- Department of Thoracic Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China;
LUO Qingquan,
Email: luoqingquan@hotmail.com
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly malignances worldwide. Cigarette smoking has been identified to be the major risk factor of lung cancer, and nicotine is one of the most harmful components in tobacco smoke. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are universally expressed in mammalian cells, including tumor cells, and perform various critical biological functions. α7nAChR, an important member of nAChRs family, possesses a high affinity for nicotine and plays a core role in the nicotine-mediated lung cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Nowadays, lots of α7nAChR antagonists have been found to inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and therefore prevented disease progression. These studies indicated that α7nAChR might be a potential target in treating lung cancer. In this review, we summarized the current researches on α7nAChR in the progress of lung cancer.
Citation： PAN Hanbo, LUO Qingquan. Research progress on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in lung cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023, 30(6): 917-923. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202202045 Copy
| 1. | 方涛, 雷想, 宋兵. PD-1 阿特珠单抗在肺癌治疗中的研究进展. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2022, 29(1): 114-120. |
| 2. | Khalil H, Saeed SE, Behzad M, et al. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in lung inflammation and carcinogenesis: Friends or foes? J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234: 14666-14679. |
| 3. | Rudin CM, Brambilla E, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2021, 7(1): 3-22. |
| 4. | Zhou W, Liu G, Hung RJ, et al. Causal relationships between body mass index, smoking and lung cancer: Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(5): 1077-1086. |
| 5. | Murphy SE. Biochemistry of nicotine metabolism and its relevance to lung cancer. J Biol Chem, 2021, 296: 100722. |
| 6. | Carstens E, Carstens MI. Sensory effects of nicotine and tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res, 2022, 24(3): 306-315. |
| 7. | Matta JA, Gu S, Davini WB, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor redux: Discovery of accessories opens therapeutic vistas. Science, 2021, 373(6556): eabg6539. |
| 8. | Chen J, Cheuk IWY, Shin VY, et al. Acetylcholine receptors: Key players in cancer development. Surg Oncol, 2019, 31: 46-53. |
| 9. | Kyte SL, Gewirtz DA. The influence of nicotine on lung tumor growth, cancer chemotherapy, and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2018, 366(2): 303-313. |
| 10. | Wang SC, Hu Y. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in lung cancer. Oncol Lett, 2018, 16(2): 1375-1382. |
| 11. | Tsetlin VI. Acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptors: Textbook knowledge and new data. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(6): 852-854. |
| 12. | Fowler CD, Turner JR, Imad DM. Molecular mechanisms associated with nicotine pharmacology and dependence. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2020, 258: 373-393. |
| 13. | Noviello CM, Gharpure A, Mukhtasimova N, et al. Structure and gating mechanism of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Cell, 2021, 184(8): 2121-2134. |
| 14. | Marchi S, Giorgi C, Galluzzi L, et al. Ca2+ fluxes and cancer. Mol Cell, 2020, 78(6): 1055-1069. |
| 15. | Hu S, Wang Y, Li H. The regulation effect of alpha7nAChRs and m1AChRs on inflammation and immunity in sepsis. Mediators Inflamm, 2021, 2021: 9059601. |
| 16. | Schuller HM. Regulatory role of the alpha7nAChR in cancer. Curr Drug Targets, 2012, 13(5): 680-687. |
| 17. | David CLL, Susan YL, Fu KH, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in human airway correlates with lung function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2015, 310(3): 232-239. |
| 18. | Brown KC, Perry HE, Lau JK, et al. Nicotine induces the up-regulation of the α7-nicotinic receptor (α7-nAChR) in human squamous cell lung cancer cells via the Sp1/GATA protein pathway. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288: 33049-33059. |
| 19. | Plummer HK, Sheppard BJ, Schuller HM. Interaction of tobacco-specific toxicants with nicotinic cholinergic regulation of fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: Implications for pediatric lung disease. Exp Lung Res, 2000, 26: 121-135. |
