Research progress in clinical application of liver regeneration_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

LIU Weiwei ¹ ,  LUO Kunlun ^1,2

1. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuxi Clinical School, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R.China;
2. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 101th Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LUO Kunlun, Email: lkl197041@163.com

Keywords：

liver regeneration; hepatectomy; liver transplantation

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201608105

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objetive To summarize the mechanism and the application of the research on liver regeneration. Methods The related literatures about enteral liver regeneration in recent years were reviewed. Results Even though liver regeneration after liver resection has been widely studied, we can get better understanding from new clinical application. The process of regeneration induced liver injury rarely occurs in the normal liver. Many studies have focused on the mechanism of liver cell regeneration after liver injury. For example, the study of liver regeneration related factors and liver regenerative cells, but the specific mechanism is still not very clear. Recent techniques using the obvious progress in understanding liver regeneration are portal vein embolization and the associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. Living donor liver transplantation is one of the most significant clinical outcomes of research on liver regeneration. Another involved in liver regeneration is the main field of stem cell therapy. Conclusion Great understanding liver regeneration should provide to the development of new treatment strategies and diagnostic procedures for various liver diseases.

Citation： LIU Weiwei, LUO Kunlun. Research progress in clinical application of liver regeneration. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2017, 24(4): 512-517. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201608105 Copy

