Research Progress of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 ZHAOHai-jian ¹ ,  SHENLi-zong ²

1. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an City, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu Province, China;
2. Department of Gastric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China;

Corresponding author：

SHENLi-zong, Email: shenlz@163.com

Keywords：

Gastric intestinal metaplasia; Gastric cancer; Progress

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20150199

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the research progress of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). Methods The literatures about the research progress of the GIM were reviewed. Results The most important histological feature of GIM was the presence of goblet cells, which was associated with the risk factors of Helicobacter pylori, gastric ulcer, reflux of bile acid, old age, overweight, and so on. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori, individual drug intervention, and regular endoscopic surveillance were considered to be effective prevention and treatment measures. GIM was recognized as the precancerous lesion of gastric cancer, however, the pathogenesis of GIM in gastric carcinogenesis had not been recognized so far. Conclusions It has a relationship between GIM and gastric cancer. The mechanism of GIM, the pathogenesis of GIM in gastric cancer, individual therapy measures, and the formulation of endoscopic surveillance strategy, however, still need further multicenter and large clinical study.

Citation： ZHAOHai-jian, SHENLi-zong. Research Progress of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2015, 22(6): 767-771. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20150199 Copy

1.	Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008:GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer, 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
2.	Japanese Gastric Cancer Association Registration Committee; Maruyama K, Kaminishi M, et al. Gastric cancer treated in 1991 in Japan:data analysis of nationwide registry. Gastric Cancer, 2006, 9(2):51-66.
3.	Shen L, Huang Y, Sun M, et al. Clinicopathological features associated with lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer:analysis of a single-institution experience in China. Can J Gastroenterol, 2009, 23(5):353-356.
4.	Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 1988, 48(13):3554-3560.
5.	de Vries AC, Kuipers EJ. Epidemiology of premalignant gastric lesions:implications for the development of screening and surveillance strategies. Helicobacter, 2007, 12 Suppl 2:22-31.
6.	de Vries AC, Haringsma J, Kuipers EJ. The detection, surveillance and treatment of premalignant gastric lesions related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter, 2007, 12(1):1-15.
7.	Zullo A, Hassan C, Romiti A, et al. Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach:when, how and why. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2012, 4(3):30-36.
8.	Chandrasoma PT, Der R, Ma Y, et al. Histologic classification of patients based on mapping biopsies of the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Surg Pathol, 2003, 27(7):929-936.
9.	Chiu PW, Ng EK, To KF, et al. Recognition of goblet cells upon endocytoscopy indicates the presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia. Dig Endosc, 2014, 26(1):52-56.
10.	Correa P, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT. Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia:clinical implications. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, 105(3):493-498.
11.	Li Y, Chang X, Zhou W, et al. Gastric intestinal metaplasia with basal gland atypia:a morphological and biologic evaluation in a large Chinese cohort. Hum Pathol, 2013, 44(4):578-590.
12.	Piazuelo MB, Haque S, Delgado A, et al. Phenotypic differences between esophageal and gastric intestinal metaplasia. Mod Pathol, 2004, 17(1):62-74.
13.	Eriksson NK, Kärkkäinen PA, Färkkilä MA, et al. Prevalence and distribution of gastric intestinal metaplasia and its subtypes. Dig Liver Dis, 2008, 40(5):355-360.
