- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China;
HUANG Huanlei,
Email: hhuanlei@hotmail.com
Thoracoscopic minimally invasive technology has been used in mitral valve plasty since 1990s. Totally thoracoscopic mitral valve plasty has the advantages of small trauma, beautiful incision and rapid postoperative recovery. It is favored by more and more patients and cardiac surgeons. However, according to the reports, the proportion of totally thoracoscopic mitral valve surgery in China is still low. Mitral valve plasty via the totally thoracoscopic approach is still controversial in terms of population adaptation, perioperative complications and long-term prognosis. In addition, the technical difficulty and the long training cycle of surgeons also limit the popularization of this technology. By summarizing the existing literature, this paper analyzes the application and development of totally thoracoscopic approach in comparison with the traditional median thoracotomy mitral valve plasty.
Citation： ZHONG Lishan, HUANG Huanlei. Application and development of totally thoracoscopic mitral valve plasty. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023, 30(3): 458-463. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202109005 Copy
| 1. | Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, et al. Burden of valvular heart diseases: A population-based study. Lancet, 2006, 368(9540): 1005-1011. |
| 2. | Delling FN, Vasan RS. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse: New insights into disease progression, genetics, and molecular basis. Circulation, 2014, 129(21): 2158-2170. |
| 3. | Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med, 2005, 352(9): 875-883. |
| 4. | 贾国华, 侯文进. 二尖瓣成形术的手术临床运用疗效分析. 中国继续医学教育, 2020, 12(11): 123-125. |
| 5. | 刘磊, 姚建民. 二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的临床进展. 医学综述, 2015, 21(2): 249-251. |
| 6. | De Bonis M, Lapenna E, Lorusso R, et al. Very long-term results (up to 17 years) with the double-orifice mitral valve repair combined with ring annuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5): 1019-1024. |
| 7. | Czesla M, Götte JM, Doll N. How to establish video assisted, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. Heart, 2012, 98(15): 1172-1178. |
| 8. | Castillo JG, Anyanwu AC, Fuster V, et al. A near 100% repair rate for mitral valve prolapse is achievable in a reference center: Implications for future guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(2): 308-312. |
| 9. | Melnitchouk SI, Seeburger J, Kaeding AF, et al. Barlow's mitral valve disease: Results of conventional and minimally invasive repair approaches. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 2(6): 768-773. |
| 10. | Jouan J, Berrebi A, Chauvaud S, et al. Mitral valve reconstruction in Barlow disease: Long-term echographic results and implications for surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 143(4 Suppl): S17-S20. |
| 11. | Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2021, 143(5): e72-e227. |
| 12. | Muneretto C, Bisleri G, Bagozzi L, et al. Results of minimally invasive, video-assisted mitral valve repair in advanced Barlow's disease with bileaflet prolapse. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 47(1): 46-50. |
| 13. | 刘胜中, 谭今, 向波, 等. 全胸腔镜二尖瓣成形术的临床应用研究. 微创医学, 2018, 13(3): 279-283. |
| 14. | Cohn LH, Adams DH, Couper GS, et al. Minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery improves patient satisfaction while reducing costs of cardiac valve replacement and repair. Ann Surg, 1997, 226(4): 421-426. |
| 15. | Kaneko Y, Kohno T, Ohtsuka T, et al. Video-assisted observation in mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 111(1): 279-280. |
| 16. | 尹立明. 达芬奇机器人辅助与常规开胸二尖瓣成形术的临床对比研究. 青岛大学, 2019. |
| 17. | 刘威, 潘湘斌. 二尖瓣反流介入治疗研究现状及中国二尖瓣反流介入领域展望. 中国循环杂志, 2021, 36(4): 407-411. |
| 18. | 中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会. 2019年中国心外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2020, 18(4): 193-196. |
| 19. | Carpentier A, Loulmet D, Carpentier A, et al. Open heart operation under videosurgery and minithoracotomy. First case (mitral valvuloplasty) operated with success. C R Acad Sci Ⅲ, 1996, 319(3): 219-223. |
