Research progress of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

HE Jiaxin ¹ , Jiang Li ² , ZHANG Lu ¹ ,  YU Hai ¹

1. Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;
2. Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YU Hai, Email: yuhaishan117@yahoo.com

Keywords：

liver transplantation; acute kidney injury

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202111035

Video：

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Objective To summarize the research progress of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Method The literatures on acute kidney injury after liver transplantation was collected and reviewed. Results Acute kidney injury after liver transplantation was associated with multiple risk factors. Early prevention and treatment of risk factors in perioperative period was the main measure to reduce acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Early postoperative diagnosis and timely intervention could reduce the incidence of chronic kidney disease and improve the long-term prognosis of liver transplantation recipients. Conclusion Acute kidney injury is a common complication after liver transplantation which affects prognosis and long-term survival of patients.

Citation： HE Jiaxin, Jiang Li, ZHANG Lu, YU Hai. Research progress of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2022, 29(6): 823-828. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202111035 Copy

1.	Hilmi IA, Damian D, Al-Khafaji A, et al. Acute kidney injury following orthotopic liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and effects on patient and graft outcomes. Br J Anaesth, 2015, 114(6): 919-926.
2.	Barreto AG, Daher EF, Silva Junior GB, et al. Risk factors for acute kidney injury and 30-day mortality after liver transplantation. Ann Hepatol, 2015, 14(5): 688-694.
3.	Thongprayoon C, Kaewput W, Thamcharoen N, et al. Incidence and impact of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2019, 8(3): 372. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030372.
4.	Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care, 2004, 8(4): R204-R212. doi: 10.1186/cc2872.
5.	Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care, 2007, 11(2): R31. doi: 10.1186/cc5713.
6.	Section 2: AKI definition. Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 2012, 2(1): 19-36.
7.	Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(4): 968-974.
8.	Francoz C, Sola E. Assessment of renal function in cirrhosis: Sarcopenia, gender and ethnicity matter. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(5): 828-830.
9.	Lewandowska L, Małyszko J, Joanna Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J. Urinary and serum biomarkers for prediction of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Ann Transplant, 2019, 24: 291-297.
10.	Fuhrman DY, Kellum JA, Joyce EL, et al. The use of urinary biomarkers to predict acute kidney injury in children after liver transplant. Pediatr Transplant, 2020, 24(1): e13608. doi: 10.1111/petr.13608.
11.	Cullaro G, Pisa JF, Brown RS Jr, et al. Early postoperative neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts the develop-ment of chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2018, 102(5): 809-815.
12.	Yoon KC, Lee KW, Oh SC, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker for renal injury in liver transplant recipients using calcineurin inhibitors. Transplant Proc, 2018, 50(10): 3667-3672.
13.	Lim AI, Tang SC, Lai KN, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1: more than just an injury marker of tubular epithelial cells? J Cell Physiol, 2013, 228（5）: 917-24.
14.	Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a urinary biomarker and much more. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2009, 24(11): 3265-3268.
15.	罗文辉, 郑虹, 张建军, 等. 肝移植后早期并发急性肾损伤时尿液中肾损伤分子-1的变化及意义. 中华器官移植杂志, 2012, 33(5): 287-290.
16.	Dedeoglu B, de Geus HR, Fortrie G, et al. Novel biomarkers for the prediction of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing liver transplantati on. Biomark Med, 2013, 7(6): 947-957.
17.	Sirota JC, Walcher A, Faubel S, et al. Urine IL-18, NGAL, IL-8 and serum IL-8 are biomarkers of acute kidney injury following liver transplantation. BMC Nephrol, 2013, 14: 17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-17.
18.	Sanchez EQ, Gonwa TA, Levy MF, et al. Preoperative and perioperative predictors of the need for renal replacement therapy after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2004, 78(7): 1048-1054.
19.	Cheng Y, Wei GQ, Cai QC, et al. Prognostic value of model for end-stage liver disease incorporating with serum sodium score for development of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl), 2018, 131(11): 1314-1320.
20.	Jadlowiec C, Smith M, Neville M, et al. Acute kidney injury patterns following transplantation of steatotic liver allografts. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(4): 954. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040954.
21.	Cho H, Bae J, Yoon HK, et al. Perioperative ABO blood group isoagglutinin titer and the risk of acute kidney injury after ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(8): 1679. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081679.
22.	Kollmann D, Neong SF, Rosales R, et al. Renal Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation: Effect of Donor Type. Liver Transpl, 2020, 26(6): 799-810.
23.	Ma G, Jiang H, Zhang X, et al. Acute kidney injury after orthotopic liver transplantation using living donor versus deceased donor g rafts: A propensity score-matched analysis. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(12): 1560. doi: 10.1002/lt.24224.
