Research progress of USPIO enhanced MRI in normal-sized lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

ZHANG Yan ,  WU Bing

Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WU Bing, Email: bingwu69@163.com

Keywords：

colorectal cancer; lymph node metastasis; ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide; magnetic resonance imaging; research progress

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202004082

Video：

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Objective To summarize the research progress of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in normal-sized lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer.Method The relevant literatures published recently at domestic and abroad about USPIO enhanced MRI in normal-sized lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer were collected and reviewed.Results USPIO, a kind of lymph node targeted magnetic resonance contrast agent, could be used to evaluate lymph node metastasis of malignant tumors. USPIO enhanced MRI could detect normal-sized lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer effectively compared with normal MRI. It provided a higher diagnostic performance than normal enhanced MRI. In addition, USPIO enhanced MRI could also distinguish inflammatory and metastatic lymph nodes better that were difficult to be distinguished by normal enhanced MRI.Conclusion USPIO enhanced MRI shows a certain potential for clinical application in detecting normal-sized lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer, but it has not been widely used in China.

Citation： ZHANG Yan, WU Bing. Research progress of USPIO enhanced MRI in normal-sized lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2020, 27(10): 1305-1309. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202004082 Copy

1.	郑荣寿, 孙可欣, 张思维, 等. 2015 年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(1): 19-28.
2.	Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Maamoun S, Weber TK, <italic>et al</italic>. Clinical significance of colorectal cancer: metastases in lymph nodes < 5 mmin size. Ann Surg Oncol, 1996, 3(2): 124-130.
3.	Brown HG, Luckasevic TM, Medich DS, <italic>et al</italic>. Efficacy of manual dissection of lymph nodes in colon cancer resections. Mod Pathol, 2004, 17(4): 402-406.
4.	Yamamoto H, Murata K, Fukunaga M, <italic>et al</italic>. Micrometastasis volume in lymph nodes determines disease recurrence rate of stage Ⅱ colorectal cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. Clin Cancer Res, 2016, 22(13): 3201-3208.
5.	Saha S, Elgamal M, Cherry M, <italic>et al</italic>. Challenging the conventional treatment of colon cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping and its role of detecting micrometastases for adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Exp Metastasis, 2018, 35(5-6): 463-469.
6.	丛冠宁, 秦明伟, 贺丹, 等. 高分辨 MRI 对直肠癌 TNM 分期及环周切缘的评估. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(9): 894-900.
7.	Philips BWJ, Fortuin AS, Orzada S, <italic>et al</italic>. High resolution MR imaging of pelvic lymph nodes at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med, 2017, 78(3): 1020-1028.
8.	Jin M, Frankel WL. Lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018, 27(2): 401-412.
9.	Kim HJ, Choi GS. Clinical implications of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer: current status and future perspectives. Ann Coloproctol, 2019, 35(3): 109-117.
10.	Shida D, Kanemitsu Y, Hamaguchi T, <italic>et al</italic>. Introducing the eighth edition of the tumor-node-metastasis classification as relevant to colorectal cancer, anal cancer and appendiceal cancer: a comparison study with the seventh edition of the tumor-node-metastasis and the Japanese Classification of Colorectal, Appendiceal, and Anal Carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2019, 49(4): 321-328.
11.	Triantafyllou M, Studer UE, Birkhäuser FD, <italic>et al</italic>. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide allow for the detection of metastases in normal sized pelvic lymph nodes of patients with bladder and/or prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(3): 616-624.
12.	Merkle EM, Dale BM, Paulson EK. Abdominal MR imaging at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2006, 14(1): 17-26.
13.	Steensma BR, Luttje M, Voogt IJ, <italic>et al</italic>. Comparing signal-to-noise ratio for prostate imaging at 7T and 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 49(5): 1446-1455.
14.	Philips BWJ, Stijns RCH, Rietsch SHG, <italic>et al</italic>. USPIO-enhanced MRI of pelvic lymph nodes at 7-T: preliminary experience. Eur Radiol, 2019, 29(12): 6529-6538.
