Research progress of chemokines and their receptors in gastric cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

YANG Shuai ¹ , LIU Xiangliang ² , LI Li ¹ , FANG Xuedong ¹ ,  FENG Ye ¹

1. Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China;
2. Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

FENG Ye, Email: fy70100304@163.com

Keywords：

gastric cancer; chemokines; chemokine receptor

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.201708022

Video：

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Objective To understand role of chemokines and their receptors in pathogenesis, progression, and metastasis of gastric cancer, and to provide a better approach for diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Method The literatures about the relationship between chemokines and their receptors and gastric cancer were reviewed. Results There were about 50 various chemokines and their receptors abnormally expressed in the tumor microenvironment. The main types related gastric cancer were the CXC, CC and CX3C chemokines and their receptors, which could promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of the gastric cancer through several pathways like mTOR pathway, JAK2-STAT3 pathway, etc.. Conclusions Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Further studies on chemokines and their receptors will not only assist in early diagnosis of gastric cancer, as well as estimation of clinical prognosis, but also provide an intervention target for gastric cancer.

Citation： YANG Shuai, LIU Xiangliang, LI Li, FANG Xuedong, FENG Ye. Research progress of chemokines and their receptors in gastric cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2018, 25(3): 365-371. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.201708022 Copy

1.	Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132.
2.	Kryczek I, Wei S, Keller E, et al. Stroma-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) and human tumor pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2007, 292(3): C987-C995.
3.	Lim JB, Chung HW. Serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and their combinations as potential biomarkers for prediction of the presence and distant metastasis of primary gastric cancer. Cytokine, 2015, 73(1): 16-22.
4.	Satomura H, Sasaki K, Nakajima M, et al. Can expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 be used to predict survival of gastric cancer patients? Anticancer Res, 2014, 34(8): 4051-4057.
5.	Chen G, Chen SM, Wang X, et al. Inhibition of chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12/chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 4 axis (CXCL12/CXCR4)-mediated cell migration by targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in human gastric carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem, 2012, 287(15): 12132-12141.
6.	Izumi D, Ishimoto T, Sugihara H, et al. Abstract 185: Cancer associated fibroblasts stimulates cancer cell invasion through CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling in gastric cancer. Cancer Res, 2014, 74 Suppl 19:185.
7.	Izumi D, Ishimoto T, Miyake K, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 activation by cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes integrin β1 clustering and invasiveness in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 2016, 138(5): 1207-1219.
8.	Woo IS, Hong SH, Byun JH, et al. Circulating stromal cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is predictive of distant metastasis in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Invest, 2008, 26(3): 256-261.
9.	Park JY, Sung JY, Lee J, et al. Polarized CD163⁺ tumor-associated macrophages are associated with increased angiogenesis and CXCL12 expression in gastric cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2016, 40(3): 357-365.
10.	Iwasa S, Yanagawa T, Fan J, et al. Expression of CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 in intestinal-type gastric cancer is associated with lymph node and liver metastasis. Anticancer Res, 2009, 29(11): 4751-4758.
11.	Shi A, Shi H, Dong L, et al. CXCR7 as a chemokine receptor for SDF-1 promotes gastric cancer progression via MAPK pathways. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2017, 52(6-7): 745-753.
12.	Zhang Y, Zeng X, Lu H, et al. Association between Interleukin-8 -251A/T polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on 5 286 cases and 8 000 controls. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(12): 22393-22402.
