Advances in Surgical Management of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastasis_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 HUJun , SHENXian-feng , TANQiao-ling ,  JIANZhi-yuan

The First Department of General Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China;

Corresponding author：

JIANZhi-yuan, Email: jzyuan@tom.com

Keywords：

Neuroendocrine tumor; Liver metastasis; Treatment

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20140379

Video：

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Objective To evaluate the effect of surgical management of neuroendocrine liver metastasis. Methods Literatures about the surgical management of neuroendocrine liver metastasis were collected and reviewed. Results Effect of surgical treatment for neuroendocrine liver metastasis was confirmed, but the molecular mechanism of tumor formation was more complex, and the recurrence rate of surgery was too high, so a large number of new treatment methods had been developed and used clinically, and had achieved good results. These treatments included external beam radiotherapy, internal radiotherapy, liver transplantation, and targeted therapies. Conclusion Comprehensive surgical management will be the direction of surgical management of neuroendocrine liver metastasis.

Citation： HUJun, SHENXian-feng, TANQiao-ling, JIANZhi-yuan. Advances in Surgical Management of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastasis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2014, 21(12): 1593-1597. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20140379 Copy

1.	Del Prete M, Fiore F, Modica R, et al.Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with neuroendocrine tumors[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 33:43.
2.	Harring TR, Nguyen NT, Goss JA, et al.Treatment of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumors:a comprehensive review[J].Int J Hepatol, 2011, 2011:154541.
3.	John BJ, Davidson BR.Treatment options for unresectable neuroendocrine liver metastases[J].Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 6(3):357-369.
4.	Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT.Therapy of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs):recent insights and advances[J].J Gastroenterol, 2012, 47(9):941-960.
5.	Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E.Introduction to a revised clinicopathological classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic tract[J].Q J Nucl Med, 2000, 44(1):13-21.
6.	Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, et al.Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system//Bosman T, Carneiro F, Hruban R, et al.WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system[M].4th ed.Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2010:13-14.
7.	Rindi G, Klöppel G, Alhman H, et al.TNM staging of foregut (neuro) endocrine tumors:a consensus proposal including a grading system[J].Virchows Arch, 2006, 449(4):395-401.
8.	Mayo SC, de Jong MC, Pulitano C, et al.Surgical management of hepatic neuroendocrine tumor metastasis:results from an international multi-institutional analysis[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(12):3129-3136.
9.	Frilling A, Li J, Malamutmann E, et al.Treatment of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumours in relation to the extent of hepatic disease[J].Br J Surg, 2009, 96(2):175-184.
10.	Sarmiento JM, Heywood G, Rubin J, et al.Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine metastases to the liver:a plea for resection to increase survival[J].J Am Coll Surg, 2003, 197(1):29-37.
11.	Oberg K, Eriksson B.Endocrine tumours of the pancreas[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2005, 19(5):753-781.
12.	Glazer ES, Tseng JF, Al-Refaie W, et al.Long-term survival after surgical management of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases[J].HPB (Oxford), 2010, 12(6):427-433.
13.	Cheung TT, Chok KS, Chan AC, et al.Long term survival analysis of hepatectomy for neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases[J].Sci World J, 2014, 2014:524045.
14.	Tsuchikawa T, Hirano S, Tanaka E, et al.Surgical strategy for liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumors[J].Hepatogastroenterology, 2012, 59(115):921-923.
15.	Mayo SC, Cameron AM, Pawlik TM.Neuroendocrine liver metastasis:transplant as part of multimodality liver-directed therapy[J].Arch Surg, 2012, 147(1):98-99.
16.	Frilling A, Modlin IM, Kidd M, et al.Recommendations for management of patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases[J].Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(1):e8-e21.