| 20. | Mohr FW, Falk V, Diegeler A, et al. Minimally invasive port-access mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1998, 115(3): 567-574. |
| 21. | 陈亚武, 李华, 石广永, 等. 全胸腔镜与正中开胸二尖瓣成形手术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全病变的病例对照研究. 中国体外循环杂志, 2019, 17(2): 90-94. |
| 22. | 王珊, 江凤英, 许友. 胸腔镜微创二尖瓣成形术的手术配合体会. 皖南医学院学报, 2018, 37(1): 97-99. |
| 23. | Modi P, Rodriguez E, Hargrove WC, et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted mitral valve surgery: A 12-year, 2-center experience in 1178 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(6): 1481-1487. |
| 24. | 董晓龙. 二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣脱垂的效果分析. 河南医学研究, 2019, 28(7): 1229-1230. |
| 25. | Casselman FP, Van Slycke S, Wellens F, et al. Mitral valve surgery can now routinely be performed endoscopically. Circulation, 2003, 108 (Suppl 1): 48I-54I. |
| 26. | Chitwood WR, Nifong LW. Minimally invasive videoscopic mitral valve surgery: The current role of surgical robotics. J Card Surg, 2000, 15(1): 61-75. |
| 27. | Ram E, Moshkovitz Y, Shinfeld A, et al. Three-dimensional video assistance improves early results in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. ASAIO J, 2021, 67(7): 769-775. |
| 28. | Schroeyers P, Wellens F, De Geest R, et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted mitral valve repair: Short and mid-term results. J Heart Valve Dis, 2001, 10(5): 579-583. |
| 29. | Abu-Omar Y, Fazmin IT, Ali JM, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Dis, 2021, 13(3): 1960-1970. |
| 30. | Seeburger J, Borger MA, Doll N, et al. Comparison of outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for posterior, anterior and bileaflet prolapse. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2009, 36(3): 532-538. |
| 31. | Seeburger J, Borger MA, Falk V, et al. Minimal invasive mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation: Results of 1339 consecutive patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(4): 760-765. |
| 32. | Grant SW, Hickey GL, Modi P, et al. Propensity-matched analysis of minimally invasive approach versus sternotomy for mitral valve surgery. Heart, 2019, 105(10): 783-789. |
| 33. | Speziale G, Moscarelli M, Di Bari N, et al. A simplified technique for complex mitral valve regurgitation by a minimally invasive approach. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 106(3): 728-734. |
| 34. | Panos A, Vlad S, Milas F, et al. Is minimally invasive mitral valve repair with artificial chords reproducible and applicable in routine surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2015, 20(6): 707-711. |
| 35. | Casselman FP, Van Slycke S, Dom H, et al. Endoscopic mitral valve repair: Feasible, reproducible, and durable. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 125(2): 273-282. |
| 36. | Barac YD, Glower DD. Port-access mitral valve surgery—An evolution of technique. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 32(4): 829-837. |
| 37. | De Bonis M, Lapenna E, Del Forno B, et al. Minimally invasive or conventional edge-to-edge repair for severe mitral regurgitation due to bileaflet prolapse in Barlow's disease: Does the surgical approach have an impact on the long-term results? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 52(1): 131-136. |
| 38. | 简杰, 卢聪, 郭惠明, 等. 二尖瓣脱垂患者微创胸腔镜二尖瓣成形术332例. 岭南心血管病杂志, 2017, 23(3): 298-303. |
| 39. | 颜倩, 周勘, 柯英杰, 等. 全腔镜微创与传统正中开胸二尖瓣成形的围术期结果比较. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2020, 27(12): 1407-1412. |
| 40. | Lange R, Voss B, Kehl V, et al. Right minithoracotomy versus full sternotomy for mitral valve repair: A propensity matched comparison. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(2): 573-579. |
| 41. | Badhwar V, Anastacio MM, Wei LM. Video-assisted minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: Transitioning from sternotomy to mini-thoracotomy. Multimed Man Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 2013: mmt016. |
| 42. | Suri RM, Schaff HV, Meyer SR, et al. Thoracoscopic versus open mitral valve repair: A propensity score analysis of early outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(4): 1185-1190. |
| 43. | Antonic M, Gersak B. Renal function after port access and median sternotomy mitral valve surgery. Heart Surg Forum, 2007, 10(5): E401-E407. |
