Research Advances of Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 YANGYong ¹ , JIANGYu-qiu ¹ ,  WANGYong-gao ¹ , LUANMei-xiang ²

1. Department of breast and thyroid Surgery, People's Hospital of Lanling, Lanling 277700, Shandong Province, China;
2. Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China;

Corresponding author：

WANGYong-gao, Email: wangyonggao1012@126.com

Keywords：

Breast cancer; Bone metastasis

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.20160069

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To discuss related clinical research progress of bone metastasis of breast cancer. Method The literatures about bone metastases of breast cancer were researched and reviewed. Results Although there were so many related researches at home and abroad for bone metastasis of breast cancer,but the specific mechanism was still not fully elucidated.At present,the diagnostic method of bone metastasis of breast cancer included X-ray examination,bone scanning,computer tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,positron tomography,positron emission computed tomography,pathology biopsy,and detection of serum markers.In clinical treatment,the treatment consisted of systemic therapy and local therapy,but there was no uniform standard. Conclusion For high incidence and serious influence on quality of life,bone metastasis of breast cancer needs to be studied further.

Citation： YANGYong, JIANGYu-qiu, WANGYong-gao, LUANMei-xiang. Research Advances of Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2016, 23(2): 253-257. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.20160069 Copy

1.	Plunkett TA, Smith P, Rubens RD. Risk of complications from bone metastases in breast cancer. Implications for management. Eur J Cancer, 2000, 36(4):476-482.
2.	Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet, 1889, 133(3421):571-573.
3.	Sterling JA, Edwards JR, Martin TJ, et al. Advances in the biology of bone metastasis:how the skeleton affects tumor behavior. Bone, 2011, 48(1):6-15.
4.	Sterling JA, Guelcher SA. Bone structural components regulating sites of tumor metastasis. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2011, 9(2):89-95.
5.	Fidler IJ. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis:the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer, 2003, 3(6):453-458.
6.	Mundy GR. Metastasis to bone:causes, consequences and therape-utic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002, 2(8):584-593.
7.	Cawthorn TR, Amir E, Broom R, et al. Mechanisms and pathways of bone metastasis:challenges and pitfalls of performing molecular research on patient samples. Clin Exp Metastasis, 2009, 26(8):935-943.
8.	Psaila B, Lyden D. The metastatic niche:adapting the foreign soil. Nat Rev Cancer, 2009, 9(4):285-293.
9.	Eilon G, Mundy GR. Direct resorption of bone by human breast cancer cells in vitro. Nature, 1978, 276(5689):726-728.
10.	Lee J, Weber M, Mejia S, et al. A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, retards the development of osteolytic bone metastases by MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in Balb C nu/nu mice. Eur J Cancer, 2001, 37(1):106-113.
11.	Lin DL, Tarnowski CP, Zhang J, et al. Bone metastatic LNCaP-deriva-tive C4-2B prostate cancer cell line mineralizes in vitro. Prostate, 2001, 47(3):212-221.
12.	Roodman GD. Mechanisms of bone metastasis. Discov Med, 2004, 4(22):144-148.
13.	Moreau J, Anderson KM, Mauney JR, et al. Studies of osteotropism on both sides of the breast cancer-bone interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2007, 1117(11):328-344.
14.	Siclari VA, Guise TA, Chirgwin JM. Molecular interactions between breast cancer cells and the bone microenvironment drive skeletal metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2006, 25(4):621-633.
15.	Rose AA, Siegel PM. Breast cancer-derived factors facilitate osteol-ytic bone metastasis. Bull Cancer, 2006, 93(9):931-943.