15.	Blank J, Berger N, Knechtges P, <italic>et al</italic>. Initial experience with staging rectal adenocarcinoma using 7T magnetic resonance imaging. J Surg Res, 2020, 245: 434-440.
16.	Tang Y, Rao S, Yang C, <italic>et al</italic>. Value of MRI morphologic features with pT1-2 rectal cancer in determining lymph node metastasis. J Surg Oncol, 2018, 118(3): 544-550.
17.	Brown G, Richards CJ, Bourne MW, <italic>et al</italic>. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology, 2003, 227(2): 371-377.
18.	Kim JH, Beets GL, Kim MJ, <italic>et al</italic>. High-resolution MR imaging for nodal staging in rectal cancer: are there any criteria in addition to the size? Eur J Radiol, 2004, 52(1): 78-83.
19.	Li XT, Sun YS, Tang L, <italic>et al</italic>. Evaluating local lymph node metastasis with magnetic resonance imaging, endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis, 2015, 17(6): O129-O135.
20.	Schurink NW, Lambregts DMJ, Beets-Tan RGH. Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer: current applications and future perspectives. Br J Radiol, 2019, 92(1096): 20180655.
21.	Toth GB, Varallyay CG, Horvath A, <italic>et al</italic>. Current and potential imaging applications of ferumoxytol for magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney Int, 2017, 92(1): 47-66.
22.	Bashir MR, Bhatti L, Marin D, <italic>et al</italic>. Emerging applications for ferumoxytol as a contrast agent in MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2015, 41(4): 884-898.
23.	Pai AB, Garba AO. Ferumoxytol: a silver lining in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease or another dark cloud? J Blood Med, 2012, 3: 77-85.
24.	Bernd H, De Kerviler E, Gaillard S, <italic>et al</italic>. Safety and tolerability of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent: comprehensive analysis of a clinical development program. Invest Radiol, 2009, 44(6): 336-342.
25.	Czarniecki M, Pesapane F, Wood BJ, <italic>et al</italic>. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents for lymph node staging of high-risk prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol, 2018, 7(Suppl 4): S453-S461.
26.	Daldrup-Link HE. Ten things you might not know about iron oxide nanoparticles. Radiology, 2017, 284(3): 616-629.
27.	Alexis F, Rhee JW, Richie JP, <italic>et al</italic>. New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Urol Oncol, 2008, 26(1): 74-85.
28.	Wu LC, Cao YF, Liao C, <italic>et al</italic>. Diagnostic performance of USPIO-enhanced MRI for lymph-node metastases in different body regions: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol, 2011, 80(2): 582-589.
29.	Corot C, Robert P, Idée JM, <italic>et al</italic>. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2006, 58(14): 1471-1504.
30.	Kordbacheh H, Baliyan V, Parakh A, <italic>et al</italic>. Pictorial review on abdominal applications of ferumoxytol in MR imaging. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2019, 44(10): 3273-3284.
31.	Kinner S, Maderwald S, Albert J, <italic>et al</italic>. Discrimination of benign and malignant lymph nodes at 7.0T compared to 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging using ultrasmall particles of iron oxide: a feasibility preclinical study. Acad Radiol, 2013, 20(12): 1604-1609.
32.	Dadfar SM, Roemhild K, Drude NI, <italic>et al</italic>. Iron oxide nanoparticles: diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2019, 138: 302-325.
33.	Pesapane F, Czarniecki M, Suter MB, <italic>et al</italic>. Imaging of distant metastases of prostate cancer. Med Oncol, 2018, 35(11): 148.
34.	Harisinghani MG, Saksena MA, Hahn PF, <italic>et al</italic>. Ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR lymphangiography: does contrast-enhanced imaging alone suffice for accurate lymph node characterization? AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 186(1): 144-148.
35.	Fortuin AS, Brüggemann R, van der Linden J, <italic>et al</italic>. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxides for metastatic lymph node detection: back on the block. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2018, 10(1): e1471.
36.	Thoeny HC, Barbieri S, Froehlich JM, <italic>et al</italic>. Functional and targeted lymph node imaging in prostate cancer: current status and future challenges. Radiology, 2017, 285(3): 728-743.
37.	Caglic I, Barrett T. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in lymph node staging for prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol, 2018, 7(5): 814-823.