13.	Ju D, Sun D, Xiu L, et al. Interleukin-8 is associated with adhesion, migration and invasion in human gastric cancer SCG-7901 cells. Med Oncol, 2012, 29(1): 91-99.
14.	Madej-Michniewicz A, Budkowska M, Sałata D, et al. Evaluation of selected interleukins in patients with different gastric neoplasms: a preliminary report. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 14382.
15.	Li W, Zhou Y, Yang J, et al. Gastric cancer-derived mesenchymal stem cells prompt gastric cancer progression through secretion of interleukin-8. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2015, 34: 52.
16.	Shi J, Wei PK. Interleukin-8: A potent promoter of angiogenesis in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett, 2016, 11(2): 1043-1050.
17.	Shi J, Li YJ, Yan B, et al. Interleukin-8: A potent promoter of human lymphatic endothelial cell growth in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep, 2015, 33(6): 2703-2710.
18.	Kuai WX, Wang Q, Yang XZ, et al. Interleukin-8 associates with adhesion, migration, invasion and chemosensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(9): 979-985.
19.	Jung JJ, Noh S, Jeung HC, et al. Chemokine growth-regulated oncogene 1 as a putative biomarker for gastric cancer progression. Cancer Sci, 2010, 101(10): 2200-2206.
20.	Cheng WL, Wang CS, Huang YH, et al. Overexpression of CXCL1 and its receptor CXCR2 promote tumor invasion in gastric cancer. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22(10): 2267-2276.
21.	Xu J, Zhang C, He Y, et al. Lymphatic endothelial cell-secreted CXCL1 stimulates lymphangiogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 2012, 130(4): 787-797.
22.	Wang Z, Wang Z, Li G, et al. CXCL1 from tumor-associated lymphatic endothelial cells drives gastric cancer cell into lymphatic system via activating integrin β1/FAK/AKT signaling. Cancer Lett, 2017, 385: 28-38.
23.	Wei ZW, Xia GK, Wu Y, et al. CXCL1 promotes tumor growth through VEGF pathway activation and is associated with inferior survival in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2015, 359(2): 335-343.
24.	Xing YN, Xu XY, Nie XC, et al. Role and clinicopathologic significance of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 expression in gastric carcinomas. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43(12): 2299-2307.
25.	Shen M, Hu P, Donskov F, et al. Tumor-associated neutrophils as a new prognostic factor in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e98259.
26.	Park JY, Park KH, Bang S, et al. CXCL5 overexpression is associated with late stage gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2007, 133(11): 835-840.
27.	Rajkumar T, Vijayalakshmi N, Gopal G, et al. Identification and validation of genes involved in gastric tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell Int, 2010, 10: 45.
28.	Gu H, Ni M, Guo X, et al. The functional polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene increases susceptibility to gastric cancer. Med Oncol, 2011, 28 Suppl 1: S280-S285.
29.	Liu H, Shen Z, Wang X, et al. Increased expression of C-C motif ligand 2 associates with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy. Tumour Biol, 2016, 37(3): 3285-3293.
30.	Tas F, Karabulut S, Serilmez M, et al. Elevated circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL-2) level may be an unfavorable predictive factor to platinum- and taxane-based combination chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2016, 77(1): 127-131.
31.	Zhang J, Yan Y, Cui X, et al. CCL2 expression correlates with Snail expression and affects the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract, 2017, 213(3): 217-221.
32.	Sica A, Allavena P, Mantovani A. Cancer related inflammation: the macrophage connection. Cancer Lett, 2008, 267(2): 204-215.
33.	Kim J, Kim JW, Kim Y, et al. Differential association of RANTES -403 and IL-1B -1464 polymorphisms on histological subtypes in male Korean patients with gastric cancer. Tumour Biol, 2014, 35(4): 3765-3770.
34.	Sugasawa H, Ichikura T, Kinoshita M, et al. Gastric cancer cells exploit CD4⁺ cell-derived CCL5 for their growth and prevention of CD8⁺cell-involved tumor elimination. Int J Cancer, 2008, 122(11): 2535-2541.
35.	Wang T, Wei Y, Tian L, et al. C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) levels in gastric cancer patient sera predict occult peritoneal metastasis and a poorer prognosis. Int J Surg, 2016, 32: 136-142.