14.	Silva S, Filipe MI, Pinho A. Variants of intestinal metaplasia in the evolution of chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer. A follow up study. Gut, 1990, 31(10):1097-1104.
15.	Hong JB, Xia L, Zuo W, et al. Risk factors for intestinal metaplasia in concomitant gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. Exp Ther Med, 2014, 7(4):929-934.
16.	You WC, Zhang L, Gail MH, et al. Precancerous lesions in two counties of China with contrasting gastric cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol, 1998, 27(6):945-948.
17.	Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS):guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy, 2012, 44(1):74-94.
18.	de Vries AC, Haringsma J, de Vries RA, et al. Biopsy strategies for endoscopic surveillance of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Helicobacter, 2010, 15(4):259-264.
19.	Goldman A, Shahidullah M, Goldman D, et al. A novel mechanism of acid and bile acid-induced DNA damage involving Na+/H+ exchanger:implication for Barrett's oesophagus. Gut, 2010, 59(12):1606-1616.
20.	Matsuhisa T, Arakawa T, Watanabe T, et al. Relation between bile acid reflux into the stomach and the risk of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia:a multicenter study of 2 283 cases. Dig Endosc, 2013, 25(5):519-525.
21.	Almouradi T, Hiatt T, Attar B. Gastric intestinal metaplasia in an underserved population in the USA:prevalence, epidemiologic and clinical features. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2013, 2013:856256.
22.	de Vries AC, van Grieken NC, Looman CW, et al. Gastric cancer risk in patients with premalignant gastric lesions:a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology, 2008, 134(4):945-952.
23.	Felley C, Bouzourene H, Vanmelle MB, et al. Age, smoking and overweight contribute to the development of intestinal metaplasia of the cardia. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(17):2076-2083.
24.	Yee YK, Wong KW, Hui CK, et al. Prevalence and time trend of intestinal metaplasia in Hong Kong. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(5):896-899.
25.	Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis:a multistep and multifactorial process-First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res, 1992, 52(24):6735-6740.
26.	Bronner MP. Gastric cancer and intestinal metaplasia. Hum Pathol, 1999, 30(7):733.
27.	Rauws EA, Langenberg W, Houthoff HJ, et al. Campylobacter pyloridis-associated chronic active antral gastritis. A prospective study of its prevalence and the effects of antibacterial and antiulcer treatment. Gastroenterology, 1988, 94(1):33-40.
28.	Correa P. Precursors of gastric and esophageal cancer. Cancer, 1982, 50(11 Suppl):2554-2565.
29.	Rugge M, Correa P, Dixon MF, et al. Gastric dysplasia:the Padova international classification. Am J Surg Pathol, 2000, 24(2):167-176.
30.	González CA, Pardo ML, Liso JM, et al. Gastric cancer occurrence in preneoplastic lesions:a long-term follow-up in a high-risk area in Spain. Int J Cancer, 2010, 127(11):2654-2660.
31.	Dinis-Ribeiro M, Lopes C, da Costa-Pereira A, et al. A follow up model for patients with atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. J Clin Pathol, 2004, 57(2):177-182.
32.	Rokkas T, Filipe MI, Sladen GE. Detection of an increased incidence of early gastric cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia typeⅢwho are closely followed up. Gut, 1991, 32(10):1110-1113.
33.	El-Zimaity HM, Ramchatesingh J, Saeed MA, et al. Gastric intestinal metaplasia:subtypes and natural history. J Clin Pathol, 2001, 54(9):679-683.
34.	Kang KP, Lee HS, Kim N, et al. Role of intestinal metaplasia subtyping in the risk of gastric cancer in Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(1):140-148.
35.	Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Nakaizumi A, et al. Fundal atrophic gastritis as a risk factor for gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 1993, 53(1):70-74.
36.	González CA, Sanz-Anquela JM, Gisbert JP, et al. Utility of subtyping intestinal metaplasia as marker of gastric cancer risk. A review of the evidence. Int J Cancer, 2013, 133(5):1023-1032.