24.	Yin ZY, Li BF, Zou FN, et al. Risk factors of acute kidney injury after orthotopic liver transplantation in China. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 41555. doi: 10.1038/srep41555.
25.	Jun IG, Kwon HM, Jung KW, et al. The impact of postreperfusion syndrome on acute kidney injury in living donor liver transplantation: a propensity score analysis. Anesth Analg, 2018, 127(2): 369-378.
26.	Hannon V, Kothari RP, Zhang L, et al. The association between vena cava implantation technique and acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2020, 104(11): e308-e316. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003331.
27.	Sun K, Hong F, Wang Y, et al. Venovenous bypass is associated with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury after liver transplanta tion in patients with compromised pretransplant renal function. Anesth Analg, 2017, 125(5): 1463-1470.
28.	Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M. Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2009, 4(2): 481-508.
29.	Nadeem A, Salahuddin N, El Hazmi A, et al. Chloride-liberal fluids are associated with acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Crit Care, 2014, 18（6）: 625. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0625-7.
30.	Utsumi M, Umeda Y, Sadamori H, et al. Risk factors for acute renal injury in living donor liver transplantation: evaluation of the RIFLE criteria. Transpl Int, 2013, 26(8): 842-852.
31.	Park MH, Shim HS, Kim WH, et al. Clinical risk scoring models for prediction of acute kidney injury after living donor liver transplantation: A retrospective observational study. PLoS One, 2015, 10(8): e0136230. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136230.
32.	European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice. eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(2): 406-460.
33.	Téllez L, Ibáñez -Samaniego L, Pérez Del Villar C, et al. Non-selective beta-blockers impair global circulatory homeostasis and renal function in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1404-1414.
34.	Wong F, Pappas SC, Curry MP, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(9): 818-828.
35.	Piano S, Gambino C, Vettore E, et al. Response to terlipressin and albumin is associated with improved liver transplant outcomes in patient s with hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology, 2021, 73(5): 1909-1919.
36.	Guerrero-Domínguez R, López-Herrera Rodríguez D, Acosta-Martínez J, et al. Perioperative renal protection strategies in liver transplantation. Nefrologia, 2014, 34(3): 276-284.
37.	Shaw AD, Kellum JA. The risk of AKI in patients treated with intravenous solutions containing hydroxyethyl starch. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2013, 8(3): 497-503.
38.	Mukhtar A, Aboulfetouh F, Obayah G, et al. The safety of modern hydroxyethyl starch in living donor liver transplantation: a comparison with hum an albumin. Anesth Analg, 2009, 109(3): 924-930.
39.	Moeller C, Fleischmann C, Thomas-Rueddel D, et al. How safe is gelatin? A systematic review and meta-analysis of gelatin-containing plasma expanders vs crystalloids and albumin. J Crit Care, 2016, 35: 75-83.
40.	Gameiro J, Fonseca JA, Outerelo C, et al. Acute kidney injury: from diagnosis to prevention and treatment strategies. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(6): 1704. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061704.
41.	Karvellas CJ, Taylor S, Bigam D, et al. Intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy during liver transplantation: a pilot randomized- controlled trial (INCEPTION). Can J Anaesth, 2019, 66(10): 1151-1161.
42.	Huang HB, Xu Y, Zhou H, et al. Intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy during liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl, 2020, 26(8): 1010-1018.
43.	郑树森, 沈恬, 徐骁, 等. 中国肝移植受者肾损伤管理专家共识(2017版). 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2017, 11(3): 130-137.
44.	Tan HK, Marquez M, Wong F, et al. Pretransplant type 2 hepatorenal syndrome is associated with persistently impaired renal function after liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2015, 99(7): 1441-1446.
45.	Kong Y, Wang D, Shang Y, et al. Calcineurin-inhibitor minimization in liver transplant patients with calcineurin-inhibitor-related renal dysfunction: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2011, 6(9): e24387. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024387.
46.	Neuberger JM, Mamelok RD, Neuhaus P, et al. Delayed introduction of reduced-dose tacrolimus, and renal function in liver transplantation: the ‘ReSpECT’study. Am J Transplant, 2009, 9(2): 327-336.
47.	Boudjema K, Camus C, Saliba F, et al. Reduced-dose tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil vs. standard-dose tacrolimus in liver transplantation:a randomized study. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(5): 965-976.
48.	De Simone P, Nevens F, De Carlis L, et al. Everolimus with reduced tacrolimus improves renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transplant, 2012, 12(11): 3008-3020.
49.	Li X, Liu C, Mao Z, et al. Timing of renal replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care, 2021, 25(1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03451-y.
50.	STARRT-AKI Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, et al. Timing of initiation of renal-replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(3): 240-251.
51.	Ren A, Li Z, Zhang X, et al. Optimal timing of initiating CRRT in patients with acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Ann Transl Med, 2020, 8(21): 1361. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-2352.