| 44. | Gillinov AM, Cosgrove DM, Blackstone EH, et al. Durability of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1998, 116(5): 734-743. |
| 45. | David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005, 130(5): 1242-1249. |
| 46. | Reser D, van Hemelrijck M, Pavicevic J, et al. Repair rate and durability of video assisted minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. J Card Surg, 2014, 29(6): 766-771. |
| 47. | Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006, 82(3): 819-826. |
| 48. | Ramlawi B, Gammie JS. Mitral valve surgery: Current minimally invasive and transcatheter options. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J, 2016, 12(1): 20-26. |
| 49. | Holzhey DM, Seeburger J, Misfeld M, et al. Learning minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: A cumulative sum sequential probability analysis of 3895 operations from a single high-volume center. Circulation, 2013, 128(5): 483-491. |
| 50. | 朱任, 黄焕雷, 柯英杰. 全胸腔镜心脏手术的学习曲线. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2018, 25(9): 791-794. |
| 51. | Moscarelli M, Fattouch K, Gaudino M, et al. Minimal access versus sternotomy for complex mitral valve repair: A meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 109(3): 737-744. |
| 52. | 张明明. 二尖瓣疾病合并房颤的外科治疗及进展. 中国体外循环杂志, 2010, 8(4): 253-256. |
| 53. | Gillinov AM, McCarthy PM. Advances in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Cardiol Clin, 2004, 22(1): 147-157. |
| 54. | Driessen AHG, Berger WR, Bierhuizen MFA, et al. Quality of life improves after thoracoscopic surgical ablation of advanced atrial fibrillation: Results of the Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Autonomic Modulation via Thoracoscopic Surgery (AFACT) study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 155(3): 972-980. |
| 55. | Carnero-Alcázar M, Cobiella-Carnicer J, Mahia-Casado P, et al. Combined off-pump mitral repair and thoracoscopic maze surgery. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, 2021, 29(3): 217-219. |
| 56. | Wang JG, Xin M, Han J, et al. Ablation in selective patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: Medium-term results of the Dallas lesion set. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2014, 46(2): 213-220. |
| 57. | Sindby JE, Vadmann H, Lundbye-Christensen S, et al. Percutaneous versus thoracoscopic ablation of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A randomised controlled trial—The FAST Ⅱ study. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 13(1): 101. |
| 58. | Alperi A, Granada JF, Bernier M, et al. Current status and future prospects of transcatheter mitral valve replacement: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2021, 77(24): 3058-3078. |
- 1. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, et al. Burden of valvular heart diseases: A population-based study. Lancet, 2006, 368(9540): 1005-1011.
- 2. Delling FN, Vasan RS. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse: New insights into disease progression, genetics, and molecular basis. Circulation, 2014, 129(21): 2158-2170.
- 3. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med, 2005, 352(9): 875-883.
- 4. 贾国华, 侯文进. 二尖瓣成形术的手术临床运用疗效分析. 中国继续医学教育, 2020, 12(11): 123-125.
- 5. 刘磊, 姚建民. 二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的临床进展. 医学综述, 2015, 21(2): 249-251.
- 6. De Bonis M, Lapenna E, Lorusso R, et al. Very long-term results (up to 17 years) with the double-orifice mitral valve repair combined with ring annuloplasty for degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5): 1019-1024.
- 7. Czesla M, Götte JM, Doll N. How to establish video assisted, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. Heart, 2012, 98(15): 1172-1178.
- 8. Castillo JG, Anyanwu AC, Fuster V, et al. A near 100% repair rate for mitral valve prolapse is achievable in a reference center: Implications for future guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(2): 308-312.
- 9. Melnitchouk SI, Seeburger J, Kaeding AF, et al. Barlow's mitral valve disease: Results of conventional and minimally invasive repair approaches. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 2(6): 768-773.