| 20. | Davis R, Rizwani W, Banerjee S, et al. Nicotine promotes tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of lung cancer. PLoS One, 2009, 4: 7524-7529. |
| 21. | Courtney S, Srikumar C. Nicotine-mediated regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma by E2F1 and STAT1 transcription factors. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5): e0156451. |
| 22. | Mikhail AS, Maxim LB, Olga VS, et al. Human secreted protein SLURP-1 abolishes nicotine-induced proliferation, PTEN down-regulation and α7-nAChR expression up-regulation in lung cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 82: 106303. |
| 23. | Paleari L, Catassi A, Ciarlo M, et al. Role of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in human non-small cell lung cancer proliferation. Cell Prolif, 2008, 41: 936-959. |
| 24. | Richard DE, Kathleen CB, Piyali D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cancer: Multiple roles in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Trend Pharm Sci, 2007, 29: 151-158. |
| 25. | Patrizia R, Alessio C, Stefano M, et al. Nicotinic receptor and tobacco-related cancer. Life Sci, 2012, 91: 1087-1092. |
| 26. | Yang L, Lu XX, Qiu FM, et al. Duplicated copy of CHRNA7 increases risk and worsens prognosis of COPD and lung cancer. Eur J Hum Gen, 2014: 1-6. |
| 27. | Song P, Sekhon HS, Jia Y, et al. Acetylcholine is synthesized by and acts as an autocrine growth factor for small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res, 2003, 63: 214-221. |
| 28. | Jull BA, Plummer HK, Schuller HM. Nicotinic receptor-mediated activation by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK of a Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of c-myc in human small cell lung carcinoma cells and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. J Cancer Res Clin Onco, 2001, 127(12): 707-717. |
| 29. | Anna B, José LC, Francisco A, et al. Expression patterns for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes in smoking-related lung cancers. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(40): 67878-67890. |
| 30. | Song P, Sekhon HS, Fu XW, et al. Activated cholinergic signaling provides a target in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res, 2008, 68: 4693-4700. |
| 31. | Paleari L, Cesario A, Fini M, et al. Alpha7-nicotinic receptor antagonists at the beginning of a clinical era for NSCLC and Mesothelioma? Drug Discov Today, 2009, 14: 822-836. |
| 32. | Maxim LB, Mikhail AS, Olga VS, et al. SLURP-1 controls growth and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells, forming a complex with α7-nAChR and PDGFR/EGFR heterodimer. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9: 739391. |
| 33. | Zhang C, Yu P, Zhu L, et al. Blockade of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibit nicotine-induced tumor growth and vimentin expression in non-small cell lung cancer through MEK/ERK signaling way. Oncol Rep, 2017, 38: 3309-3318. |
| 34. | Chernyavsky AI, Shchepotin IB, Grando SA. Mechanisms of growth-promoting and tumor-protecting effects of epithelial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Int Immunopharmacol, 2015, 29: 36-44. |
| 35. | Al-Wadei HA, Al-Wadei MH, Schuller HM. Cooperative regulation of non-small cell lung carcinoma by nicotinic and beta-adrenergic receptors: A novel target for intervention. PLoS One, 2012, 7: e29915. |
| 36. | Codignola A, Tarroni P, Cattaneo MG, et al. Serotonin release and cell proliferation are under the control of α-bungarotoxin sensitive nicotinic receptors in small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines. FEBS Lett, 1994, 342: 286-290. |
| 37. | Heeschen C, Weis M, Aicher A, et al. A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non‐neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Clin Invest, 2002, 110: 527-536. |
| 38. | Shen J, Xu L, Owonikoko TK, et al. NNK promotes migration and invasion of lung cancer cells through activation of c-Src/PKCι/FAK loop. Cancer Lett, 2012, 318: 106-113. |
| 39. | Grozio A, Paleari L, Catassi A, et al. Natural agents targeting the alpha7-nicotinic-receptor in NSCLC: A promising prospective in anti-cancer drug development. Int J Cancer, 2008, 122: 1911-1915. |
| 40. | Wasita W, Kuntarat A, Sutthaorn P, et al. α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist QND7 suppresses non- small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 521(4): 977-983. |