16.	Kingsley LA, Fournier PG, Chirgwin JM, et al. Molecular biology of bone metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther, 2007, 6(10):2609-2617.
17.	Buijs JT, Stayrook KR, Guise TA. TGF-β in the bone microenviron-ment:role in breast cancer metastases. Cancer Microenviron, 2011, 4(3):261-281.
18.	Kozlow W, Guise TA. Breast cancer metastasis to bone:mechanisms of osteolysis and implications for therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2005, 10(2):169-180.
19.	Dougall WC, Chaisson M. The RANK/RANKL/OPG triad in cancer-induced bone diseases. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2006, 25(4):541-549.
20.	Roodman GD. Biology of osteoclast activation in cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(15):3562-3571.
21.	Schneider JG, Amend SR, Weilbaecher KN. Integrins and bone metastasis:integrating tumor cell and stromal cell interactions. Bone, 2011, 48(1):54-65.
22.	Ozbas S, Dafydd H, Purushotham AD. Bone marrow micrometas-tasis in breast cancer. Br J Surg, 2003, 90(3):290-301.
23.	Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell, 2003, 3(6):537-549.
24.	Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN, et al. A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist, 2003, 8(3):241-251.
25.	王永胜, 吴炅, 于金明, 等译. 乳腺病学. 第4版. 济南:山东科学技术出版社, 2012:1527-1555.
26.	Boxer DI, Todd CE, Coleman R, et al. Bone secondaries in breast cancer:the solitary metastasis. J Nucl Med, 1989, 30(8):1318-1320.
27.	Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin, 2010, 60(5):277-300.
28.	Sathiakumar N, Delzell E, Morrisey MA, et al. Mortality following bone metastasis and skeletal-related events among women with breast cancer:a population-based analysis of U.S. Medicare benefi-ciaries, 1999-2006. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 131(1):231-238.
29.	Trinkaus M, Simmons C, Myers J, et al. Skeletal-related events (SREs) in breast cancer patients with bone metastases treated in the nontrial setting. Support Care Cancer, 2010, 18(2):197-203.
30.	Ono K, Galasko CS. Skeletal metastases. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1995, 3(312):2-3.
31.	Damron TA, Morgan H, Prakash D, et al. Critical evaluation of Mirels' rating system for impending pathologic fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003, 415 Suppl:S201-S207.
32.	Jensen AØ, Jacobsen JB, Nørgaard M, et al. Incidence of bone metas-tases and skeletal-related events in breast cancer patients:a popula-tion-based cohort study in Denmark. BMC Cancer, 2011, 11:29.
33.	Tisdale MJ. Cachexia in cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002, 2(11):862-871.
34.	Yoneda T. Cellular and molecular basis of preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone. J Orthop Sci, 2000, 5(1):75-81.
35.	Bristow AR, Agrawal A, Evans AJ, et al. Can computerised tomogr-aphy replace bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastases from breast cancer? A prospective study. Breast, 2008, 17(1):98-103.
36.	Fontana A, Delmas PD. Markers of bone turnover in bone metas-tases. Cancer, 2000, 88(12 Suppl):2952-2960.
37.	Koizumi M, Ogata E. Bone metabolic markers as gauges of metas-tasis to bone:a review. Ann Nucl Med, 2002, 16(3):161-168.
38.	Garnero P, Buchs N, Zekri J, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the management of patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer. Br J Cancer, 2000, 82(4):858-864.
39.	Coleman R, Brown J, Terpos E, et al. Bone markers and their prog-nostic value in metastatic bone disease:clinical evidence and future directions. Cancer Treat Rev, 2008, 34(7):629-639.
40.	Mohammadzadeh M, Alikhah H, Zareh AG. Comparison of bone scan with carbohydrate antigen 15-3 for evaluation of bone metas-tasis of brest cancer. Pak J Biol Sci, 2010, 13(4):175-179.
41.	Rogers MJ, Gordon S, Benford HL, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bisphosphonates. Cancer, 2000, 88(12 Suppl):2961-2978.