17.	Elias D, Lefevre JH, Duvillard P, et al.Hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumors with a "thin slice" pathological examination:they are many more than you think[J].Ann Surg, 2010, 251(2):307-310.
18.	Contessa JN, Griffith KA, Wolff E, et al.Radiotherapy for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 75(4):1196-1200.
19.	Gupta S, Johnson MM, Murthy R, et al.Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for the treatment of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors:variables affecting response rates and survival[J].Cancer, 2005, 104(8):1590-1602.
20.	Kennedy AS, Dezarn WA, Mcneillie P, et al.Radioembolization for unresectable neuroendocrine hepatic metastases using resin 90Y-microspheres:early results in 148 patients[J].Am J Clin Oncol, 2008, 31(3):271-279.
21.	Ezziddin S, Meyer C, Kahancova S, et al.90Y radioembolization after radiation exposure from peptide receptor radionuclide therapy[J].J Nucl Med, 2012, 53(11):1663-1669.
22.	Bester L, Meteling B, Pocock N, et al.Radioembolization versus standard care of hepatic metastases:comparative retrospective cohort study of survival outcomes and adverse events in salvage patients[J].J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2012, 23(1):96-105.
23.	Pfeifer AK, Gregersen T, Grønbæk H, et al.Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with Y-DOTATOC and (177) Lu-DOTATOC in advanced neuroendocrine tumors:results from a Danish cohort treated in Switzerland[J].Neuroendocrinology, 2011, 93(3):189-196.
24.	陈永辉, 贾兵, 李方, 等.肽受体放射性核素治疗进展期胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤[J].癌症进展, 2010, 8(6):598-601.
25.	Ravaioli M, Ercolani G, Neri F, et al.Liver transplantation for hepatic tumors:a systematic review[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(18):5345-5352.
26.	Lewis MA, Hubbard J.Multimodal liver-directed management of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases[J].Int J Hepatol, 2011, 2011:452343.
27.	Le Treut YP, Grégoire E, Belghiti J, et al.Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for metastatic endocrine tumors:an 85-case French multicentric report[J].Am J Transplant, 2008, 8(6):1205-1213.
28.	Mazzaferro V, Pulvirenti A, Coppa J.Neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver:how to select patients for liver transplantation?[J].J Hepatol, 2007, 47(4):460-466.
29.	Mccormick B, Ottesen RA, Hughes ME, et al.Impact of guideline changes on use or omission of radiation in the elderly with early breast cancer:practice patterns at National Comprehensive Cancer Network Institutions[J].J Am Coll Surg, 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
30.	Kong G, Thompson M, Collins M, et al.Assessment of predictors of response and long-term survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumour treated with peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy (PRCRT)[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
31.	Panzuto F, Rinzivillo M, Fazio N, et al.Real-world study of everolimus in advanced progressive neuroendocrine tumors[J].Oncologist, 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
32.	Caplin ME, Pavel M, Ćwikła JB, et al.Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].N Engl J Med, 2014, 371(3):224-233.
33.	Toumpanakis C, Caplin ME.Update on the role of somatostatin analogs for the treatment of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].Semin Oncol, 2013, 40(1):56-68.
34.	朱优龙, 姜波健, 俞继卫.mTOR及其信号通路在胃癌化疗耐药中的研究进展[J].中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2012, 19(12):1352-1356.
35.	Briest F, Grabowski P.PI3K-AKT-mTOR-signaling and beyond:the complex network in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms[J].Theranostics, 2014, 4(4):336-365.
36.	Yao JC, Phan A, Hoff PM, et al.Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in advanced carcinoid tumor:a random assignment phaseⅡstudy of depot octreotide with bevacizumab and pegylated interferon alpha-2b[J].J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(8):1316-1323.
37.	Blumenthal GM, Cortazar P, Zhang JJ, et al.FDA approval summary:sunitinib for the treatment of progressive well-differentiated locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].Oncologist, 2012, 17(8):1108-1113.
38.	Vinik AI, Raymond E.Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors:approach to treatment with focus on sunitinib[J].Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 2013, 6(5):396-411.

