肝细胞癌免疫治疗疗效预测与评价_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

杨洋 ,  李秋

四川大学华西医院肿瘤中心（成都 610041）;

Corresponding author：

李秋, Email: fbqiu9@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202011050

Video：

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Citation： 杨洋, 李秋. 肝细胞癌免疫治疗疗效预测与评价. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2021, 28(3): 281-286. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202011050 Copy

1.	Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(20): 1894-1905.
2.	Sangro B, Melero I, Wadhawan S, et al. Association of inflammatory biomarkers with clinical outcomes in nivolumab-treated patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1460-1469.
3.	Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(7): 940-952.
4.	Qin S, Ren Z, Meng Z, et al. Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(4): 571-580.
5.	Abd El Aziz MA, Facciorusso A, Nayfeh T, et al. Immune checkpoint Inhibitors for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccines (Basel), 2020, 8(4): E616.
6.	Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 158-168.
7.	Zhang C, Pu K. Molecular and nanoengineering approaches towards activatable cancer immunotherapy. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49(13): 4234-4253.
8.	Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, et al. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature, 2014, 515(7528): 563-567.
9.	Daud AI, Wolchok JD, Robert C, et al. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression and response to the anti-programmed death 1 antibody pembrolizumab in melanoma. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(34): 4102-4109.
10.	Feun LG, Li YY, Wu C, et al. Phase 2 study of pembrolizumab and circulating biomarkers to predict anticancer response in advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 2019, 125(20): 3603-3614.
11.	Desai J, Deva S, Lee JS, et al. Phase ⅠA/ⅠB study of single-agent tislelizumab, an investigational anti-PD-1 antibody, in solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000453.
12.	Shen L, Guo J, Zhang Q, et al. Tislelizumab in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumors: an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 study. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000437.
13.	Pinato DJ, Mauri FA, Spina P, et al. Clinical implications of heterogeneity in PD-L1 immunohistochemical detection in hepatocellular carcinoma: the Blueprint-HCC study. Br J Cancer, 2019, 120(11): 1033-1036.
14.	Macek Jilkova Z, Aspord C, Decaens T. Predictive factors for response to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and challenges. Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11(10): 1554.
15.	Yan H, Chen Y, Wang K, et al. Identification of immune landscape signatures associated with clinical and prognostic features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY), 2020, 12(19): 19641-19659.
16.	Marabelle A, Fakih M, Lopez J, et al. Association of tumour mutational burden with outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with pembrolizumab: prospective biomarker analysis of the multicohort, open-label, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(10): 1353-1365.
17.	Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, et al. Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature, 2013, 500(7463): 415-421.
18.	Zang YS, Dai C, Xu X, et al. Comprehensive analysis of potential immunotherapy genomic biomarkers in 1 000 Chinese patients with cancer. Cancer Med, 2019, 8(10): 4699-4708.
19.	Yarchoan M, Hopkins A, Jaffee EM. Tumor mutational burden and response rate to PD-1 inhibition. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(25): 2500-2501.
20.	Cristescu R, Mogg R, Ayers M, et al. Pan-tumor genomic biomarkers for PD-1 checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy. Science, 2018, 362(6411): eaar3593.
21.	Le DT, Kim TW, Van Cutsem E, et al. Phase Ⅱ open-label study of pembrolizumab in treatment-refractory, microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: KEYNOTE-164. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(1): 11-19.
22.	Bonneville R, Krook MA, Chen HZ, et al. Detection of microsatellite instability biomarkers via next-generation sequencing. Methods Mol Biol, 2020, 2055: 119-132.
23.	Foerster F, Hess M, Gerhold-Ay A, et al. The immune contexture of hepatocellular carcinoma predicts clinical outcome. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 5351.
24.	Chen DS, Mellman I. Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity, 2013, 39(1): 1-10.
25.	Kaseb AO, Vence L, Blando J, et al. Immunologic correlates of pathologic complete response to preoperative immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res, 2019, 7(9): 1390-1395.
26.	Finn RS, Ikeda M, Zhu AX, et al. Phase Ⅰb study of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(26): 2960-2970.
27.	Chang B, Shen L, Wang K, et al. High number of PD-1 positive intratumoural lymphocytes predicts survival benefit of cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Liver Int, 2018, 38(8): 1449-1458.
28.	Dharmapuri S, Özbek U, Lin JY, et al. Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(14): 4962-4970.
29.	Zheng Y, Wang T, Tu X, et al. Gut microbiome affects the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer, 2019, 7(1): 193.
30.	Ng HHM, Lee RY, Goh S, et al. Immunohistochemical scoring of CD38 in the tumor microenvironment predicts responsiveness to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(2): e000987.
31.	Pinyol R, Sia D, Llovet JM. Immune exclusion-Wnt/CTNNB1 class predicts resistance to immunotherapies in HCC. Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 25(7): 2021-2023.