37.	Sagiv E, Starr A, Rozovski U, et al. Targeting CD24 for treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancer by monoclonal antibodies or small interfering RNA. Cancer Res, 2008, 68(8):2803-2812.
38.	Bretz NP, Salnikov AV, Perne C, et al. CD24 controls Src/STAT3 activity in human tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2012, 69(22):3863-3879.
39.	Wang YC, Wang JL, Kong X, et al. CD24 mediates gastric carcinogenesis and promotes gastric cancer progression via STAT3 activation. Apoptosis, 2014, 19(4):643-656.
40.	Feng XS, Wang YF, Hao SG, et al. Expression of Das-1, Ki67 and sulfuric proteins in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and intestinal metaplasia lesions. Exp Ther Med, 2013, 5(6):1555-1558.
41.	Dai J, Zhang N, Wang J, et al. Gastrokine-2 is downregulated in gastric cancer and its restoration suppresses gastric tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Tumour Biol, 2014, 35(5):4199-4207.
42.	Zheng ZX, Sun Y, Bu ZD, et al. Intestinal stem cell marker LGR5 expression during gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(46):8714-8721.
43.	Leung WK, Wu MS, Kakugawa Y, et al. Screening for gastric cancer in Asia:current evidence and practice. Lancet Oncol, 2008, 9(3):279-287.
44.	Repici A, Pagano N, Hassan C, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis:a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2012, 21(3):303-307.
45.	Yeh JM, Hur C, Kuntz KM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of treatment and endoscopic surveillance of precancerous lesions to prevent gastric cancer. Cancer, 2010, 116(12):2941-2953.
46.	Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, et al. ASGE guideline:the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006, 63(4):570-580.
47.	Cooper SC, El-agib A, Dar S, et al. Endoscopic surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus:the patients' perspective. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 21(8):850-854.
48.	O'Connor A, McNamara D, O'Moráin CA. Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, 9:CD009322.
49.	Leung WK, Lin SR, Ching JY, et al. Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia:results of a randomised trial on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut, 2004, 53(9):1244-1249.
50.	Kang JM, Kim N, Shin CM, et al. Predictive factors for improvement of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia after Helicobacter pylori eradication:a three-year follow-up study in Korea. Helicobacter, 2012, 17(2):86-95.
51.	Lee YC, Chen TH, Chiu HM, et al. The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection:a community-based study of gastric cancer prevention. Gut, 2013, 62(5):676-682.
52.	Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, et al. The long-term impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric histology:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter, 2007, 12 Suppl 2:32-38.
53.	Wang J, Xu L, Shi R, et al. Gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication:a meta-analysis. Digestion, 2011, 83(4):253-260.
54.	Moon CM, Kim SH, Lee SK, et al. Chronic tamoxifen use is associated with a decreased risk of intestinal metaplasia in human gastric epithelium. Dig Dis Sci, 2014, 59(6):1244-1254.
55.	Oshima H, Hioki K, Popivanova BK, et al. Prostaglandin E₂ signaling and bacterial infection recruit tumor-promoting macrophages to mouse gastric tumors. Gastroenterology, 2011, 140(2):596-607.
56.	Parsons AB, Lopez A, Givoni IE, et al. Exploring the mode-of-action of bioactive compounds by chemical-genetic profiling in yeast. Cell, 2006, 126(3):611-625.
57.	Morad SA, Levin JC, Tan SF, et al. Novel off-target effect of tamoxifen-inhibition of acid ceramidase activity in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2013, 1831(12):1657-1664.
58.	Huh WJ, Khurana SS, Geahlen JH, et al.Tamoxifen induces rapid, reversible atrophy, and metaplasia in mouse stomach.Gastroenterology, 2012, 142(1):21-24.
59.	Wada T, Ishimoto T, Seishima R, et al.Functional role of CD44vxCT system in the development of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia.Cancer Sci, 2013, 104(10):1323-1329.
60.	Goldenring JR.Gastric intestinal metaplasia and tamoxifen:can we reverse the inevitable?.Dig Dis Sci, 2014, 59(6):1078-1079.