1. 郑荣寿, 孙可欣, 张思维, 等. 2015 年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(1): 19-28.
2. Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Maamoun S, Weber TK, <italic>et al</italic>. Clinical significance of colorectal cancer: metastases in lymph nodes < 5 mmin size. Ann Surg Oncol, 1996, 3(2): 124-130.
3. Brown HG, Luckasevic TM, Medich DS, <italic>et al</italic>. Efficacy of manual dissection of lymph nodes in colon cancer resections. Mod Pathol, 2004, 17(4): 402-406.
4. Yamamoto H, Murata K, Fukunaga M, <italic>et al</italic>. Micrometastasis volume in lymph nodes determines disease recurrence rate of stage Ⅱ colorectal cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. Clin Cancer Res, 2016, 22(13): 3201-3208.
5. Saha S, Elgamal M, Cherry M, <italic>et al</italic>. Challenging the conventional treatment of colon cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping and its role of detecting micrometastases for adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Exp Metastasis, 2018, 35(5-6): 463-469.
6. 丛冠宁, 秦明伟, 贺丹, 等. 高分辨 MRI 对直肠癌 TNM 分期及环周切缘的评估. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2010, 17(9): 894-900.
7. Philips BWJ, Fortuin AS, Orzada S, <italic>et al</italic>. High resolution MR imaging of pelvic lymph nodes at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med, 2017, 78(3): 1020-1028.
8. Jin M, Frankel WL. Lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018, 27(2): 401-412.
9. Kim HJ, Choi GS. Clinical implications of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer: current status and future perspectives. Ann Coloproctol, 2019, 35(3): 109-117.
10. Shida D, Kanemitsu Y, Hamaguchi T, <italic>et al</italic>. Introducing the eighth edition of the tumor-node-metastasis classification as relevant to colorectal cancer, anal cancer and appendiceal cancer: a comparison study with the seventh edition of the tumor-node-metastasis and the Japanese Classification of Colorectal, Appendiceal, and Anal Carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2019, 49(4): 321-328.
11. Triantafyllou M, Studer UE, Birkhäuser FD, <italic>et al</italic>. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide allow for the detection of metastases in normal sized pelvic lymph nodes of patients with bladder and/or prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(3): 616-624.
12. Merkle EM, Dale BM, Paulson EK. Abdominal MR imaging at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2006, 14(1): 17-26.
13. Steensma BR, Luttje M, Voogt IJ, <italic>et al</italic>. Comparing signal-to-noise ratio for prostate imaging at 7T and 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 49(5): 1446-1455.
14. Philips BWJ, Stijns RCH, Rietsch SHG, <italic>et al</italic>. USPIO-enhanced MRI of pelvic lymph nodes at 7-T: preliminary experience. Eur Radiol, 2019, 29(12): 6529-6538.
15. Blank J, Berger N, Knechtges P, <italic>et al</italic>. Initial experience with staging rectal adenocarcinoma using 7T magnetic resonance imaging. J Surg Res, 2020, 245: 434-440.
16. Tang Y, Rao S, Yang C, <italic>et al</italic>. Value of MRI morphologic features with pT1-2 rectal cancer in determining lymph node metastasis. J Surg Oncol, 2018, 118(3): 544-550.
17. Brown G, Richards CJ, Bourne MW, <italic>et al</italic>. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology, 2003, 227(2): 371-377.
18. Kim JH, Beets GL, Kim MJ, <italic>et al</italic>. High-resolution MR imaging for nodal staging in rectal cancer: are there any criteria in addition to the size? Eur J Radiol, 2004, 52(1): 78-83.
19. Li XT, Sun YS, Tang L, <italic>et al</italic>. Evaluating local lymph node metastasis with magnetic resonance imaging, endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis, 2015, 17(6): O129-O135.
20. Schurink NW, Lambregts DMJ, Beets-Tan RGH. Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer: current applications and future perspectives. Br J Radiol, 2019, 92(1096): 20180655.
21. Toth GB, Varallyay CG, Horvath A, <italic>et al</italic>. Current and potential imaging applications of ferumoxytol for magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney Int, 2017, 92(1): 47-66.
22. Bashir MR, Bhatti L, Marin D, <italic>et al</italic>. Emerging applications for ferumoxytol as a contrast agent in MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2015, 41(4): 884-898.
23. Pai AB, Garba AO. Ferumoxytol: a silver lining in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease or another dark cloud? J Blood Med, 2012, 3: 77-85.
24. Bernd H, De Kerviler E, Gaillard S, <italic>et al</italic>. Safety and tolerability of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent: comprehensive analysis of a clinical development program. Invest Radiol, 2009, 44(6): 336-342.
25. Czarniecki M, Pesapane F, Wood BJ, <italic>et al</italic>. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents for lymph node staging of high-risk prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol, 2018, 7(Suppl 4): S453-S461.
26. Daldrup-Link HE. Ten things you might not know about iron oxide nanoparticles. Radiology, 2017, 284(3): 616-629.
27. Alexis F, Rhee JW, Richie JP, <italic>et al</italic>. New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Urol Oncol, 2008, 26(1): 74-85.
28. Wu LC, Cao YF, Liao C, <italic>et al</italic>. Diagnostic performance of USPIO-enhanced MRI for lymph-node metastases in different body regions: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol, 2011, 80(2): 582-589.
29. Corot C, Robert P, Idée JM, <italic>et al</italic>. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2006, 58(14): 1471-1504.
30. Kordbacheh H, Baliyan V, Parakh A, <italic>et al</italic>. Pictorial review on abdominal applications of ferumoxytol in MR imaging. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2019, 44(10): 3273-3284.
31. Kinner S, Maderwald S, Albert J, <italic>et al</italic>. Discrimination of benign and malignant lymph nodes at 7.0T compared to 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging using ultrasmall particles of iron oxide: a feasibility preclinical study. Acad Radiol, 2013, 20(12): 1604-1609.
32. Dadfar SM, Roemhild K, Drude NI, <italic>et al</italic>. Iron oxide nanoparticles: diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2019, 138: 302-325.
33. Pesapane F, Czarniecki M, Suter MB, <italic>et al</italic>. Imaging of distant metastases of prostate cancer. Med Oncol, 2018, 35(11): 148.
34. Harisinghani MG, Saksena MA, Hahn PF, <italic>et al</italic>. Ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR lymphangiography: does contrast-enhanced imaging alone suffice for accurate lymph node characterization? AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 186(1): 144-148.
35. Fortuin AS, Brüggemann R, van der Linden J, <italic>et al</italic>. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxides for metastatic lymph node detection: back on the block. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2018, 10(1): e1471.
36. Thoeny HC, Barbieri S, Froehlich JM, <italic>et al</italic>. Functional and targeted lymph node imaging in prostate cancer: current status and future challenges. Radiology, 2017, 285(3): 728-743.
37. Caglic I, Barrett T. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in lymph node staging for prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol, 2018, 7(5): 814-823.

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Research progress of USPIO enhanced MRI in normal-sized lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer

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