32.	Bassaganyas L, Pinyol R, Esteban-Fabró R, et al. Copy-number alteration burden differentially impacts immune profiles and molecular features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(23): 6350-6361.
33.	Hu Y, Sun H, Zhang H, et al. An immunogram for an individualized assessment of the antitumor immune response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 1189.
34.	Jing Y, Liu J, Ye Y, et al. Multi-omics prediction of immune-related adverse events during checkpoint immunotherapy. Nat Commun, 2020, 11(1): 4946.
35.	Matsuya T, Nakamura Y, Matsushita S, et al. Vitiligo expansion and extent correlate with durable response in anti-programmed death 1 antibody treatment for advanced melanoma: A multi-institutional retrospective study. J Dermatol, 2020, 47(6): 629-635.
36.	Rogado J, Sánchez-Torres JM, Romero-Laorden N, et al. Immune-related adverse events predict the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer, 2019, 109: 21-27.
37.	Sangro B, Chan SL, Meyer T, et al. Diagnosis and management of toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020, 72(2): 320-341.
38.	Moehler M, Shitara M, Garrido P, et al. Nivolumab (NIVO) plus chemotherapy (Chemo) versus chemo as first-line (1L) Treatment for advanced gastric cancer/Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer (GC/GEJC)/Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC): First Results of the CheckMate 649 Study. 2020 ESMO. Oral LBA6.
39.	Finn RS, Ryoo BY, Merle P, et al. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in KEYNOTE-240: A randomized, double-blind, phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(3): 193-202.
40.	Versluis JM, Long GV, Blank CU. Learning from clinical trials of neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade. Nat Med, 2020, 26(4): 475-484.
41.	Corsini EM, Weissferdt A, Pataer A, et al. Pathological nodal disease defines survival outcomes in patients with lung cancer with tumour major pathological response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2020: ezaa290.
42.	Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer, 2009, 45(2): 228-247.
43.	Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis, 2010, 30(1): 52-60.
44.	Mulkey F, Theoret MR, Keegan P, et al. Comparison of iRECIST versus RECIST V. 1.1 in patients treated with an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody: pooled FDA analysis. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000146.
45.	Park HJ, Kim KW, Pyo J, et al. Incidence of pseudoprogression during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2020, 297(1): 87-96.
46.	Hodi FS, Ballinger M, Lyons B, et al. Immune-modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (imRECIST): refining guidelines to assess the clinical benefit of cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(9): 850-858.
47.	Takada J, Hidaka H, Nakazawa T, et al. Modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors is superior to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors for assessment of responses to sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Res Notes, 2015, 8: 609.
48.	Bai R, Li W, Du N, et al. Challenges of evaluating immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors. Chin J Cancer Res, 2019, 31(6): 853-861.
49.	Goldmacher GV, Khilnani AD, Andtbacka RHI, et al. Response criteria for intratumoral immunotherapy in solid tumors: itRECIST. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(23): 2667-2676.
50.	Scheiner B, Kirstein MM, Hucke F, et al. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)-targeted immunotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and safety data from an international multicentre real-world cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 49(10): 1323-1333.
51.	Kim CG, Kim C, Yoon SE, et al. Hyperprogressive disease during PD-1 blockade in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020: S0168-8278(20)30540-7.
52.	Failing JJ, Dudek OA, Marin Acevedo JA, et al. Biomarkers of hyperprogression and pseudoprogression with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Future Oncol, 2019, 15(22): 2645-2656.
53.	Wei C, Fan H, Zheng K, et al. The biomarkers associated with hyperprogression (HP) to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. 2020 ESMO, 998.
54.	Champiat S, Dercle L, Ammari S, et al. Hyperprogressive disease is a new pattern of progression in cancer patients treated by Anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23(8): 1920-1928.
55.	Bernard-Tessier A, Baldini C, Castanon E, et al. Patterns of progression in patients treated for immuno-oncology antibodies combination. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020, Online ahead of print.
56.	Mamdani H, Wu H, O'Neil BH, et al. Excellent response to anti-PD-1 therapy in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma: case report and review of literature. Discov Med, 2017, 23(128): 331-336.
57.	Lee JH, Long GV, Menzies AM, et al. Association between circulating tumor DNA and pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-programmed cell death 1 antibodies. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(5): 717-721.
58.	Sanmamed MF, Perez-Gracia JL, Schalper KA, et al. Changes in serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(8): 1988-1995.
59.	Basler L, Gabryś HS, Hogan SA, et al. Radiomics, tumor volume, and blood biomarkers for early prediction of pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibition. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(16): 4414-4425.

1. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(20): 1894-1905.
2. Sangro B, Melero I, Wadhawan S, et al. Association of inflammatory biomarkers with clinical outcomes in nivolumab-treated patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1460-1469.
3. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(7): 940-952.
4. Qin S, Ren Z, Meng Z, et al. Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(4): 571-580.
5. Abd El Aziz MA, Facciorusso A, Nayfeh T, et al. Immune checkpoint Inhibitors for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccines (Basel), 2020, 8(4): E616.
6. Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 158-168.
7. Zhang C, Pu K. Molecular and nanoengineering approaches towards activatable cancer immunotherapy. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49(13): 4234-4253.
8. Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, et al. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature, 2014, 515(7528): 563-567.
9. Daud AI, Wolchok JD, Robert C, et al. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression and response to the anti-programmed death 1 antibody pembrolizumab in melanoma. J Clin Oncol, 2016, 34(34): 4102-4109.
10. Feun LG, Li YY, Wu C, et al. Phase 2 study of pembrolizumab and circulating biomarkers to predict anticancer response in advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 2019, 125(20): 3603-3614.
11. Desai J, Deva S, Lee JS, et al. Phase ⅠA/ⅠB study of single-agent tislelizumab, an investigational anti-PD-1 antibody, in solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000453.
12. Shen L, Guo J, Zhang Q, et al. Tislelizumab in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumors: an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 study. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000437.
13. Pinato DJ, Mauri FA, Spina P, et al. Clinical implications of heterogeneity in PD-L1 immunohistochemical detection in hepatocellular carcinoma: the Blueprint-HCC study. Br J Cancer, 2019, 120(11): 1033-1036.
14. Macek Jilkova Z, Aspord C, Decaens T. Predictive factors for response to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and challenges. Cancers (Basel), 2019, 11(10): 1554.
15. Yan H, Chen Y, Wang K, et al. Identification of immune landscape signatures associated with clinical and prognostic features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY), 2020, 12(19): 19641-19659.
16. Marabelle A, Fakih M, Lopez J, et al. Association of tumour mutational burden with outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with pembrolizumab: prospective biomarker analysis of the multicohort, open-label, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(10): 1353-1365.
17. Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, et al. Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature, 2013, 500(7463): 415-421.
18. Zang YS, Dai C, Xu X, et al. Comprehensive analysis of potential immunotherapy genomic biomarkers in 1 000 Chinese patients with cancer. Cancer Med, 2019, 8(10): 4699-4708.
19. Yarchoan M, Hopkins A, Jaffee EM. Tumor mutational burden and response rate to PD-1 inhibition. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(25): 2500-2501.
20. Cristescu R, Mogg R, Ayers M, et al. Pan-tumor genomic biomarkers for PD-1 checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy. Science, 2018, 362(6411): eaar3593.
21. Le DT, Kim TW, Van Cutsem E, et al. Phase Ⅱ open-label study of pembrolizumab in treatment-refractory, microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: KEYNOTE-164. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(1): 11-19.
22. Bonneville R, Krook MA, Chen HZ, et al. Detection of microsatellite instability biomarkers via next-generation sequencing. Methods Mol Biol, 2020, 2055: 119-132.
23. Foerster F, Hess M, Gerhold-Ay A, et al. The immune contexture of hepatocellular carcinoma predicts clinical outcome. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 5351.
24. Chen DS, Mellman I. Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity, 2013, 39(1): 1-10.
25. Kaseb AO, Vence L, Blando J, et al. Immunologic correlates of pathologic complete response to preoperative immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res, 2019, 7(9): 1390-1395.
26. Finn RS, Ikeda M, Zhu AX, et al. Phase Ⅰb study of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(26): 2960-2970.
27. Chang B, Shen L, Wang K, et al. High number of PD-1 positive intratumoural lymphocytes predicts survival benefit of cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Liver Int, 2018, 38(8): 1449-1458.
28. Dharmapuri S, Özbek U, Lin JY, et al. Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(14): 4962-4970.
29. Zheng Y, Wang T, Tu X, et al. Gut microbiome affects the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer, 2019, 7(1): 193.
30. Ng HHM, Lee RY, Goh S, et al. Immunohistochemical scoring of CD38 in the tumor microenvironment predicts responsiveness to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(2): e000987.
31. Pinyol R, Sia D, Llovet JM. Immune exclusion-Wnt/CTNNB1 class predicts resistance to immunotherapies in HCC. Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 25(7): 2021-2023.
32. Bassaganyas L, Pinyol R, Esteban-Fabró R, et al. Copy-number alteration burden differentially impacts immune profiles and molecular features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(23): 6350-6361.