1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008:GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer, 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
2. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association Registration Committee; Maruyama K, Kaminishi M, et al. Gastric cancer treated in 1991 in Japan:data analysis of nationwide registry. Gastric Cancer, 2006, 9(2):51-66.
3. Shen L, Huang Y, Sun M, et al. Clinicopathological features associated with lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer:analysis of a single-institution experience in China. Can J Gastroenterol, 2009, 23(5):353-356.
4. Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 1988, 48(13):3554-3560.
5. de Vries AC, Kuipers EJ. Epidemiology of premalignant gastric lesions:implications for the development of screening and surveillance strategies. Helicobacter, 2007, 12 Suppl 2:22-31.
6. de Vries AC, Haringsma J, Kuipers EJ. The detection, surveillance and treatment of premalignant gastric lesions related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter, 2007, 12(1):1-15.
7. Zullo A, Hassan C, Romiti A, et al. Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach:when, how and why. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2012, 4(3):30-36.
8. Chandrasoma PT, Der R, Ma Y, et al. Histologic classification of patients based on mapping biopsies of the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Surg Pathol, 2003, 27(7):929-936.
9. Chiu PW, Ng EK, To KF, et al. Recognition of goblet cells upon endocytoscopy indicates the presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia. Dig Endosc, 2014, 26(1):52-56.
10. Correa P, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT. Pathology of gastric intestinal metaplasia:clinical implications. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010, 105(3):493-498.
11. Li Y, Chang X, Zhou W, et al. Gastric intestinal metaplasia with basal gland atypia:a morphological and biologic evaluation in a large Chinese cohort. Hum Pathol, 2013, 44(4):578-590.
12. Piazuelo MB, Haque S, Delgado A, et al. Phenotypic differences between esophageal and gastric intestinal metaplasia. Mod Pathol, 2004, 17(1):62-74.
13. Eriksson NK, Kärkkäinen PA, Färkkilä MA, et al. Prevalence and distribution of gastric intestinal metaplasia and its subtypes. Dig Liver Dis, 2008, 40(5):355-360.
14. Silva S, Filipe MI, Pinho A. Variants of intestinal metaplasia in the evolution of chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer. A follow up study. Gut, 1990, 31(10):1097-1104.
15. Hong JB, Xia L, Zuo W, et al. Risk factors for intestinal metaplasia in concomitant gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. Exp Ther Med, 2014, 7(4):929-934.
16. You WC, Zhang L, Gail MH, et al. Precancerous lesions in two counties of China with contrasting gastric cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol, 1998, 27(6):945-948.
17. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS):guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy, 2012, 44(1):74-94.
18. de Vries AC, Haringsma J, de Vries RA, et al. Biopsy strategies for endoscopic surveillance of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Helicobacter, 2010, 15(4):259-264.
19. Goldman A, Shahidullah M, Goldman D, et al. A novel mechanism of acid and bile acid-induced DNA damage involving Na+/H+ exchanger:implication for Barrett's oesophagus. Gut, 2010, 59(12):1606-1616.
20. Matsuhisa T, Arakawa T, Watanabe T, et al. Relation between bile acid reflux into the stomach and the risk of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia:a multicenter study of 2 283 cases. Dig Endosc, 2013, 25(5):519-525.
21. Almouradi T, Hiatt T, Attar B. Gastric intestinal metaplasia in an underserved population in the USA:prevalence, epidemiologic and clinical features. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2013, 2013:856256.
22. de Vries AC, van Grieken NC, Looman CW, et al. Gastric cancer risk in patients with premalignant gastric lesions:a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology, 2008, 134(4):945-952.
23. Felley C, Bouzourene H, Vanmelle MB, et al. Age, smoking and overweight contribute to the development of intestinal metaplasia of the cardia. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(17):2076-2083.
24. Yee YK, Wong KW, Hui CK, et al. Prevalence and time trend of intestinal metaplasia in Hong Kong. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(5):896-899.
25. Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis:a multistep and multifactorial process-First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res, 1992, 52(24):6735-6740.
26. Bronner MP. Gastric cancer and intestinal metaplasia. Hum Pathol, 1999, 30(7):733.
27. Rauws EA, Langenberg W, Houthoff HJ, et al. Campylobacter pyloridis-associated chronic active antral gastritis. A prospective study of its prevalence and the effects of antibacterial and antiulcer treatment. Gastroenterology, 1988, 94(1):33-40.
28. Correa P. Precursors of gastric and esophageal cancer. Cancer, 1982, 50(11 Suppl):2554-2565.
29. Rugge M, Correa P, Dixon MF, et al. Gastric dysplasia:the Padova international classification. Am J Surg Pathol, 2000, 24(2):167-176.
30. González CA, Pardo ML, Liso JM, et al. Gastric cancer occurrence in preneoplastic lesions:a long-term follow-up in a high-risk area in Spain. Int J Cancer, 2010, 127(11):2654-2660.
31. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Lopes C, da Costa-Pereira A, et al. A follow up model for patients with atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. J Clin Pathol, 2004, 57(2):177-182.