1.	Fausto N, Campbell JS, Riehle KJ. Liver regeneration. Hepatology, 2006, 43(2 Suppl 1): S45-S53.
2.	Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration. J Cell Physiol, 2007, 213(2): 286-300.
3.	Clavien PA, Petrowsky H, DeOliveira ML,et al. Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. N Engl J Med, 2007, 356(15): 1545-1559.
4.	Duncan AW, Dorrell C, Grompe M. Stem cells and liver regeneration. Gastroenterology, 2009, 137(2): 466-481.
5.	Duncan AW, Soto-Gutierrez A. Liver repopulation and regeneration: new approaches to old questions. Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 2013, 18(2): 197-202.
6.	Suzuki Y, Katagiri H, Wang T,et al. Ductular reactions in the liver regeneration process with local inflammation after physical partial hepatectomy. Lab Invest, 2016, 96(11): 1211-1222.
7.	Albrecht J H. MET and epidermal growth factor signaling: The pillars of liver regeneration? Hepatology, 2016, 64(5): 1427-1429.
8.	Wang B, Zhao L, Fish M,et al. Self-renewing diploid Axin2⁺ cells fuel homeostatic renewal of the liver. Nature, 2015, 524(7564): 180-185.
9.	Li G, L GG. Farnesoid X receptor, the bile acid sensing nuclear receptor, in liver regeneration. Acta Pharm Sin B, 2015, 5(2): 93-98.
10.	Mortensen KE, Revhaug A. Liver regeneration in surgical animal models—a historical perspective and clinical implications. Eur Surg Res, 2011, 46(1): 1-18.
11.	Kandilis AN, Koskinas J, Tiniakos DG,et al. Liver regeneration: focus on cell types and topographic differences. Eur Surg Res, 2010, 44(1): 1-12.
12.	Black D, Lyman S, Heider TR,et al. Molecular and cellular features of hepatic regeneration. J Surg Res, 2004, 117(2): 306-315.
13.	Zimmermann A. Regulation of liver regeneration. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004, 19 Suppl 4: v6-v10.
14.	Kountouras J, Boura P, Lygidakis NJ. Liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology, 2001, 48(38): 556-562.
15.	Diehl AM. Cytokine regulation of liver injury and repair. Immunol Rev, 2000, 174: 160-171.
16.	Kay MA, Fausto N. Liver regeneration: prospects for therapy based on new technologies. Mol Med Today, 1997, 3(3): 108-115.
17.	Taub R. Liver regeneration 4: transcriptional control of liver regeneration. FASEB J, 1996, 10(4): 413-427.
18.	Diehl AM, Rai RM. Liver regeneration 3: Regulation of signal transduction during liver regeneration. FASEB J, 1996, 10(2): 215-227.
19.	Fausto N. Growth factors in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. 1991, 3(3): 219-234.
20.	Leffert HL, Koch KS, Lu XP,et al. Cellular and molecular biology of hepatocyte growth, regeneration and gene expression. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res, 1990, 24: 352-358.
21.	Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration: molecular mechanisms of growth control. FASEB J, 1990, 4(2): 176-187.
22.	Alison MR. Regulation of hepatic growth. Physiol Rev, 1986, 66(3): 499-541.
23.	Abshagen K, Eipel C, Vollmar B. A critical appraisal of the hemodynamic signal driving liver regeneration. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2012, 397(4): 579-590.
24.	Crumm S, Cofan M, Juskeviciute E,et al. Adenine nucleotide changes in the remnant liver: An early signal for regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Hepatology, 2008, 48(3): 898-908.
25.	Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Cellular and molecular functions of hepatic stellate cells in inflammatory responses and liver immunology. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2014, 3(6): 344-363.
26.	Yamada Y, Kirillova I, Peschon JJ,et al. Initiation of liver growth by tumor necrosis factor: deficient liver regeneration in mice lacking type Ⅰ tumor necrosis factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997, 94(4): 1441-1446.
27.	Mohammed FF, Khokha R. Thinking outside the cell: proteases regulate hepatocyte division. Trends Cell Biol, 2005, 15(10): 555-563.
28.	Pediaditakis P, Lopez-Talavera JC, Petersen B,et al. The processing and utilization of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor following partial hepatectomy in the rat. Hepatology, 2001, 34(4 Pt 1): 688-693.
29.	Takebe T, Sekine K, Enomura M,et al. Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature, 2013, 499(7459): 481-484.
30.	Zheng ZY, Weng SY, Yu Y. Signal molecule-mediated hepatic cell communication during liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(46): 5776-5783.
31.	Apte U, Gkretsi V, Bowen WC,et al. Enhanced liver regeneration following changes induced by hepatocyte-specific genetic ablation of integrin-linked kinase. Hepatology, 2009, 50(3): 844-851.
32.	姚豫桐, 李可洲, 吴晓玲, 等. 转化生长因子 α 和 β1 在极限门静脉结扎肝脏组织中的表达及其意义. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(7): 719-724.
33.	Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas. Am J Pathol, 2010, 176(1): 2-13.
34.	Oe S, Lemmer ER, Conner EA,et al. Intact signaling by transforming growth factor beta is not required for termination of liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology, 2004, 40(5): 1098-1105.