33. Hu Y, Sun H, Zhang H, et al. An immunogram for an individualized assessment of the antitumor immune response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2020, 10: 1189.
34. Jing Y, Liu J, Ye Y, et al. Multi-omics prediction of immune-related adverse events during checkpoint immunotherapy. Nat Commun, 2020, 11(1): 4946.
35. Matsuya T, Nakamura Y, Matsushita S, et al. Vitiligo expansion and extent correlate with durable response in anti-programmed death 1 antibody treatment for advanced melanoma: A multi-institutional retrospective study. J Dermatol, 2020, 47(6): 629-635.
36. Rogado J, Sánchez-Torres JM, Romero-Laorden N, et al. Immune-related adverse events predict the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer, 2019, 109: 21-27.
37. Sangro B, Chan SL, Meyer T, et al. Diagnosis and management of toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020, 72(2): 320-341.
38. Moehler M, Shitara M, Garrido P, et al. Nivolumab (NIVO) plus chemotherapy (Chemo) versus chemo as first-line (1L) Treatment for advanced gastric cancer/Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer (GC/GEJC)/Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC): First Results of the CheckMate 649 Study. 2020 ESMO. Oral LBA6.
39. Finn RS, Ryoo BY, Merle P, et al. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in KEYNOTE-240: A randomized, double-blind, phase Ⅲ trial. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(3): 193-202.
40. Versluis JM, Long GV, Blank CU. Learning from clinical trials of neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade. Nat Med, 2020, 26(4): 475-484.
41. Corsini EM, Weissferdt A, Pataer A, et al. Pathological nodal disease defines survival outcomes in patients with lung cancer with tumour major pathological response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2020: ezaa290.
42. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer, 2009, 45(2): 228-247.
43. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis, 2010, 30(1): 52-60.
44. Mulkey F, Theoret MR, Keegan P, et al. Comparison of iRECIST versus RECIST V. 1.1 in patients treated with an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody: pooled FDA analysis. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000146.
45. Park HJ, Kim KW, Pyo J, et al. Incidence of pseudoprogression during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2020, 297(1): 87-96.
46. Hodi FS, Ballinger M, Lyons B, et al. Immune-modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (imRECIST): refining guidelines to assess the clinical benefit of cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(9): 850-858.
47. Takada J, Hidaka H, Nakazawa T, et al. Modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors is superior to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors for assessment of responses to sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Res Notes, 2015, 8: 609.
48. Bai R, Li W, Du N, et al. Challenges of evaluating immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors. Chin J Cancer Res, 2019, 31(6): 853-861.
49. Goldmacher GV, Khilnani AD, Andtbacka RHI, et al. Response criteria for intratumoral immunotherapy in solid tumors: itRECIST. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(23): 2667-2676.
50. Scheiner B, Kirstein MM, Hucke F, et al. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)-targeted immunotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and safety data from an international multicentre real-world cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 49(10): 1323-1333.
51. Kim CG, Kim C, Yoon SE, et al. Hyperprogressive disease during PD-1 blockade in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2020: S0168-8278(20)30540-7.
52. Failing JJ, Dudek OA, Marin Acevedo JA, et al. Biomarkers of hyperprogression and pseudoprogression with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Future Oncol, 2019, 15(22): 2645-2656.
53. Wei C, Fan H, Zheng K, et al. The biomarkers associated with hyperprogression (HP) to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. 2020 ESMO, 998.
54. Champiat S, Dercle L, Ammari S, et al. Hyperprogressive disease is a new pattern of progression in cancer patients treated by Anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23(8): 1920-1928.
55. Bernard-Tessier A, Baldini C, Castanon E, et al. Patterns of progression in patients treated for immuno-oncology antibodies combination. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020, Online ahead of print.
56. Mamdani H, Wu H, O'Neil BH, et al. Excellent response to anti-PD-1 therapy in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma: case report and review of literature. Discov Med, 2017, 23(128): 331-336.
57. Lee JH, Long GV, Menzies AM, et al. Association between circulating tumor DNA and pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-programmed cell death 1 antibodies. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(5): 717-721.
58. Sanmamed MF, Perez-Gracia JL, Schalper KA, et al. Changes in serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(8): 1988-1995.
59. Basler L, Gabryś HS, Hogan SA, et al. Radiomics, tumor volume, and blood biomarkers for early prediction of pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibition. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(16): 4414-4425.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

肝细胞癌免疫治疗疗效预测与评价

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