32. Rokkas T, Filipe MI, Sladen GE. Detection of an increased incidence of early gastric cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia typeⅢwho are closely followed up. Gut, 1991, 32(10):1110-1113.
33. El-Zimaity HM, Ramchatesingh J, Saeed MA, et al. Gastric intestinal metaplasia:subtypes and natural history. J Clin Pathol, 2001, 54(9):679-683.
34. Kang KP, Lee HS, Kim N, et al. Role of intestinal metaplasia subtyping in the risk of gastric cancer in Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24(1):140-148.
35. Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Nakaizumi A, et al. Fundal atrophic gastritis as a risk factor for gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 1993, 53(1):70-74.
36. González CA, Sanz-Anquela JM, Gisbert JP, et al. Utility of subtyping intestinal metaplasia as marker of gastric cancer risk. A review of the evidence. Int J Cancer, 2013, 133(5):1023-1032.
37. Sagiv E, Starr A, Rozovski U, et al. Targeting CD24 for treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancer by monoclonal antibodies or small interfering RNA. Cancer Res, 2008, 68(8):2803-2812.
38. Bretz NP, Salnikov AV, Perne C, et al. CD24 controls Src/STAT3 activity in human tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2012, 69(22):3863-3879.
39. Wang YC, Wang JL, Kong X, et al. CD24 mediates gastric carcinogenesis and promotes gastric cancer progression via STAT3 activation. Apoptosis, 2014, 19(4):643-656.
40. Feng XS, Wang YF, Hao SG, et al. Expression of Das-1, Ki67 and sulfuric proteins in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and intestinal metaplasia lesions. Exp Ther Med, 2013, 5(6):1555-1558.
41. Dai J, Zhang N, Wang J, et al. Gastrokine-2 is downregulated in gastric cancer and its restoration suppresses gastric tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Tumour Biol, 2014, 35(5):4199-4207.
42. Zheng ZX, Sun Y, Bu ZD, et al. Intestinal stem cell marker LGR5 expression during gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(46):8714-8721.
43. Leung WK, Wu MS, Kakugawa Y, et al. Screening for gastric cancer in Asia:current evidence and practice. Lancet Oncol, 2008, 9(3):279-287.
44. Repici A, Pagano N, Hassan C, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplastic lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis:a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2012, 21(3):303-307.
45. Yeh JM, Hur C, Kuntz KM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of treatment and endoscopic surveillance of precancerous lesions to prevent gastric cancer. Cancer, 2010, 116(12):2941-2953.
46. Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, et al. ASGE guideline:the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006, 63(4):570-580.
47. Cooper SC, El-agib A, Dar S, et al. Endoscopic surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus:the patients' perspective. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 21(8):850-854.
48. O'Connor A, McNamara D, O'Moráin CA. Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, 9:CD009322.
49. Leung WK, Lin SR, Ching JY, et al. Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia:results of a randomised trial on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut, 2004, 53(9):1244-1249.
50. Kang JM, Kim N, Shin CM, et al. Predictive factors for improvement of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia after Helicobacter pylori eradication:a three-year follow-up study in Korea. Helicobacter, 2012, 17(2):86-95.
51. Lee YC, Chen TH, Chiu HM, et al. The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection:a community-based study of gastric cancer prevention. Gut, 2013, 62(5):676-682.
52. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, et al. The long-term impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric histology:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter, 2007, 12 Suppl 2:32-38.
53. Wang J, Xu L, Shi R, et al. Gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication:a meta-analysis. Digestion, 2011, 83(4):253-260.
54. Moon CM, Kim SH, Lee SK, et al. Chronic tamoxifen use is associated with a decreased risk of intestinal metaplasia in human gastric epithelium. Dig Dis Sci, 2014, 59(6):1244-1254.
55. Oshima H, Hioki K, Popivanova BK, et al. Prostaglandin E₂ signaling and bacterial infection recruit tumor-promoting macrophages to mouse gastric tumors. Gastroenterology, 2011, 140(2):596-607.
56. Parsons AB, Lopez A, Givoni IE, et al. Exploring the mode-of-action of bioactive compounds by chemical-genetic profiling in yeast. Cell, 2006, 126(3):611-625.
57. Morad SA, Levin JC, Tan SF, et al. Novel off-target effect of tamoxifen-inhibition of acid ceramidase activity in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2013, 1831(12):1657-1664.
58. Huh WJ, Khurana SS, Geahlen JH, et al.Tamoxifen induces rapid, reversible atrophy, and metaplasia in mouse stomach.Gastroenterology, 2012, 142(1):21-24.
59. Wada T, Ishimoto T, Seishima R, et al.Functional role of CD44vxCT system in the development of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia.Cancer Sci, 2013, 104(10):1323-1329.
60. Goldenring JR.Gastric intestinal metaplasia and tamoxifen:can we reverse the inevitable?.Dig Dis Sci, 2014, 59(6):1078-1079.

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Research Progress of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia

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