35.	Bohm F, Kohler UA, Speicher T,et al. Regulation of liver regeneration by growth factors and cytokines. EMBO Mol Med, 2010, 2(8): 294-305.
36.	Sato Y, Tsukada K, Hatakeyama K. Role of shear stress and immune responses in liver regeneration after a partial hepatectomy. Surg Today, 1999, 29(1): 1-9.
37.	Schoen JM, Wang HH, Minuk GY,et al. Shear stress-induced nitric oxide release triggers the liver regeneration cascade. Nitric Oxide, 2001, 5(5): 453-464.
38.	Roskams TA, Theise ND, Balabaud C,et al. Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers. Hepatology, 2004, 39(6): 1739-1745.
39.	Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration: alternative epithelial pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2011, 43(2): 173-179.
40.	Forbes SJ, Newsome P N. Liver regeneration - mechanisms and models to clinical application. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 13(8): 473-485.
41.	Kauffmann R, Fong Y. Post-hepatectomy liver failure. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2014, 3(5): 238-246.
42.	Balzan S, Belghiti J, Farges O,et al. The "50-50 criteria" on postoperative day 5: an accurate predictor of liver failure and death after hepatectomy. Ann Surg, 2005, 242(6): 824-828, 829.
43.	Rahbari NN, Garden OJ, Padbury R,et al. Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). Surgery, 2011, 149(5): 713-724.
44.	Schindl MJ, Redhead DN, Fearon KC,et al. The value of residual liver volume as a predictor of hepatic dysfunction and infection after major liver resection. Gut, 2005, 54(2): 289-296.
45.	Kinoshita H, Sakai K, Hirohashi K,et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg, 1986, 10(5): 803-808.
46.	Yokoyama Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y. Mechanisms of hepatic regeneration following portal vein embolization and partial hepatectomy: a review. World J Surg, 2007, 31(2): 367-374.
47.	Madoff DC, Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN. Portal vein embolization in preparation for major hepatic resection: evolution of a new standard of care. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2005, 16(6): 779-790.
48.	Ogata S, Belghiti J, Farges O,et al. Sequential arterial and portal vein embolizations before right hepatectomy in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg, 2006, 93(9): 1091-1098.
49.	Ghobrial RM, Freise CE, Trotter JF,et al. Donor morbidity after living donation for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology, 2008, 135(2): 468-476.
50.	Soejima Y, Taketomi A, Yoshizumi T,et al. Feasibility of left lobe living donor liver transplantation between adults: an 8-year, single-center experience of 107 cases. Am J Transplant, 2006, 6(5 Pt 1): 1004-1011.
51.	Soejima Y, Shimada M, Suehiro T,et al. Outcome analysis in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using the left lobe. Liver Transpl, 2003, 9(6): 581-586.
52.	Ikegami T, Shimada M, Imura S,et al. Current concept of small-for-size grafts in living donor liver transplantation. Surg Today, 2008, 38(11): 971-982.
53.	Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H,et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(3): 405-414.
54.	Knoefel WT, Gabor I, Rehders A,et al. In situ liver transection with portal vein ligation for rapid growth of the future liver remnant in two-stage liver resection. Br J Surg, 2013, 100(3): 388-394.
55.	Zhang GQ, Zhang ZW, Lau WY,et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS): a new strategy to increase resectability in liver surgery. Int J Surg, 2014, 12(5): 437-441.
56.	Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M,et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell, 2007, 131(5): 861-872.
57.	Kuijk E W, Rasmussen S, Blokzijl F,et al. Generation and characterization of rat liver stem cell lines and their engraftment in a rat model of liver failure. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 22154.
58.	Kakinuma S, Nakauchi H, Watanabe M. Hepatic stem/progenitor cells and stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of liver disease. J Gastroenterol, 2009, 44(3): 167-172.
59.	Cordeiro-Spinetti E, de Mello W, Trindade LS,et al. Human bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors: perspectives on an optimizedin vitro manipulation. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2014, 2: 7.
60.	Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science, 1993, 260(5110): 920-926.
61.	Hoshiba T, Lu H, Kawazoe N,et al. Decellularized matrices for tissue engineering. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2010, 10(12): 1717-1728.
62.	Ott HC, Clippinger B, Conrad C,et al. Regeneration and orthotopic transplantation of a bioartificial lung. Nat Med, 2010, 16(8): 927-933.
63.	Uygun BE, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yagi H,et al. Organ reengineering through development of a transplantable recellularized liver graft using decellularized liver matrix. Nat Med, 2010, 16(7): 814-820.