42.	Selander K, Lehenkari P, Väänänen HK. The effects of bisphosphon-ates on the resorption cycle of isolated osteoclasts. Calcif Tissue Int, 1994, 55(5):368-375.
43.	Murakami H, Takahashi N, Sasaki T, et al. A possible mechanism of the specific action of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts:tiludronate preferentially affects polarized osteoclasts having ruffled borders. Bone, 1995, 17(2):137-144.
44.	Lipton A, Theriault RL, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Pamidronate prevents skeletal complications and is effective palliative treatment in women with breast carcinoma and osteolytic bone metastases:long term follow-up of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Cancer, 2000, 88(5):1082-1090.
45.	Theriault RL, Lipton A, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Pamidronate reduces skeletal morbidity in women with advanced breast cancer and lytic bone lesions:a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Protocol 18 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 1999, 17(3):846-854.
46.	Wong R, Wiffen PJ. Bisphosphonates for the relief of pain secon-dary to bone metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002, (2):CD002068.
47.	Pavlakis N, Schmidt R, Stockler M. Bisphosphonates for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005,(3):CD003474.
48.	Schenk R, Eggli P, Fleisch H, et al. Quantitative morphometric evaluation of the inhibitory activity of new aminobisphosphonates on bone resorption in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int, 1986, 38(6):342-349.
49.	Russell RG, Xia Z, Dunford JE, et al. Bisphosphonates:an update on mechanisms of action and how these relate to clinical efficacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2007, 1117(11):209-257.
50.	Machado M, Cruz LS, Tannus G, et al. Efficacy of clodronate, pami-dronate, and zoledronate in reducing morbidity and mortality in cancer patients with bone metastasis:a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Ther, 2009, 31(5):962-979.
51.	Henk HJ, Kaura S. Retrospective database analysis of the effect of zoledronic acid on skeletal-related events and mortality in women with breast cancer and bone metastasis in a managed care plan. J Med Econ, 2012, 15(1):175-184.
52.	Neville-Webbe HL, Gnant M, Coleman RE. Potential anticancer properties of bisphosphonates. Semin Oncol, 2010, 37 Suppl 1:S53-S65.
53.	Hamdy NA. Denosumab:RANKL inhibition in the management of bone loss. Drugs Today (Barc), 2008, 44(1):7-21.
54.	Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Mcclung MR, et al. Two-year treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res, 2007, 22(12):1832-1841.
55.	Lipton A, Steger GG, Figueroa J, et al. Randomized active-controlled phase Ⅱ study of denosumab efficacy and safety in patients with breast cancer-related bone metastases. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25(28):4431-4437.
56.	Ellis GK, Bone HG, Chlebowski R, et al. Effect of denosumab on bone mineral density in women receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for non-metastatic breast cancer:subgroup analyses of a phase 3 study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 118(1):81-87.
57.	Chow E, Harris K, Fan G, et al. Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases:a systematic review. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25(11):1423-1436.
58.	Wu JS, Wong R, Johnston M, et al. Meta-analysis of dose-fractiona-tion radiotherapy trials for the palliation of painful bone metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2003, 55(3):594-605.
59.	Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Welch WC, et al. Single-fraction radiosur-gery for the treatment of spinal breast metastases. Cancer, 2005, 104 (10):2244-2254.
60.	Ryu S, Jin R, Jin JY, et al. Pain control by image-guided radiosurgery for solitary spinal metastasis. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2008, 35(3):292-298.