1. Hilmi IA, Damian D, Al-Khafaji A, et al. Acute kidney injury following orthotopic liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and effects on patient and graft outcomes. Br J Anaesth, 2015, 114(6): 919-926.
2. Barreto AG, Daher EF, Silva Junior GB, et al. Risk factors for acute kidney injury and 30-day mortality after liver transplantation. Ann Hepatol, 2015, 14(5): 688-694.
3. Thongprayoon C, Kaewput W, Thamcharoen N, et al. Incidence and impact of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2019, 8(3): 372. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030372.
4. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care, 2004, 8(4): R204-R212. doi: 10.1186/cc2872.
5. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care, 2007, 11(2): R31. doi: 10.1186/cc5713.
6. Section 2: AKI definition. Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 2012, 2(1): 19-36.
7. Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(4): 968-974.
8. Francoz C, Sola E. Assessment of renal function in cirrhosis: Sarcopenia, gender and ethnicity matter. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(5): 828-830.
9. Lewandowska L, Małyszko J, Joanna Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J. Urinary and serum biomarkers for prediction of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Ann Transplant, 2019, 24: 291-297.
10. Fuhrman DY, Kellum JA, Joyce EL, et al. The use of urinary biomarkers to predict acute kidney injury in children after liver transplant. Pediatr Transplant, 2020, 24(1): e13608. doi: 10.1111/petr.13608.
11. Cullaro G, Pisa JF, Brown RS Jr, et al. Early postoperative neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts the develop-ment of chronic kidney disease after liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2018, 102(5): 809-815.
12. Yoon KC, Lee KW, Oh SC, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker for renal injury in liver transplant recipients using calcineurin inhibitors. Transplant Proc, 2018, 50(10): 3667-3672.
13. Lim AI, Tang SC, Lai KN, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1: more than just an injury marker of tubular epithelial cells? J Cell Physiol, 2013, 228（5）: 917-24.
14. Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a urinary biomarker and much more. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2009, 24(11): 3265-3268.
15. 罗文辉, 郑虹, 张建军, 等. 肝移植后早期并发急性肾损伤时尿液中肾损伤分子-1的变化及意义. 中华器官移植杂志, 2012, 33(5): 287-290.
16. Dedeoglu B, de Geus HR, Fortrie G, et al. Novel biomarkers for the prediction of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing liver transplantati on. Biomark Med, 2013, 7(6): 947-957.
17. Sirota JC, Walcher A, Faubel S, et al. Urine IL-18, NGAL, IL-8 and serum IL-8 are biomarkers of acute kidney injury following liver transplantation. BMC Nephrol, 2013, 14: 17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-17.
18. Sanchez EQ, Gonwa TA, Levy MF, et al. Preoperative and perioperative predictors of the need for renal replacement therapy after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2004, 78(7): 1048-1054.
19. Cheng Y, Wei GQ, Cai QC, et al. Prognostic value of model for end-stage liver disease incorporating with serum sodium score for development of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl), 2018, 131(11): 1314-1320.
20. Jadlowiec C, Smith M, Neville M, et al. Acute kidney injury patterns following transplantation of steatotic liver allografts. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(4): 954. doi: 10.3390/jcm9040954.
21. Cho H, Bae J, Yoon HK, et al. Perioperative ABO blood group isoagglutinin titer and the risk of acute kidney injury after ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(8): 1679. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081679.
22. Kollmann D, Neong SF, Rosales R, et al. Renal Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation: Effect of Donor Type. Liver Transpl, 2020, 26(6): 799-810.
23. Ma G, Jiang H, Zhang X, et al. Acute kidney injury after orthotopic liver transplantation using living donor versus deceased donor g rafts: A propensity score-matched analysis. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(12): 1560. doi: 10.1002/lt.24224.
24. Yin ZY, Li BF, Zou FN, et al. Risk factors of acute kidney injury after orthotopic liver transplantation in China. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 41555. doi: 10.1038/srep41555.
25. Jun IG, Kwon HM, Jung KW, et al. The impact of postreperfusion syndrome on acute kidney injury in living donor liver transplantation: a propensity score analysis. Anesth Analg, 2018, 127(2): 369-378.
26. Hannon V, Kothari RP, Zhang L, et al. The association between vena cava implantation technique and acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2020, 104(11): e308-e316. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003331.