| 41. | Zovko A, Viktorsson K, Lewensohn R, et al. APS8, a polymeric alkylpyridinium salt blocks α7 nAChR and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Mar Drugs, 2013, 11: 2574-2594. |
| 42. | Berne S, Čemažar M, Frangež R, et al. APS8 delays tumor growth in mice by inducing apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells expressing high number of alpha7 nicotinic receptors. Mar Drugs, 2018, 16(10): 367-383. |
| 43. | Bai SS, Wen WH, Hou XN, et al. Inhibitory effect of sinomenine on lung cancer cells via negative regulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Leukoc Biol, 2021, 109(4): 843-852. |
| 44. | Mucchietto V, Fasoli F, Pucci S, et al. α9- and α7-containing receptors mediate the pro-proliferative effects of nicotine in the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line. Br J Pharmacol, 2018, 175(11): 1957-1972. |
| 45. | Brown KC, Lau JK, Dom AM, et al. MG624, an α7-nAChR antagonist, inhibits angiogenesis via the Egr-1/FGF2 pathway. Angiogenesis, 2012, 15: 99-114. |
| 46. | Iskandar AR, Miao B, Li X, et al. β-cryptoxanthin reduced lung tumor multiplicity and inhibited lung cancer cell motility by downregulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 signaling. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2016, 9: 875-886. |
| 47. | Yan YL, Su CX, Hang M, et al. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus rL-RVG enhances the apoptosis and inhibits the migration of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via regulating alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro. Virol J, 2017, 14(1): 190-202. |
| 48. | Grozio A, Catassi A, Cavalieri Z, et al. Nicotine, lung and cancer. Anti‐Cancer Agent Med Chem, 2007, 7: 461-466. |
| 49. | 张汝思, 张兰军. 免疫检查点抑制剂新辅助治疗可切除非小细胞肺癌现状与展望. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2020, 27(11): 1348-1352. |
| 50. | Shenker RF, McTyre ER, Ruiz J, et al. The Effects of smoking status and smoking history on patients with brain metastases from lung cancer. Cancer Med, 2017, 6: 944-952. |
| 51. | Warren GW, Sobus S, Gritz ER. The biological and clinical effects of smoking by patients with cancer and strategies to implement evidence-based tobacco cessation support. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15: 568-580. |
| 52. | Yoshino I, Maehara Y. Impact of smoking status on the biological behavior of lung cancer. Surg Today, 2007, 37: 725-734. |
| 53. | Medjber K, Freidja ML, Grelet S, et al. Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cell proliferation and tumour invasion in broncho-pulmonary carcinomas. Lung Cancer, 2015, 87: 258-264. |
| 54. | Zhang C, Ding XP, Zhao QN, et al. Role of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in nicotine-induced invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget, 2016, 7: 59199-59208. |
| 55. | Courtney MS, Namrata BS, Durairaj MK, et al. Regulation of Sox2 and stemness by nicotine and electronic-cigarettes in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer, 2018, 17(1): 149-164. |
| 56. | Remi Y, Kazutetsu A, Kinya F, et al. Nicotine enhances hepatocyte growth factor-mediated lung cancer cell migration by activating the α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor and phosphoinositide kinase-3-dependent pathway. Oncol Lett, 2016, 11(1): 673-677. |
| 57. | Hung YH, Hung WC. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) enhances invasiveness of lung cancer cells by up-regulating contactin-1 via the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ERK signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact, 2009, 179(2-3): 154-159. |
| 58. | Kwok HH, Gao BN, Chan KH, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α7 mediates cigarette smoke-induced PD-L1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(21): 5345-5358. |
| 59. | Mashimo M, Komori M, Matsui YY, et al. Distinct roles of α7 nAChRs in antigen-presenting cells and CD4+ T cells in the regulation of T cell differentiation. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1102eCollection. |
| 60. | Pan S, Wu YJ, Zhang SS, et al. The effect of α7nAChR signaling on T cells and macrophages and their clinical implication in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Neurochem Res, 2022, 47(3): 531-544. |
| 61. | Hutchings C, Phillips JA, Djamgoz MBA. Nerve input to tumours: Pathophysiological consequences of a dynamic relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer, 2020, 1874(2): 188411. |
- 1. 方涛, 雷想, 宋兵. PD-1 阿特珠单抗在肺癌治疗中的研究进展. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2022, 29(1): 114-120.