36.	Wang G, Yu D, Tan W, et al. Genetic polymorphism in chemokine CCL22 and susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection-related gastric carcinoma. Cancer, 2009, 115(11): 2430-2437.
37.	张伟国, 安伟德, 苗鑫, 等. 胃癌腹膜乳斑转移与趋化因子 CCL22 及受体 CC 类趋化因子受体-4 的关系. 中华实验外科杂志, 2013, 30(6): 1242-1244.
38.	Wei Y, Wang T, Song H, et al. C-C motif chemokine 22 ligand (CCL22) concentrations in sera of gastric cancer patients are related to peritoneal metastasis and predict recurrence within one year after radical gastrectomy. J Surg Res, 2017, 211: 266-278.
39.	Cao L, Hu X, Zhang J, et al. The role of the CCL22-CCR4 axis in the metastasis of gastric cancer cells into omental milky spots. J Transl Med, 2014, 12: 267.
40.	Ohtani H, Nakayama T, Yoshie O. In situ expression of the CCL20-CCR6 axis in lymphocyte-rich gastric cancer and its potential role in the formation of lymphoid stroma. Pathol Int, 2011, 61(11): 645-651.
41.	Han G, Wu D, Yang Y, et al. CrkL meditates CCL20/CCR6-induced EMT in gastric cancer. Cytokine, 2015, 76(2): 163-169.
42.	Hwang TL, Lee LY, Wang CC, et al. CCL7 and CCL21 overexpression in gastric cancer is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(11): 1249-1256.
43.	Koç Ü, Çetinkaya E, Bostanci EB, et al. Diagnostic significance of serum eotaxin-1 level in gastric cancer patients. Dis Markers, 2013, 35(5): 363-367.
44.	Hyakudomi M, Matsubara T, Hyakudomi R, et al. Increased expression of fractalkine is correlated with a better prognosis and an increased number of both CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells in gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2008, 15(6): 1775-1782.
45.	Wei LM, Cao S, Yu WD, et al. Overexpression of CX3CR1 is associated with cellular metastasis, proliferation and survival in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep, 2015, 33(2): 615-624.
46.	Billottet C, Quemener C, Bikfalvi A. CXCR3, a double-edged sword in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2013, 1836(2): 287-295.
47.	Murakami T, Kawada K, Iwamoto M, et al. The role of CXCR3 and CXCR4 in colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Cancer, 2013, 132(2): 276-287.
48.	Hu M, Li K, Maskey N, et al. Corrigendum to " Overexpression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its correlation with favorable prognosis in gastric cancer” (Hum Pathol 2015; 46: 1872-1880). Hum Pathol, 2016, 54: 203-204.
49.	Zhou H, Wu J, Wang T, et al. CXCL10/CXCR3 axis promotes the invasion of gastric cancer via PI3K/AKT pathway-dependent MMPs production. Biomed Pharmacother, 2016, 82: 479-488.
50.	Masuda T, Nakashima Y, Ando K, et al. Nuclear expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 indicates poorer prognosis in gastric cancer. Anticancer Res, 2014, 34(11): 6397-6403.
51.	Nikkhoo B, Jalili A, Fakhari S, et al. Nuclear pattern of CXCR4 expression is associated with a better overall survival in patients with gastric cancer. J Oncol, 2014, 2014: 808012.
52.	Nikzaban M, Hakhamaneshi MS, Fakhari S, et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with the staging of gastric cancer. Adv Biomed Res, 2014, 3: 16.
53.	Thomaidis T, Maderer A, Al-Batran SE, et al. VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 as predictive markers for treatment with fluorouracil, leucovorin plus either oxaliplatin or cisplatin in patients with advanced esophagogastric cancer: a comparative study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). BMC Cancer, 2014, 14: 476.
54.	罗君, 吴小翎. 抗 CXCR4 单克隆抗体 12G5 对胃癌细胞粘附与侵袭的影响. 重庆医科大学学报, 2008, 33(7): 817-820.
55.	Iwanaga T, Iwasaki Y, Ohashi M, et al. Inhibitory effect of CXCR4 blockers on a CXCR4-expressing gastric cancer cell line in nude mice. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2012, 39(12): 1788-1790.
56.	Nambara S, Iguchi T, Oki E, et al. Overexpression of CXCR7 is a novel prognostic indicator in gastric cancer. Dig Surg, 2017, 34(4): 312-318.
57.	Ma DM, Luo DX, Zhang J. SDF-1/CXCR7 axis regulates the proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells. World J Surg Oncol, 2016, 14(1): 256.
58.	Wang J, Hu W, Wu X, et al. CXCR1 promotes malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Int J Oncol, 2016, 48(5): 2184-2196.
59.	Cao Y, Liu H, Zhang H, et al. CXC chemokine receptor 1 predicts postoperative prognosis and chemotherapeutic benefits for TNM Ⅱ and Ⅲ resectable gastric cancer patients. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(12): 20328-20339.