- 10. Jouan J, Berrebi A, Chauvaud S, et al. Mitral valve reconstruction in Barlow disease: Long-term echographic results and implications for surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 143(4 Suppl): S17-S20.
- 11. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2021, 143(5): e72-e227.
- 12. Muneretto C, Bisleri G, Bagozzi L, et al. Results of minimally invasive, video-assisted mitral valve repair in advanced Barlow's disease with bileaflet prolapse. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2015, 47(1): 46-50.
- 13. 刘胜中, 谭今, 向波, 等. 全胸腔镜二尖瓣成形术的临床应用研究. 微创医学, 2018, 13(3): 279-283.
- 14. Cohn LH, Adams DH, Couper GS, et al. Minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery improves patient satisfaction while reducing costs of cardiac valve replacement and repair. Ann Surg, 1997, 226(4): 421-426.
- 15. Kaneko Y, Kohno T, Ohtsuka T, et al. Video-assisted observation in mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 111(1): 279-280.
- 16. 尹立明. 达芬奇机器人辅助与常规开胸二尖瓣成形术的临床对比研究. 青岛大学, 2019.
- 17. 刘威, 潘湘斌. 二尖瓣反流介入治疗研究现状及中国二尖瓣反流介入领域展望. 中国循环杂志, 2021, 36(4): 407-411.
- 18. 中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会. 2019年中国心外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2020, 18(4): 193-196.
- 19. Carpentier A, Loulmet D, Carpentier A, et al. Open heart operation under videosurgery and minithoracotomy. First case (mitral valvuloplasty) operated with success. C R Acad Sci Ⅲ, 1996, 319(3): 219-223.
- 20. Mohr FW, Falk V, Diegeler A, et al. Minimally invasive port-access mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1998, 115(3): 567-574.
- 21. 陈亚武, 李华, 石广永, 等. 全胸腔镜与正中开胸二尖瓣成形手术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全病变的病例对照研究. 中国体外循环杂志, 2019, 17(2): 90-94.
- 22. 王珊, 江凤英, 许友. 胸腔镜微创二尖瓣成形术的手术配合体会. 皖南医学院学报, 2018, 37(1): 97-99.
- 23. Modi P, Rodriguez E, Hargrove WC, et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted mitral valve surgery: A 12-year, 2-center experience in 1178 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2009, 137(6): 1481-1487.
- 24. 董晓龙. 二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣脱垂的效果分析. 河南医学研究, 2019, 28(7): 1229-1230.
- 25. Casselman FP, Van Slycke S, Wellens F, et al. Mitral valve surgery can now routinely be performed endoscopically. Circulation, 2003, 108 (Suppl 1): 48I-54I.
- 26. Chitwood WR, Nifong LW. Minimally invasive videoscopic mitral valve surgery: The current role of surgical robotics. J Card Surg, 2000, 15(1): 61-75.
- 27. Ram E, Moshkovitz Y, Shinfeld A, et al. Three-dimensional video assistance improves early results in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. ASAIO J, 2021, 67(7): 769-775.
- 28. Schroeyers P, Wellens F, De Geest R, et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted mitral valve repair: Short and mid-term results. J Heart Valve Dis, 2001, 10(5): 579-583.
- 29. Abu-Omar Y, Fazmin IT, Ali JM, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Dis, 2021, 13(3): 1960-1970.
- 30. Seeburger J, Borger MA, Doll N, et al. Comparison of outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for posterior, anterior and bileaflet prolapse. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2009, 36(3): 532-538.
- 31. Seeburger J, Borger MA, Falk V, et al. Minimal invasive mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation: Results of 1339 consecutive patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2008, 34(4): 760-765.
- 32. Grant SW, Hickey GL, Modi P, et al. Propensity-matched analysis of minimally invasive approach versus sternotomy for mitral valve surgery. Heart, 2019, 105(10): 783-789.
- 33. Speziale G, Moscarelli M, Di Bari N, et al. A simplified technique for complex mitral valve regurgitation by a minimally invasive approach. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 106(3): 728-734.
- 34. Panos A, Vlad S, Milas F, et al. Is minimally invasive mitral valve repair with artificial chords reproducible and applicable in routine surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2015, 20(6): 707-711.