- 2. Khalil H, Saeed SE, Behzad M, et al. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in lung inflammation and carcinogenesis: Friends or foes? J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234: 14666-14679.
- 3. Rudin CM, Brambilla E, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2021, 7(1): 3-22.
- 4. Zhou W, Liu G, Hung RJ, et al. Causal relationships between body mass index, smoking and lung cancer: Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(5): 1077-1086.
- 5. Murphy SE. Biochemistry of nicotine metabolism and its relevance to lung cancer. J Biol Chem, 2021, 296: 100722.
- 6. Carstens E, Carstens MI. Sensory effects of nicotine and tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res, 2022, 24(3): 306-315.
- 7. Matta JA, Gu S, Davini WB, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor redux: Discovery of accessories opens therapeutic vistas. Science, 2021, 373(6556): eabg6539.
- 8. Chen J, Cheuk IWY, Shin VY, et al. Acetylcholine receptors: Key players in cancer development. Surg Oncol, 2019, 31: 46-53.
- 9. Kyte SL, Gewirtz DA. The influence of nicotine on lung tumor growth, cancer chemotherapy, and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2018, 366(2): 303-313.
- 10. Wang SC, Hu Y. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in lung cancer. Oncol Lett, 2018, 16(2): 1375-1382.
- 11. Tsetlin VI. Acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptors: Textbook knowledge and new data. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(6): 852-854.
- 12. Fowler CD, Turner JR, Imad DM. Molecular mechanisms associated with nicotine pharmacology and dependence. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2020, 258: 373-393.
- 13. Noviello CM, Gharpure A, Mukhtasimova N, et al. Structure and gating mechanism of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Cell, 2021, 184(8): 2121-2134.
- 14. Marchi S, Giorgi C, Galluzzi L, et al. Ca2+ fluxes and cancer. Mol Cell, 2020, 78(6): 1055-1069.
- 15. Hu S, Wang Y, Li H. The regulation effect of alpha7nAChRs and m1AChRs on inflammation and immunity in sepsis. Mediators Inflamm, 2021, 2021: 9059601.
- 16. Schuller HM. Regulatory role of the alpha7nAChR in cancer. Curr Drug Targets, 2012, 13(5): 680-687.
- 17. David CLL, Susan YL, Fu KH, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in human airway correlates with lung function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2015, 310(3): 232-239.
- 18. Brown KC, Perry HE, Lau JK, et al. Nicotine induces the up-regulation of the α7-nicotinic receptor (α7-nAChR) in human squamous cell lung cancer cells via the Sp1/GATA protein pathway. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288: 33049-33059.
- 19. Plummer HK, Sheppard BJ, Schuller HM. Interaction of tobacco-specific toxicants with nicotinic cholinergic regulation of fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: Implications for pediatric lung disease. Exp Lung Res, 2000, 26: 121-135.
- 20. Davis R, Rizwani W, Banerjee S, et al. Nicotine promotes tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of lung cancer. PLoS One, 2009, 4: 7524-7529.
- 21. Courtney S, Srikumar C. Nicotine-mediated regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma by E2F1 and STAT1 transcription factors. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5): e0156451.