60.	Li Z, Wang Y, Dong S, et al. Association of CXCR1 and 2 expressions with gastric cancer metastasis in ex vivo and tumor cell invasion in vitro. Cytokine, 2014, 69(1): 6-13.
61.	Li Y, Fu LX, Zhu WL, et al. Blockade of CXCR6 reduces invasive potential of gastric cancer cells through inhibition of AKT signaling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2015, 28(2): 194-200.
62.	Wang WN, Chen Y, Zhang YD, et al. The regulatory mechanism of CCR7 gene expression and its involvement in the metastasis and progression of gastric cancer. Tumour Biol, 2013, 34(3): 1865-1871.
63.	Ma H, Gao L, Li S, et al. CCR7 enhances TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival in gastric cancer. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(27): 24348-24360.
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1. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132.
2. Kryczek I, Wei S, Keller E, et al. Stroma-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) and human tumor pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2007, 292(3): C987-C995.
3. Lim JB, Chung HW. Serum ENA78/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12, and their combinations as potential biomarkers for prediction of the presence and distant metastasis of primary gastric cancer. Cytokine, 2015, 73(1): 16-22.
4. Satomura H, Sasaki K, Nakajima M, et al. Can expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 be used to predict survival of gastric cancer patients? Anticancer Res, 2014, 34(8): 4051-4057.
5. Chen G, Chen SM, Wang X, et al. Inhibition of chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12/chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 4 axis (CXCL12/CXCR4)-mediated cell migration by targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in human gastric carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem, 2012, 287(15): 12132-12141.
6. Izumi D, Ishimoto T, Sugihara H, et al. Abstract 185: Cancer associated fibroblasts stimulates cancer cell invasion through CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling in gastric cancer. Cancer Res, 2014, 74 Suppl 19:185.
7. Izumi D, Ishimoto T, Miyake K, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 activation by cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes integrin β1 clustering and invasiveness in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 2016, 138(5): 1207-1219.
8. Woo IS, Hong SH, Byun JH, et al. Circulating stromal cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is predictive of distant metastasis in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Invest, 2008, 26(3): 256-261.
9. Park JY, Sung JY, Lee J, et al. Polarized CD163⁺ tumor-associated macrophages are associated with increased angiogenesis and CXCL12 expression in gastric cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2016, 40(3): 357-365.
10. Iwasa S, Yanagawa T, Fan J, et al. Expression of CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 in intestinal-type gastric cancer is associated with lymph node and liver metastasis. Anticancer Res, 2009, 29(11): 4751-4758.
11. Shi A, Shi H, Dong L, et al. CXCR7 as a chemokine receptor for SDF-1 promotes gastric cancer progression via MAPK pathways. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2017, 52(6-7): 745-753.
12. Zhang Y, Zeng X, Lu H, et al. Association between Interleukin-8 -251A/T polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on 5 286 cases and 8 000 controls. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(12): 22393-22402.
13. Ju D, Sun D, Xiu L, et al. Interleukin-8 is associated with adhesion, migration and invasion in human gastric cancer SCG-7901 cells. Med Oncol, 2012, 29(1): 91-99.
14. Madej-Michniewicz A, Budkowska M, Sałata D, et al. Evaluation of selected interleukins in patients with different gastric neoplasms: a preliminary report. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 14382.
15. Li W, Zhou Y, Yang J, et al. Gastric cancer-derived mesenchymal stem cells prompt gastric cancer progression through secretion of interleukin-8. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2015, 34: 52.
16. Shi J, Wei PK. Interleukin-8: A potent promoter of angiogenesis in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett, 2016, 11(2): 1043-1050.