- 35. Casselman FP, Van Slycke S, Dom H, et al. Endoscopic mitral valve repair: Feasible, reproducible, and durable. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003, 125(2): 273-282.
- 36. Barac YD, Glower DD. Port-access mitral valve surgery—An evolution of technique. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 32(4): 829-837.
- 37. De Bonis M, Lapenna E, Del Forno B, et al. Minimally invasive or conventional edge-to-edge repair for severe mitral regurgitation due to bileaflet prolapse in Barlow's disease: Does the surgical approach have an impact on the long-term results? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 52(1): 131-136.
- 38. 简杰, 卢聪, 郭惠明, 等. 二尖瓣脱垂患者微创胸腔镜二尖瓣成形术332例. 岭南心血管病杂志, 2017, 23(3): 298-303.
- 39. 颜倩, 周勘, 柯英杰, 等. 全腔镜微创与传统正中开胸二尖瓣成形的围术期结果比较. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2020, 27(12): 1407-1412.
- 40. Lange R, Voss B, Kehl V, et al. Right minithoracotomy versus full sternotomy for mitral valve repair: A propensity matched comparison. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(2): 573-579.
- 41. Badhwar V, Anastacio MM, Wei LM. Video-assisted minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: Transitioning from sternotomy to mini-thoracotomy. Multimed Man Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 2013: mmt016.
- 42. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Meyer SR, et al. Thoracoscopic versus open mitral valve repair: A propensity score analysis of early outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(4): 1185-1190.
- 43. Antonic M, Gersak B. Renal function after port access and median sternotomy mitral valve surgery. Heart Surg Forum, 2007, 10(5): E401-E407.
- 44. Gillinov AM, Cosgrove DM, Blackstone EH, et al. Durability of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1998, 116(5): 734-743.
- 45. David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005, 130(5): 1242-1249.
- 46. Reser D, van Hemelrijck M, Pavicevic J, et al. Repair rate and durability of video assisted minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. J Card Surg, 2014, 29(6): 766-771.
- 47. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006, 82(3): 819-826.
- 48. Ramlawi B, Gammie JS. Mitral valve surgery: Current minimally invasive and transcatheter options. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J, 2016, 12(1): 20-26.
- 49. Holzhey DM, Seeburger J, Misfeld M, et al. Learning minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: A cumulative sum sequential probability analysis of 3895 operations from a single high-volume center. Circulation, 2013, 128(5): 483-491.
- 50. 朱任, 黄焕雷, 柯英杰. 全胸腔镜心脏手术的学习曲线. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2018, 25(9): 791-794.
- 51. Moscarelli M, Fattouch K, Gaudino M, et al. Minimal access versus sternotomy for complex mitral valve repair: A meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2020, 109(3): 737-744.
- 52. 张明明. 二尖瓣疾病合并房颤的外科治疗及进展. 中国体外循环杂志, 2010, 8(4): 253-256.
- 53. Gillinov AM, McCarthy PM. Advances in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Cardiol Clin, 2004, 22(1): 147-157.
- 54. Driessen AHG, Berger WR, Bierhuizen MFA, et al. Quality of life improves after thoracoscopic surgical ablation of advanced atrial fibrillation: Results of the Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Autonomic Modulation via Thoracoscopic Surgery (AFACT) study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 155(3): 972-980.
- 55. Carnero-Alcázar M, Cobiella-Carnicer J, Mahia-Casado P, et al. Combined off-pump mitral repair and thoracoscopic maze surgery. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, 2021, 29(3): 217-219.
- 56. Wang JG, Xin M, Han J, et al. Ablation in selective patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: Medium-term results of the Dallas lesion set. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2014, 46(2): 213-220.
- 57. Sindby JE, Vadmann H, Lundbye-Christensen S, et al. Percutaneous versus thoracoscopic ablation of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A randomised controlled trial—The FAST Ⅱ study. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2018, 13(1): 101.
- 58. Alperi A, Granada JF, Bernier M, et al. Current status and future prospects of transcatheter mitral valve replacement: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2021, 77(24): 3058-3078.