- 22. Mikhail AS, Maxim LB, Olga VS, et al. Human secreted protein SLURP-1 abolishes nicotine-induced proliferation, PTEN down-regulation and α7-nAChR expression up-regulation in lung cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 82: 106303.
- 23. Paleari L, Catassi A, Ciarlo M, et al. Role of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in human non-small cell lung cancer proliferation. Cell Prolif, 2008, 41: 936-959.
- 24. Richard DE, Kathleen CB, Piyali D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cancer: Multiple roles in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Trend Pharm Sci, 2007, 29: 151-158.
- 25. Patrizia R, Alessio C, Stefano M, et al. Nicotinic receptor and tobacco-related cancer. Life Sci, 2012, 91: 1087-1092.
- 26. Yang L, Lu XX, Qiu FM, et al. Duplicated copy of CHRNA7 increases risk and worsens prognosis of COPD and lung cancer. Eur J Hum Gen, 2014: 1-6.
- 27. Song P, Sekhon HS, Jia Y, et al. Acetylcholine is synthesized by and acts as an autocrine growth factor for small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res, 2003, 63: 214-221.
- 28. Jull BA, Plummer HK, Schuller HM. Nicotinic receptor-mediated activation by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK of a Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of c-myc in human small cell lung carcinoma cells and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. J Cancer Res Clin Onco, 2001, 127(12): 707-717.
- 29. Anna B, José LC, Francisco A, et al. Expression patterns for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes in smoking-related lung cancers. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(40): 67878-67890.
- 30. Song P, Sekhon HS, Fu XW, et al. Activated cholinergic signaling provides a target in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res, 2008, 68: 4693-4700.
- 31. Paleari L, Cesario A, Fini M, et al. Alpha7-nicotinic receptor antagonists at the beginning of a clinical era for NSCLC and Mesothelioma? Drug Discov Today, 2009, 14: 822-836.
- 32. Maxim LB, Mikhail AS, Olga VS, et al. SLURP-1 controls growth and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells, forming a complex with α7-nAChR and PDGFR/EGFR heterodimer. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9: 739391.
- 33. Zhang C, Yu P, Zhu L, et al. Blockade of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibit nicotine-induced tumor growth and vimentin expression in non-small cell lung cancer through MEK/ERK signaling way. Oncol Rep, 2017, 38: 3309-3318.
- 34. Chernyavsky AI, Shchepotin IB, Grando SA. Mechanisms of growth-promoting and tumor-protecting effects of epithelial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Int Immunopharmacol, 2015, 29: 36-44.
- 35. Al-Wadei HA, Al-Wadei MH, Schuller HM. Cooperative regulation of non-small cell lung carcinoma by nicotinic and beta-adrenergic receptors: A novel target for intervention. PLoS One, 2012, 7: e29915.
- 36. Codignola A, Tarroni P, Cattaneo MG, et al. Serotonin release and cell proliferation are under the control of α-bungarotoxin sensitive nicotinic receptors in small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines. FEBS Lett, 1994, 342: 286-290.
- 37. Heeschen C, Weis M, Aicher A, et al. A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non‐neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Clin Invest, 2002, 110: 527-536.
- 38. Shen J, Xu L, Owonikoko TK, et al. NNK promotes migration and invasion of lung cancer cells through activation of c-Src/PKCι/FAK loop. Cancer Lett, 2012, 318: 106-113.
- 39. Grozio A, Paleari L, Catassi A, et al. Natural agents targeting the alpha7-nicotinic-receptor in NSCLC: A promising prospective in anti-cancer drug development. Int J Cancer, 2008, 122: 1911-1915.
- 40. Wasita W, Kuntarat A, Sutthaorn P, et al. α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist QND7 suppresses non- small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020, 521(4): 977-983.
- 41. Zovko A, Viktorsson K, Lewensohn R, et al. APS8, a polymeric alkylpyridinium salt blocks α7 nAChR and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Mar Drugs, 2013, 11: 2574-2594.