1. Fausto N, Campbell JS, Riehle KJ. Liver regeneration. Hepatology, 2006, 43(2 Suppl 1): S45-S53.
2. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration. J Cell Physiol, 2007, 213(2): 286-300.
3. Clavien PA, Petrowsky H, DeOliveira ML,et al. Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. N Engl J Med, 2007, 356(15): 1545-1559.
4. Duncan AW, Dorrell C, Grompe M. Stem cells and liver regeneration. Gastroenterology, 2009, 137(2): 466-481.
5. Duncan AW, Soto-Gutierrez A. Liver repopulation and regeneration: new approaches to old questions. Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 2013, 18(2): 197-202.
6. Suzuki Y, Katagiri H, Wang T,et al. Ductular reactions in the liver regeneration process with local inflammation after physical partial hepatectomy. Lab Invest, 2016, 96(11): 1211-1222.
7. Albrecht J H. MET and epidermal growth factor signaling: The pillars of liver regeneration? Hepatology, 2016, 64(5): 1427-1429.
8. Wang B, Zhao L, Fish M,et al. Self-renewing diploid Axin2⁺ cells fuel homeostatic renewal of the liver. Nature, 2015, 524(7564): 180-185.
9. Li G, L GG. Farnesoid X receptor, the bile acid sensing nuclear receptor, in liver regeneration. Acta Pharm Sin B, 2015, 5(2): 93-98.
10. Mortensen KE, Revhaug A. Liver regeneration in surgical animal models—a historical perspective and clinical implications. Eur Surg Res, 2011, 46(1): 1-18.
11. Kandilis AN, Koskinas J, Tiniakos DG,et al. Liver regeneration: focus on cell types and topographic differences. Eur Surg Res, 2010, 44(1): 1-12.
12. Black D, Lyman S, Heider TR,et al. Molecular and cellular features of hepatic regeneration. J Surg Res, 2004, 117(2): 306-315.
13. Zimmermann A. Regulation of liver regeneration. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004, 19 Suppl 4: v6-v10.
14. Kountouras J, Boura P, Lygidakis NJ. Liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology, 2001, 48(38): 556-562.
15. Diehl AM. Cytokine regulation of liver injury and repair. Immunol Rev, 2000, 174: 160-171.
16. Kay MA, Fausto N. Liver regeneration: prospects for therapy based on new technologies. Mol Med Today, 1997, 3(3): 108-115.
17. Taub R. Liver regeneration 4: transcriptional control of liver regeneration. FASEB J, 1996, 10(4): 413-427.
18. Diehl AM, Rai RM. Liver regeneration 3: Regulation of signal transduction during liver regeneration. FASEB J, 1996, 10(2): 215-227.
19. Fausto N. Growth factors in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. 1991, 3(3): 219-234.
20. Leffert HL, Koch KS, Lu XP,et al. Cellular and molecular biology of hepatocyte growth, regeneration and gene expression. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res, 1990, 24: 352-358.
21. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration: molecular mechanisms of growth control. FASEB J, 1990, 4(2): 176-187.
22. Alison MR. Regulation of hepatic growth. Physiol Rev, 1986, 66(3): 499-541.
23. Abshagen K, Eipel C, Vollmar B. A critical appraisal of the hemodynamic signal driving liver regeneration. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2012, 397(4): 579-590.
24. Crumm S, Cofan M, Juskeviciute E,et al. Adenine nucleotide changes in the remnant liver: An early signal for regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Hepatology, 2008, 48(3): 898-908.
25. Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Cellular and molecular functions of hepatic stellate cells in inflammatory responses and liver immunology. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2014, 3(6): 344-363.
26. Yamada Y, Kirillova I, Peschon JJ,et al. Initiation of liver growth by tumor necrosis factor: deficient liver regeneration in mice lacking type Ⅰ tumor necrosis factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1997, 94(4): 1441-1446.
27. Mohammed FF, Khokha R. Thinking outside the cell: proteases regulate hepatocyte division. Trends Cell Biol, 2005, 15(10): 555-563.
28. Pediaditakis P, Lopez-Talavera JC, Petersen B,et al. The processing and utilization of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor following partial hepatectomy in the rat. Hepatology, 2001, 34(4 Pt 1): 688-693.
29. Takebe T, Sekine K, Enomura M,et al. Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature, 2013, 499(7459): 481-484.
30. Zheng ZY, Weng SY, Yu Y. Signal molecule-mediated hepatic cell communication during liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(46): 5776-5783.
31. Apte U, Gkretsi V, Bowen WC,et al. Enhanced liver regeneration following changes induced by hepatocyte-specific genetic ablation of integrin-linked kinase. Hepatology, 2009, 50(3): 844-851.
32. 姚豫桐, 李可洲, 吴晓玲, 等. 转化生长因子 α 和 β1 在极限门静脉结扎肝脏组织中的表达及其意义. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(7): 719-724.
33. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas. Am J Pathol, 2010, 176(1): 2-13.
34. Oe S, Lemmer ER, Conner EA,et al. Intact signaling by transforming growth factor beta is not required for termination of liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology, 2004, 40(5): 1098-1105.
35. Bohm F, Kohler UA, Speicher T,et al. Regulation of liver regeneration by growth factors and cytokines. EMBO Mol Med, 2010, 2(8): 294-305.