1. Plunkett TA, Smith P, Rubens RD. Risk of complications from bone metastases in breast cancer. Implications for management. Eur J Cancer, 2000, 36(4):476-482.
2. Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet, 1889, 133(3421):571-573.
3. Sterling JA, Edwards JR, Martin TJ, et al. Advances in the biology of bone metastasis:how the skeleton affects tumor behavior. Bone, 2011, 48(1):6-15.
4. Sterling JA, Guelcher SA. Bone structural components regulating sites of tumor metastasis. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2011, 9(2):89-95.
5. Fidler IJ. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis:the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer, 2003, 3(6):453-458.
6. Mundy GR. Metastasis to bone:causes, consequences and therape-utic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002, 2(8):584-593.
7. Cawthorn TR, Amir E, Broom R, et al. Mechanisms and pathways of bone metastasis:challenges and pitfalls of performing molecular research on patient samples. Clin Exp Metastasis, 2009, 26(8):935-943.
8. Psaila B, Lyden D. The metastatic niche:adapting the foreign soil. Nat Rev Cancer, 2009, 9(4):285-293.
9. Eilon G, Mundy GR. Direct resorption of bone by human breast cancer cells in vitro. Nature, 1978, 276(5689):726-728.
10. Lee J, Weber M, Mejia S, et al. A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, retards the development of osteolytic bone metastases by MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in Balb C nu/nu mice. Eur J Cancer, 2001, 37(1):106-113.
11. Lin DL, Tarnowski CP, Zhang J, et al. Bone metastatic LNCaP-deriva-tive C4-2B prostate cancer cell line mineralizes in vitro. Prostate, 2001, 47(3):212-221.
12. Roodman GD. Mechanisms of bone metastasis. Discov Med, 2004, 4(22):144-148.
13. Moreau J, Anderson KM, Mauney JR, et al. Studies of osteotropism on both sides of the breast cancer-bone interaction. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2007, 1117(11):328-344.
14. Siclari VA, Guise TA, Chirgwin JM. Molecular interactions between breast cancer cells and the bone microenvironment drive skeletal metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2006, 25(4):621-633.
15. Rose AA, Siegel PM. Breast cancer-derived factors facilitate osteol-ytic bone metastasis. Bull Cancer, 2006, 93(9):931-943.
16. Kingsley LA, Fournier PG, Chirgwin JM, et al. Molecular biology of bone metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther, 2007, 6(10):2609-2617.
17. Buijs JT, Stayrook KR, Guise TA. TGF-β in the bone microenviron-ment:role in breast cancer metastases. Cancer Microenviron, 2011, 4(3):261-281.
18. Kozlow W, Guise TA. Breast cancer metastasis to bone:mechanisms of osteolysis and implications for therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2005, 10(2):169-180.
19. Dougall WC, Chaisson M. The RANK/RANKL/OPG triad in cancer-induced bone diseases. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2006, 25(4):541-549.
20. Roodman GD. Biology of osteoclast activation in cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(15):3562-3571.
21. Schneider JG, Amend SR, Weilbaecher KN. Integrins and bone metastasis:integrating tumor cell and stromal cell interactions. Bone, 2011, 48(1):54-65.
22. Ozbas S, Dafydd H, Purushotham AD. Bone marrow micrometas-tasis in breast cancer. Br J Surg, 2003, 90(3):290-301.
23. Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell, 2003, 3(6):537-549.
24. Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN, et al. A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist, 2003, 8(3):241-251.
25. 王永胜, 吴炅, 于金明, 等译. 乳腺病学. 第4版. 济南:山东科学技术出版社, 2012:1527-1555.
26. Boxer DI, Todd CE, Coleman R, et al. Bone secondaries in breast cancer:the solitary metastasis. J Nucl Med, 1989, 30(8):1318-1320.
27. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin, 2010, 60(5):277-300.
28. Sathiakumar N, Delzell E, Morrisey MA, et al. Mortality following bone metastasis and skeletal-related events among women with breast cancer:a population-based analysis of U.S. Medicare benefi-ciaries, 1999-2006. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2012, 131(1):231-238.
29. Trinkaus M, Simmons C, Myers J, et al. Skeletal-related events (SREs) in breast cancer patients with bone metastases treated in the nontrial setting. Support Care Cancer, 2010, 18(2):197-203.
30. Ono K, Galasko CS. Skeletal metastases. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1995, 3(312):2-3.
31. Damron TA, Morgan H, Prakash D, et al. Critical evaluation of Mirels' rating system for impending pathologic fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003, 415 Suppl:S201-S207.
32. Jensen AØ, Jacobsen JB, Nørgaard M, et al. Incidence of bone metas-tases and skeletal-related events in breast cancer patients:a popula-tion-based cohort study in Denmark. BMC Cancer, 2011, 11:29.
33. Tisdale MJ. Cachexia in cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002, 2(11):862-871.
34. Yoneda T. Cellular and molecular basis of preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone. J Orthop Sci, 2000, 5(1):75-81.
35. Bristow AR, Agrawal A, Evans AJ, et al. Can computerised tomogr-aphy replace bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastases from breast cancer? A prospective study. Breast, 2008, 17(1):98-103.
