The role of 3D printed ventricular septal defect model in the training of young cardiac surgeons_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

LING Yunfei , ZHONG Shitong , FAN Qiang , LI Tiange ,  QIAN Yongjun

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

QIAN Yongjun, Email: qianyongjun@scu.edu.cn

Keywords：

3D printed heart model; ventricular septal defect repair; teaching

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202406049

Video：

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Objective To explore the application effect of 3D printed heart models in the training of young cardiac surgeons, and evaluate their application value in surgical simulation and skill improvement. Methods Eight young cardiac surgeons were selected form West China Hospital as the trainees. Before training, the Hands-On Surgical Training-Congenital Heart Surgery (HOST-CHS) operation scores of the 8 cardiac surgeons were obtained after operating on 2 pig heart models of ventricular septal defect (VSD). Subsequently, simulation training was conducted on a 3D printed peri-membrane VSD heart model for 6 weeks, once a week. After the training, all trainees completed 2 pig heart VSD repair surgeries. The improvement of doctors’ skills was evaluated through survey questionnaires, HOST-CHS scores, and operation time after training. Results Before the training, the average HOST-CHS score of the 8 trainees was 52.2±6.3 points, and the average time for VSD repair was 54.7±7.1 min. During the 6-week simulation training using 3D printed models, the total score of HOST-CHS for the 8 trainees gradually increased (P<0.001), and the time required to complete VSD repair was shortened (P<0.001). The trainees had the most significant improvement in scores of surgical cognition and protective awareness. The survey results showed that trainees were generally very satisfied with the effectiveness of 3D model simulation training. Conclusion The 3D printed VSD model demonstrates significant application advantages in the training of young cardiac surgeons. By providing highly realistic anatomical structures, 3D models can effectively enhance surgeons’ surgical skills. It is suggested to further promote the application of 3D printing technology in medical education, providing strong support for cultivating high-quality cardiac surgeons.

Citation： LING Yunfei, ZHONG Shitong, FAN Qiang, LI Tiange, QIAN Yongjun. The role of 3D printed ventricular septal defect model in the training of young cardiac surgeons. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2024, 31(9): 1338-1344. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202406049 Copy

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2.	卢涛, 王水云. 3D打印在心血管疾病手术中的应用进展. 中国心血管病研究, 2021, 19(5): 469-475.Lu T, Wang SY. Application progress of 3D printing in cardiovascular surgery. Chin J Cardiovasc Res, 2021, 19(5): 469-475.
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10.	中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会. 2021年中国心外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2022, 20(4): 196-199.ChSECC. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2021. Chin J ECC, 2022, 20(4): 196-199.
11.	Karl TR, Jacobs JP. Paediatric cardiac surgical education: Which are the important elements? Cardiol Young, 2016, 26(8): 1465-1470.
12.	Kenny L, Booth K, Freystaetter K, et al. Training cardiothoracic surgeons of the future: The UK experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 155(6): 2526-2538.
13.	Tchervenkov CI, Herbst C, Jacobs JP, et al. Current status of training and certification for congenital heart surgery around the world: Proceedings of the Meetings of the Global Council on Education for Congenital Heart Surgery of the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2021, 12(3): 394-405.
14.	Kogon B, Karamlou T, Baumgartner W, et al. Congenital cardiac surgery fellowship training: A status update. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 151(6): 1488-1495.
15.	Hussein N, Honjo O, Haller C, et al. Hands-on surgical simulation in congenital heart surgery: Literature review and future perspective. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 32(1): 98-105.
16.	Chen SA, Ong CS, Malguria N, et al. Digital design and 3D printing of aortic arch reconstruction in HLHS for surgical simulation and training. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2018, 9(4): 454-458.
17.	Hoashi T, Ichikawa H, Nakata T, et al. Utility of a super-flexible three-dimensional printed heart model in congenital heart surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2018, 27(5): 749-755.
18.	White SC, Sedler J, Jones TW, et al. Utility of three-dimensional models in resident education on simple and complex intracardiac congenital heart defects. Congenit Heart Dis, 2018, 13(6): 1045-1049.
19.	Yoo SJ, Spray T, Austin EH, et al. Hands-on surgical training of congenital heart surgery using 3-dimensional print models. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 153(6): 1530-1540.
20.	Yoo SJ, Hussein N, Barron DJ. Congenital heart surgery skill training using simulation models: Not an option but a necessity. J Korean Med Sci, 2022, 37(38): e293.