- 42. Berne S, Čemažar M, Frangež R, et al. APS8 delays tumor growth in mice by inducing apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells expressing high number of alpha7 nicotinic receptors. Mar Drugs, 2018, 16(10): 367-383.
- 43. Bai SS, Wen WH, Hou XN, et al. Inhibitory effect of sinomenine on lung cancer cells via negative regulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Leukoc Biol, 2021, 109(4): 843-852.
- 44. Mucchietto V, Fasoli F, Pucci S, et al. α9- and α7-containing receptors mediate the pro-proliferative effects of nicotine in the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line. Br J Pharmacol, 2018, 175(11): 1957-1972.
- 45. Brown KC, Lau JK, Dom AM, et al. MG624, an α7-nAChR antagonist, inhibits angiogenesis via the Egr-1/FGF2 pathway. Angiogenesis, 2012, 15: 99-114.
- 46. Iskandar AR, Miao B, Li X, et al. β-cryptoxanthin reduced lung tumor multiplicity and inhibited lung cancer cell motility by downregulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 signaling. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2016, 9: 875-886.
- 47. Yan YL, Su CX, Hang M, et al. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus rL-RVG enhances the apoptosis and inhibits the migration of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via regulating alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro. Virol J, 2017, 14(1): 190-202.
- 48. Grozio A, Catassi A, Cavalieri Z, et al. Nicotine, lung and cancer. Anti‐Cancer Agent Med Chem, 2007, 7: 461-466.
- 49. 张汝思, 张兰军. 免疫检查点抑制剂新辅助治疗可切除非小细胞肺癌现状与展望. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2020, 27(11): 1348-1352.
- 50. Shenker RF, McTyre ER, Ruiz J, et al. The Effects of smoking status and smoking history on patients with brain metastases from lung cancer. Cancer Med, 2017, 6: 944-952.
- 51. Warren GW, Sobus S, Gritz ER. The biological and clinical effects of smoking by patients with cancer and strategies to implement evidence-based tobacco cessation support. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15: 568-580.
- 52. Yoshino I, Maehara Y. Impact of smoking status on the biological behavior of lung cancer. Surg Today, 2007, 37: 725-734.
- 53. Medjber K, Freidja ML, Grelet S, et al. Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cell proliferation and tumour invasion in broncho-pulmonary carcinomas. Lung Cancer, 2015, 87: 258-264.
- 54. Zhang C, Ding XP, Zhao QN, et al. Role of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in nicotine-induced invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget, 2016, 7: 59199-59208.
- 55. Courtney MS, Namrata BS, Durairaj MK, et al. Regulation of Sox2 and stemness by nicotine and electronic-cigarettes in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer, 2018, 17(1): 149-164.
- 56. Remi Y, Kazutetsu A, Kinya F, et al. Nicotine enhances hepatocyte growth factor-mediated lung cancer cell migration by activating the α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor and phosphoinositide kinase-3-dependent pathway. Oncol Lett, 2016, 11(1): 673-677.
- 57. Hung YH, Hung WC. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) enhances invasiveness of lung cancer cells by up-regulating contactin-1 via the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/ERK signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact, 2009, 179(2-3): 154-159.
- 58. Kwok HH, Gao BN, Chan KH, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α7 mediates cigarette smoke-induced PD-L1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(21): 5345-5358.
- 59. Mashimo M, Komori M, Matsui YY, et al. Distinct roles of α7 nAChRs in antigen-presenting cells and CD4+ T cells in the regulation of T cell differentiation. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1102eCollection.
- 60. Pan S, Wu YJ, Zhang SS, et al. The effect of α7nAChR signaling on T cells and macrophages and their clinical implication in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Neurochem Res, 2022, 47(3): 531-544.
- 61. Hutchings C, Phillips JA, Djamgoz MBA. Nerve input to tumours: Pathophysiological consequences of a dynamic relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer, 2020, 1874(2): 188411.