17. Shi J, Li YJ, Yan B, et al. Interleukin-8: A potent promoter of human lymphatic endothelial cell growth in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep, 2015, 33(6): 2703-2710.
18. Kuai WX, Wang Q, Yang XZ, et al. Interleukin-8 associates with adhesion, migration, invasion and chemosensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(9): 979-985.
19. Jung JJ, Noh S, Jeung HC, et al. Chemokine growth-regulated oncogene 1 as a putative biomarker for gastric cancer progression. Cancer Sci, 2010, 101(10): 2200-2206.
20. Cheng WL, Wang CS, Huang YH, et al. Overexpression of CXCL1 and its receptor CXCR2 promote tumor invasion in gastric cancer. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22(10): 2267-2276.
21. Xu J, Zhang C, He Y, et al. Lymphatic endothelial cell-secreted CXCL1 stimulates lymphangiogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 2012, 130(4): 787-797.
22. Wang Z, Wang Z, Li G, et al. CXCL1 from tumor-associated lymphatic endothelial cells drives gastric cancer cell into lymphatic system via activating integrin β1/FAK/AKT signaling. Cancer Lett, 2017, 385: 28-38.
23. Wei ZW, Xia GK, Wu Y, et al. CXCL1 promotes tumor growth through VEGF pathway activation and is associated with inferior survival in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett, 2015, 359(2): 335-343.
24. Xing YN, Xu XY, Nie XC, et al. Role and clinicopathologic significance of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 expression in gastric carcinomas. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43(12): 2299-2307.
25. Shen M, Hu P, Donskov F, et al. Tumor-associated neutrophils as a new prognostic factor in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2014, 9(6): e98259.
26. Park JY, Park KH, Bang S, et al. CXCL5 overexpression is associated with late stage gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2007, 133(11): 835-840.
27. Rajkumar T, Vijayalakshmi N, Gopal G, et al. Identification and validation of genes involved in gastric tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell Int, 2010, 10: 45.
28. Gu H, Ni M, Guo X, et al. The functional polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene increases susceptibility to gastric cancer. Med Oncol, 2011, 28 Suppl 1: S280-S285.
29. Liu H, Shen Z, Wang X, et al. Increased expression of C-C motif ligand 2 associates with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy. Tumour Biol, 2016, 37(3): 3285-3293.
30. Tas F, Karabulut S, Serilmez M, et al. Elevated circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL-2) level may be an unfavorable predictive factor to platinum- and taxane-based combination chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2016, 77(1): 127-131.
31. Zhang J, Yan Y, Cui X, et al. CCL2 expression correlates with Snail expression and affects the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract, 2017, 213(3): 217-221.
32. Sica A, Allavena P, Mantovani A. Cancer related inflammation: the macrophage connection. Cancer Lett, 2008, 267(2): 204-215.
33. Kim J, Kim JW, Kim Y, et al. Differential association of RANTES -403 and IL-1B -1464 polymorphisms on histological subtypes in male Korean patients with gastric cancer. Tumour Biol, 2014, 35(4): 3765-3770.
34. Sugasawa H, Ichikura T, Kinoshita M, et al. Gastric cancer cells exploit CD4⁺ cell-derived CCL5 for their growth and prevention of CD8⁺cell-involved tumor elimination. Int J Cancer, 2008, 122(11): 2535-2541.
35. Wang T, Wei Y, Tian L, et al. C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) levels in gastric cancer patient sera predict occult peritoneal metastasis and a poorer prognosis. Int J Surg, 2016, 32: 136-142.
36. Wang G, Yu D, Tan W, et al. Genetic polymorphism in chemokine CCL22 and susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection-related gastric carcinoma. Cancer, 2009, 115(11): 2430-2437.
37. 张伟国, 安伟德, 苗鑫, 等. 胃癌腹膜乳斑转移与趋化因子 CCL22 及受体 CC 类趋化因子受体-4 的关系. 中华实验外科杂志, 2013, 30(6): 1242-1244.
38. Wei Y, Wang T, Song H, et al. C-C motif chemokine 22 ligand (CCL22) concentrations in sera of gastric cancer patients are related to peritoneal metastasis and predict recurrence within one year after radical gastrectomy. J Surg Res, 2017, 211: 266-278.
39. Cao L, Hu X, Zhang J, et al. The role of the CCL22-CCR4 axis in the metastasis of gastric cancer cells into omental milky spots. J Transl Med, 2014, 12: 267.
40. Ohtani H, Nakayama T, Yoshie O. In situ expression of the CCL20-CCR6 axis in lymphocyte-rich gastric cancer and its potential role in the formation of lymphoid stroma. Pathol Int, 2011, 61(11): 645-651.