36. Sato Y, Tsukada K, Hatakeyama K. Role of shear stress and immune responses in liver regeneration after a partial hepatectomy. Surg Today, 1999, 29(1): 1-9.
37. Schoen JM, Wang HH, Minuk GY,et al. Shear stress-induced nitric oxide release triggers the liver regeneration cascade. Nitric Oxide, 2001, 5(5): 453-464.
38. Roskams TA, Theise ND, Balabaud C,et al. Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers. Hepatology, 2004, 39(6): 1739-1745.
39. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration: alternative epithelial pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2011, 43(2): 173-179.
40. Forbes SJ, Newsome P N. Liver regeneration - mechanisms and models to clinical application. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 13(8): 473-485.
41. Kauffmann R, Fong Y. Post-hepatectomy liver failure. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2014, 3(5): 238-246.
42. Balzan S, Belghiti J, Farges O,et al. The "50-50 criteria" on postoperative day 5: an accurate predictor of liver failure and death after hepatectomy. Ann Surg, 2005, 242(6): 824-828, 829.
43. Rahbari NN, Garden OJ, Padbury R,et al. Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). Surgery, 2011, 149(5): 713-724.
44. Schindl MJ, Redhead DN, Fearon KC,et al. The value of residual liver volume as a predictor of hepatic dysfunction and infection after major liver resection. Gut, 2005, 54(2): 289-296.
45. Kinoshita H, Sakai K, Hirohashi K,et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg, 1986, 10(5): 803-808.
46. Yokoyama Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y. Mechanisms of hepatic regeneration following portal vein embolization and partial hepatectomy: a review. World J Surg, 2007, 31(2): 367-374.
47. Madoff DC, Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN. Portal vein embolization in preparation for major hepatic resection: evolution of a new standard of care. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2005, 16(6): 779-790.
48. Ogata S, Belghiti J, Farges O,et al. Sequential arterial and portal vein embolizations before right hepatectomy in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg, 2006, 93(9): 1091-1098.
49. Ghobrial RM, Freise CE, Trotter JF,et al. Donor morbidity after living donation for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology, 2008, 135(2): 468-476.
50. Soejima Y, Taketomi A, Yoshizumi T,et al. Feasibility of left lobe living donor liver transplantation between adults: an 8-year, single-center experience of 107 cases. Am J Transplant, 2006, 6(5 Pt 1): 1004-1011.
51. Soejima Y, Shimada M, Suehiro T,et al. Outcome analysis in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using the left lobe. Liver Transpl, 2003, 9(6): 581-586.
52. Ikegami T, Shimada M, Imura S,et al. Current concept of small-for-size grafts in living donor liver transplantation. Surg Today, 2008, 38(11): 971-982.
53. Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H,et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg, 2012, 255(3): 405-414.
54. Knoefel WT, Gabor I, Rehders A,et al. In situ liver transection with portal vein ligation for rapid growth of the future liver remnant in two-stage liver resection. Br J Surg, 2013, 100(3): 388-394.
55. Zhang GQ, Zhang ZW, Lau WY,et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS): a new strategy to increase resectability in liver surgery. Int J Surg, 2014, 12(5): 437-441.
56. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M,et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell, 2007, 131(5): 861-872.
57. Kuijk E W, Rasmussen S, Blokzijl F,et al. Generation and characterization of rat liver stem cell lines and their engraftment in a rat model of liver failure. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 22154.
58. Kakinuma S, Nakauchi H, Watanabe M. Hepatic stem/progenitor cells and stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of liver disease. J Gastroenterol, 2009, 44(3): 167-172.
59. Cordeiro-Spinetti E, de Mello W, Trindade LS,et al. Human bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors: perspectives on an optimizedin vitro manipulation. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2014, 2: 7.
60. Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science, 1993, 260(5110): 920-926.
61. Hoshiba T, Lu H, Kawazoe N,et al. Decellularized matrices for tissue engineering. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2010, 10(12): 1717-1728.
62. Ott HC, Clippinger B, Conrad C,et al. Regeneration and orthotopic transplantation of a bioartificial lung. Nat Med, 2010, 16(8): 927-933.
63. Uygun BE, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yagi H,et al. Organ reengineering through development of a transplantable recellularized liver graft using decellularized liver matrix. Nat Med, 2010, 16(7): 814-820.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress in clinical application of liver regeneration

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

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