YF, Chen LQ, et al. Comparative study of different treatments for malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae. Dis Esophagus, 2009, 22(6): 526-531.
48. Herth FJ, Peter S, Baty F, et al. Combined airway and oesophageal stenting in malignant airway-oesophageal fistulas: a prospective study. Eur Respir J, 2010, 36(6): 1370-1374.
49. Van Heel NC, Haringsma J, Spaander MC, et al. Esophageal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistula recurrence after esophagectomy. Gastrointest Endosc, 2010, 72(2): 249-254.
50. Chen YH, Li SH, Chiu YC, et al. Comparative study of esophageal stent and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy for tracheoesophageal fistula caused by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8): e42766.
51. Zori AG, Jantz MA, Forsmark CE, et al. Simultaneous dual scope endotherapy of esophago-airway fistulas and obstructions. Dis Esophagus, 2014, 27(5): 428-434.
52. Hindy P, Hong J, Lam-Tsai Y, et al. A comprehensive review of esophageal stents. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y), 2012, 8(8): 526-534.
53. Eloubeidi MA, Talreja JP, Lopes TL, et al. Success and complications associated with placement of fully covered removable self-expandable metal stents for benign esophageal diseases (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc, 2011, 73(4): 673-681.
54. Li H, Chang J. pH-compensation effect of bioactive inorganic fillers on the degradation of PLGA. Compos Sci Technol, 2005, 65(14): 2226-2232.
55. Ma X, Oyamada S, Wu T, et al. In vitro and in vivo degradation of poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)/amorphous calcium phosphate copolymer coated on metal stents. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2011, 96(4): 632-638.
56. Novotny L, Crha M, Rauser P, et al. Novel biodegradable polydioxanone stents in a rabbit airway model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 143(2): 437-444.
57. Shin JH, Sung KB, Kim EY, et al. A rat tracheal model to investigate stent-induced tissue hyperplasia: a pilot study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2010, 21(12): 1878-1883.
58. Park JH, Song HY, Shin JH, et al. Polydioxanone biodegradable stent placement in a canine urethral model: analysis of inflammatory reaction and biodegradation. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2014, 25(8): 1257-1264.
59. Shah JN. Benign refractory esophageal strictures: widening the endoscopist's role. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006, 63(1): 164-167.
60. Patterson DJ, Graham DY, Smith JL, et al. Natural history of benign esophageal stricture treated by dilatation. Gastroenterology, 1983, 85(2): 346-350.
61. Marks RD, Richter JE, Rizzo J, et al. Omeprazole versus H2-receptor antagonists in treating patients with peptic stricture and esophagitis. Gastroenterology, 1994, 106(4): 907-915.
62. Saeed ZA, Ramirez FC, Hepps KS, et al. An objective end point for dilation improves outcome of peptic esophageal strictures: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc, 1997, 45(5): 354-359.
63. van Boeckel PG, Vleggaar FP, Siersema PD. A comparison of temporary self-expanding plastic and biodegradable stents for refractory benign esophageal strictures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 9(8): 653-659.
64. Canena JM, Liberato MJ, Rio-Tinto RA, et al. A comparison of the temporary placement of 3 different self-expanding stents for the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures: a prospective multicentre study. BMC Gastroenterol, 2012, 12: 70.
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Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Advance in research of esophageal stent

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