36. Fontana A, Delmas PD. Markers of bone turnover in bone metas-tases. Cancer, 2000, 88(12 Suppl):2952-2960.
37. Koizumi M, Ogata E. Bone metabolic markers as gauges of metas-tasis to bone:a review. Ann Nucl Med, 2002, 16(3):161-168.
38. Garnero P, Buchs N, Zekri J, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the management of patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer. Br J Cancer, 2000, 82(4):858-864.
39. Coleman R, Brown J, Terpos E, et al. Bone markers and their prog-nostic value in metastatic bone disease:clinical evidence and future directions. Cancer Treat Rev, 2008, 34(7):629-639.
40. Mohammadzadeh M, Alikhah H, Zareh AG. Comparison of bone scan with carbohydrate antigen 15-3 for evaluation of bone metas-tasis of brest cancer. Pak J Biol Sci, 2010, 13(4):175-179.
41. Rogers MJ, Gordon S, Benford HL, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bisphosphonates. Cancer, 2000, 88(12 Suppl):2961-2978.
42. Selander K, Lehenkari P, Väänänen HK. The effects of bisphosphon-ates on the resorption cycle of isolated osteoclasts. Calcif Tissue Int, 1994, 55(5):368-375.
43. Murakami H, Takahashi N, Sasaki T, et al. A possible mechanism of the specific action of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts:tiludronate preferentially affects polarized osteoclasts having ruffled borders. Bone, 1995, 17(2):137-144.
44. Lipton A, Theriault RL, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Pamidronate prevents skeletal complications and is effective palliative treatment in women with breast carcinoma and osteolytic bone metastases:long term follow-up of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Cancer, 2000, 88(5):1082-1090.
45. Theriault RL, Lipton A, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Pamidronate reduces skeletal morbidity in women with advanced breast cancer and lytic bone lesions:a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Protocol 18 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 1999, 17(3):846-854.
46. Wong R, Wiffen PJ. Bisphosphonates for the relief of pain secon-dary to bone metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002, (2):CD002068.
47. Pavlakis N, Schmidt R, Stockler M. Bisphosphonates for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005,(3):CD003474.
48. Schenk R, Eggli P, Fleisch H, et al. Quantitative morphometric evaluation of the inhibitory activity of new aminobisphosphonates on bone resorption in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int, 1986, 38(6):342-349.
49. Russell RG, Xia Z, Dunford JE, et al. Bisphosphonates:an update on mechanisms of action and how these relate to clinical efficacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2007, 1117(11):209-257.
50. Machado M, Cruz LS, Tannus G, et al. Efficacy of clodronate, pami-dronate, and zoledronate in reducing morbidity and mortality in cancer patients with bone metastasis:a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Ther, 2009, 31(5):962-979.
51. Henk HJ, Kaura S. Retrospective database analysis of the effect of zoledronic acid on skeletal-related events and mortality in women with breast cancer and bone metastasis in a managed care plan. J Med Econ, 2012, 15(1):175-184.
52. Neville-Webbe HL, Gnant M, Coleman RE. Potential anticancer properties of bisphosphonates. Semin Oncol, 2010, 37 Suppl 1:S53-S65.
53. Hamdy NA. Denosumab:RANKL inhibition in the management of bone loss. Drugs Today (Barc), 2008, 44(1):7-21.
54. Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Mcclung MR, et al. Two-year treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res, 2007, 22(12):1832-1841.
55. Lipton A, Steger GG, Figueroa J, et al. Randomized active-controlled phase Ⅱ study of denosumab efficacy and safety in patients with breast cancer-related bone metastases. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25(28):4431-4437.
56. Ellis GK, Bone HG, Chlebowski R, et al. Effect of denosumab on bone mineral density in women receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for non-metastatic breast cancer:subgroup analyses of a phase 3 study. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2009, 118(1):81-87.
57. Chow E, Harris K, Fan G, et al. Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases:a systematic review. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25(11):1423-1436.
58. Wu JS, Wong R, Johnston M, et al. Meta-analysis of dose-fractiona-tion radiotherapy trials for the palliation of painful bone metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2003, 55(3):594-605.
59. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Welch WC, et al. Single-fraction radiosur-gery for the treatment of spinal breast metastases. Cancer, 2005, 104 (10):2244-2254.
60. Ryu S, Jin R, Jin JY, et al. Pain control by image-guided radiosurgery for solitary spinal metastasis. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2008, 35(3):292-298.

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Research Advances of Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancer

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