41. Han G, Wu D, Yang Y, et al. CrkL meditates CCL20/CCR6-induced EMT in gastric cancer. Cytokine, 2015, 76(2): 163-169.
42. Hwang TL, Lee LY, Wang CC, et al. CCL7 and CCL21 overexpression in gastric cancer is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(11): 1249-1256.
43. Koç Ü, Çetinkaya E, Bostanci EB, et al. Diagnostic significance of serum eotaxin-1 level in gastric cancer patients. Dis Markers, 2013, 35(5): 363-367.
44. Hyakudomi M, Matsubara T, Hyakudomi R, et al. Increased expression of fractalkine is correlated with a better prognosis and an increased number of both CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells in gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2008, 15(6): 1775-1782.
45. Wei LM, Cao S, Yu WD, et al. Overexpression of CX3CR1 is associated with cellular metastasis, proliferation and survival in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep, 2015, 33(2): 615-624.
46. Billottet C, Quemener C, Bikfalvi A. CXCR3, a double-edged sword in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2013, 1836(2): 287-295.
47. Murakami T, Kawada K, Iwamoto M, et al. The role of CXCR3 and CXCR4 in colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Cancer, 2013, 132(2): 276-287.
48. Hu M, Li K, Maskey N, et al. Corrigendum to " Overexpression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its correlation with favorable prognosis in gastric cancer” (Hum Pathol 2015; 46: 1872-1880). Hum Pathol, 2016, 54: 203-204.
49. Zhou H, Wu J, Wang T, et al. CXCL10/CXCR3 axis promotes the invasion of gastric cancer via PI3K/AKT pathway-dependent MMPs production. Biomed Pharmacother, 2016, 82: 479-488.
50. Masuda T, Nakashima Y, Ando K, et al. Nuclear expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 indicates poorer prognosis in gastric cancer. Anticancer Res, 2014, 34(11): 6397-6403.
51. Nikkhoo B, Jalili A, Fakhari S, et al. Nuclear pattern of CXCR4 expression is associated with a better overall survival in patients with gastric cancer. J Oncol, 2014, 2014: 808012.
52. Nikzaban M, Hakhamaneshi MS, Fakhari S, et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with the staging of gastric cancer. Adv Biomed Res, 2014, 3: 16.
53. Thomaidis T, Maderer A, Al-Batran SE, et al. VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 as predictive markers for treatment with fluorouracil, leucovorin plus either oxaliplatin or cisplatin in patients with advanced esophagogastric cancer: a comparative study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). BMC Cancer, 2014, 14: 476.
54. 罗君, 吴小翎. 抗 CXCR4 单克隆抗体 12G5 对胃癌细胞粘附与侵袭的影响. 重庆医科大学学报, 2008, 33(7): 817-820.
55. Iwanaga T, Iwasaki Y, Ohashi M, et al. Inhibitory effect of CXCR4 blockers on a CXCR4-expressing gastric cancer cell line in nude mice. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2012, 39(12): 1788-1790.
56. Nambara S, Iguchi T, Oki E, et al. Overexpression of CXCR7 is a novel prognostic indicator in gastric cancer. Dig Surg, 2017, 34(4): 312-318.
57. Ma DM, Luo DX, Zhang J. SDF-1/CXCR7 axis regulates the proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells. World J Surg Oncol, 2016, 14(1): 256.
58. Wang J, Hu W, Wu X, et al. CXCR1 promotes malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Int J Oncol, 2016, 48(5): 2184-2196.
59. Cao Y, Liu H, Zhang H, et al. CXC chemokine receptor 1 predicts postoperative prognosis and chemotherapeutic benefits for TNM Ⅱ and Ⅲ resectable gastric cancer patients. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(12): 20328-20339.
60. Li Z, Wang Y, Dong S, et al. Association of CXCR1 and 2 expressions with gastric cancer metastasis in ex vivo and tumor cell invasion in vitro. Cytokine, 2014, 69(1): 6-13.
61. Li Y, Fu LX, Zhu WL, et al. Blockade of CXCR6 reduces invasive potential of gastric cancer cells through inhibition of AKT signaling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2015, 28(2): 194-200.
62. Wang WN, Chen Y, Zhang YD, et al. The regulatory mechanism of CCR7 gene expression and its involvement in the metastasis and progression of gastric cancer. Tumour Biol, 2013, 34(3): 1865-1871.
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CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research progress of chemokines and their receptors in gastric cancer

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