1. 张林, 王嵘. 心脏外科硕士研究生教育模式探讨. 中国继续医学教育, 2019, 11(23): 49-52.Zhang L, Wang R. Education mode discussion for master degree candidate of cardiac surgery. China Contin Med Educ, 2019, 11(23): 49-52.
2. 卢涛, 王水云. 3D打印在心血管疾病手术中的应用进展. 中国心血管病研究, 2021, 19(5): 469-475.Lu T, Wang SY. Application progress of 3D printing in cardiovascular surgery. Chin J Cardiovasc Res, 2021, 19(5): 469-475.
3. 周伟, 胡佳, 张大发. 3D打印模型在继发性房缺临床实践教学中的应用. 继续医学教育, 2021, 35(2): 20-21.Zhou W, Hu J, Zhang DF. The application of three-dimension printing in the clinical teaching of secondary atrial septal defect. Contin Med Educ, 2021, 35(2): 20-21.
4. 常开丽, 张灿, 徐云燕, 等. 3D打印技术在先天性心脏病诊疗中的应用现状. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2023, 31(4): 304-309.Chang KL, Zhang C, Xu YY, et al. Applications of 3-dimensional printing technology in congenital heart disease. Chin J Interv Cardiol, 2023, 31(4): 304-309.
5. Dearani JA. Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 105(2): 643-644.
6. Fraser CD. Becoming a congenital heart surgeon in the current era: Realistic expectations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 151(6): 1496-1497.
7. Jonas RA. Training fellows in paediatric cardiac surgery. Cardiol Young, 2016, 26(8): 1474-1483.
8. DaRosa DA, Zwischenberger JB, Meyerson SL, et al. A theory-based model for teaching and assessing residents in the operating room. J Surg Educ, 2013, 70(1): 24-30.
9. 中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会. 2020年中国心外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2021, 19(5): 257-260.ChSECC. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2020. Chin J ECC, 2021, 19(5): 257-260.
10. 中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会. 2021年中国心外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2022, 20(4): 196-199.ChSECC. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2021. Chin J ECC, 2022, 20(4): 196-199.
11. Karl TR, Jacobs JP. Paediatric cardiac surgical education: Which are the important elements? Cardiol Young, 2016, 26(8): 1465-1470.
12. Kenny L, Booth K, Freystaetter K, et al. Training cardiothoracic surgeons of the future: The UK experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 155(6): 2526-2538.
13. Tchervenkov CI, Herbst C, Jacobs JP, et al. Current status of training and certification for congenital heart surgery around the world: Proceedings of the Meetings of the Global Council on Education for Congenital Heart Surgery of the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2021, 12(3): 394-405.
14. Kogon B, Karamlou T, Baumgartner W, et al. Congenital cardiac surgery fellowship training: A status update. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 151(6): 1488-1495.
15. Hussein N, Honjo O, Haller C, et al. Hands-on surgical simulation in congenital heart surgery: Literature review and future perspective. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2020, 32(1): 98-105.
16. Chen SA, Ong CS, Malguria N, et al. Digital design and 3D printing of aortic arch reconstruction in HLHS for surgical simulation and training. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2018, 9(4): 454-458.
17. Hoashi T, Ichikawa H, Nakata T, et al. Utility of a super-flexible three-dimensional printed heart model in congenital heart surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2018, 27(5): 749-755.
18. White SC, Sedler J, Jones TW, et al. Utility of three-dimensional models in resident education on simple and complex intracardiac congenital heart defects. Congenit Heart Dis, 2018, 13(6): 1045-1049.
19. Yoo SJ, Spray T, Austin EH, et al. Hands-on surgical training of congenital heart surgery using 3-dimensional print models. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 153(6): 1530-1540.
20. Yoo SJ, Hussein N, Barron DJ. Congenital heart surgery skill training using simulation models: Not an option but a necessity. J Korean Med Sci, 2022, 37(38): e293.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

The role of 3D printed ventricular septal defect model in the training of young cardiac surgeons

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