1. Del Prete M, Fiore F, Modica R, et al.Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with neuroendocrine tumors[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2014, 33:43.
2. Harring TR, Nguyen NT, Goss JA, et al.Treatment of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumors:a comprehensive review[J].Int J Hepatol, 2011, 2011:154541.
3. John BJ, Davidson BR.Treatment options for unresectable neuroendocrine liver metastases[J].Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 6(3):357-369.
4. Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT.Therapy of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs):recent insights and advances[J].J Gastroenterol, 2012, 47(9):941-960.
5. Rindi G, Capella C, Solcia E.Introduction to a revised clinicopathological classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic tract[J].Q J Nucl Med, 2000, 44(1):13-21.
6. Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, et al.Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system//Bosman T, Carneiro F, Hruban R, et al.WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system[M].4th ed.Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2010:13-14.
7. Rindi G, Klöppel G, Alhman H, et al.TNM staging of foregut (neuro) endocrine tumors:a consensus proposal including a grading system[J].Virchows Arch, 2006, 449(4):395-401.
8. Mayo SC, de Jong MC, Pulitano C, et al.Surgical management of hepatic neuroendocrine tumor metastasis:results from an international multi-institutional analysis[J].Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(12):3129-3136.
9. Frilling A, Li J, Malamutmann E, et al.Treatment of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumours in relation to the extent of hepatic disease[J].Br J Surg, 2009, 96(2):175-184.
10. Sarmiento JM, Heywood G, Rubin J, et al.Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine metastases to the liver:a plea for resection to increase survival[J].J Am Coll Surg, 2003, 197(1):29-37.
11. Oberg K, Eriksson B.Endocrine tumours of the pancreas[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2005, 19(5):753-781.
12. Glazer ES, Tseng JF, Al-Refaie W, et al.Long-term survival after surgical management of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases[J].HPB (Oxford), 2010, 12(6):427-433.
13. Cheung TT, Chok KS, Chan AC, et al.Long term survival analysis of hepatectomy for neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases[J].Sci World J, 2014, 2014:524045.
14. Tsuchikawa T, Hirano S, Tanaka E, et al.Surgical strategy for liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumors[J].Hepatogastroenterology, 2012, 59(115):921-923.
15. Mayo SC, Cameron AM, Pawlik TM.Neuroendocrine liver metastasis:transplant as part of multimodality liver-directed therapy[J].Arch Surg, 2012, 147(1):98-99.
16. Frilling A, Modlin IM, Kidd M, et al.Recommendations for management of patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases[J].Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(1):e8-e21.
17. Elias D, Lefevre JH, Duvillard P, et al.Hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumors with a "thin slice" pathological examination:they are many more than you think[J].Ann Surg, 2010, 251(2):307-310.
18. Contessa JN, Griffith KA, Wolff E, et al.Radiotherapy for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 75(4):1196-1200.
19. Gupta S, Johnson MM, Murthy R, et al.Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for the treatment of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors:variables affecting response rates and survival[J].Cancer, 2005, 104(8):1590-1602.
20. Kennedy AS, Dezarn WA, Mcneillie P, et al.Radioembolization for unresectable neuroendocrine hepatic metastases using resin 90Y-microspheres:early results in 148 patients[J].Am J Clin Oncol, 2008, 31(3):271-279.
21. Ezziddin S, Meyer C, Kahancova S, et al.90Y radioembolization after radiation exposure from peptide receptor radionuclide therapy[J].J Nucl Med, 2012, 53(11):1663-1669.
22. Bester L, Meteling B, Pocock N, et al.Radioembolization versus standard care of hepatic metastases:comparative retrospective cohort study of survival outcomes and adverse events in salvage patients[J].J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2012, 23(1):96-105.
23. Pfeifer AK, Gregersen T, Grønbæk H, et al.Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with Y-DOTATOC and (177) Lu-DOTATOC in advanced neuroendocrine tumors:results from a Danish cohort treated in Switzerland[J].Neuroendocrinology, 2011, 93(3):189-196.
24. 陈永辉, 贾兵, 李方, 等.肽受体放射性核素治疗进展期胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤[J].癌症进展, 2010, 8(6):598-601.
25. Ravaioli M, Ercolani G, Neri F, et al.Liver transplantation for hepatic tumors:a systematic review[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(18):5345-5352.
26. Lewis MA, Hubbard J.Multimodal liver-directed management of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases[J].Int J Hepatol, 2011, 2011:452343.
27. Le Treut YP, Grégoire E, Belghiti J, et al.Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for metastatic endocrine tumors:an 85-case French multicentric report[J].Am J Transplant, 2008, 8(6):1205-1213.
28. Mazzaferro V, Pulvirenti A, Coppa J.Neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver:how to select patients for liver transplantation?[J].J Hepatol, 2007, 47(4):460-466.
29. Mccormick B, Ottesen RA, Hughes ME, et al.Impact of guideline changes on use or omission of radiation in the elderly with early breast cancer:practice patterns at National Comprehensive Cancer Network Institutions[J].J Am Coll Surg, 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
30. Kong G, Thompson M, Collins M, et al.Assessment of predictors of response and long-term survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumour treated with peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy (PRCRT)[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
31. Panzuto F, Rinzivillo M, Fazio N, et al.Real-world study of everolimus in advanced progressive neuroendocrine tumors[J].Oncologist, 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
32. Caplin ME, Pavel M, Ćwikła JB, et al.Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].N Engl J Med, 2014, 371(3):224-233.
33. Toumpanakis C, Caplin ME.Update on the role of somatostatin analogs for the treatment of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].Semin Oncol, 2013, 40(1):56-68.
34. 朱优龙, 姜波健, 俞继卫.mTOR及其信号通路在胃癌化疗耐药中的研究进展[J].中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2012, 19(12):1352-1356.
35. Briest F, Grabowski P.PI3K-AKT-mTOR-signaling and beyond:the complex network in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms[J].Theranostics, 2014, 4(4):336-365.
36. Yao JC, Phan A, Hoff PM, et al.Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in advanced carcinoid tumor:a random assignment phaseⅡstudy of depot octreotide with bevacizumab and pegylated interferon alpha-2b[J].J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(8):1316-1323.
37. Blumenthal GM, Cortazar P, Zhang JJ, et al.FDA approval summary:sunitinib for the treatment of progressive well-differentiated locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors[J].Oncologist, 2012, 17(8):1108-1113.
38. Vinik AI, Raymond E.Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors:approach to treatment with focus on sunitinib[J].Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 2013, 6(5):396-411.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Advances in Surgical Management of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastasis

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