27. Sun K, Hong F, Wang Y, et al. Venovenous bypass is associated with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury after liver transplanta tion in patients with compromised pretransplant renal function. Anesth Analg, 2017, 125(5): 1463-1470.
28. Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M. Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2009, 4(2): 481-508.
29. Nadeem A, Salahuddin N, El Hazmi A, et al. Chloride-liberal fluids are associated with acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Crit Care, 2014, 18（6）: 625. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0625-7.
30. Utsumi M, Umeda Y, Sadamori H, et al. Risk factors for acute renal injury in living donor liver transplantation: evaluation of the RIFLE criteria. Transpl Int, 2013, 26(8): 842-852.
31. Park MH, Shim HS, Kim WH, et al. Clinical risk scoring models for prediction of acute kidney injury after living donor liver transplantation: A retrospective observational study. PLoS One, 2015, 10(8): e0136230. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136230.
32. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice. eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(2): 406-460.
33. Téllez L, Ibáñez -Samaniego L, Pérez Del Villar C, et al. Non-selective beta-blockers impair global circulatory homeostasis and renal function in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1404-1414.
34. Wong F, Pappas SC, Curry MP, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(9): 818-828.
35. Piano S, Gambino C, Vettore E, et al. Response to terlipressin and albumin is associated with improved liver transplant outcomes in patient s with hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology, 2021, 73(5): 1909-1919.
36. Guerrero-Domínguez R, López-Herrera Rodríguez D, Acosta-Martínez J, et al. Perioperative renal protection strategies in liver transplantation. Nefrologia, 2014, 34(3): 276-284.
37. Shaw AD, Kellum JA. The risk of AKI in patients treated with intravenous solutions containing hydroxyethyl starch. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2013, 8(3): 497-503.
38. Mukhtar A, Aboulfetouh F, Obayah G, et al. The safety of modern hydroxyethyl starch in living donor liver transplantation: a comparison with hum an albumin. Anesth Analg, 2009, 109(3): 924-930.
39. Moeller C, Fleischmann C, Thomas-Rueddel D, et al. How safe is gelatin? A systematic review and meta-analysis of gelatin-containing plasma expanders vs crystalloids and albumin. J Crit Care, 2016, 35: 75-83.
40. Gameiro J, Fonseca JA, Outerelo C, et al. Acute kidney injury: from diagnosis to prevention and treatment strategies. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(6): 1704. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061704.
41. Karvellas CJ, Taylor S, Bigam D, et al. Intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy during liver transplantation: a pilot randomized- controlled trial (INCEPTION). Can J Anaesth, 2019, 66(10): 1151-1161.
42. Huang HB, Xu Y, Zhou H, et al. Intraoperative continuous renal replacement therapy during liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl, 2020, 26(8): 1010-1018.
43. 郑树森, 沈恬, 徐骁, 等. 中国肝移植受者肾损伤管理专家共识(2017版). 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2017, 11(3): 130-137.
44. Tan HK, Marquez M, Wong F, et al. Pretransplant type 2 hepatorenal syndrome is associated with persistently impaired renal function after liver transplantation. Transplantation, 2015, 99(7): 1441-1446.
45. Kong Y, Wang D, Shang Y, et al. Calcineurin-inhibitor minimization in liver transplant patients with calcineurin-inhibitor-related renal dysfunction: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2011, 6(9): e24387. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024387.
46. Neuberger JM, Mamelok RD, Neuhaus P, et al. Delayed introduction of reduced-dose tacrolimus, and renal function in liver transplantation: the ‘ReSpECT’study. Am J Transplant, 2009, 9(2): 327-336.
47. Boudjema K, Camus C, Saliba F, et al. Reduced-dose tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil vs. standard-dose tacrolimus in liver transplantation:a randomized study. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(5): 965-976.
48. De Simone P, Nevens F, De Carlis L, et al. Everolimus with reduced tacrolimus improves renal function in de novo liver transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transplant, 2012, 12(11): 3008-3020.
49. Li X, Liu C, Mao Z, et al. Timing of renal replacement therapy initiation for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Crit Care, 2021, 25(1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03451-y.
50. STARRT-AKI Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, et al. Timing of initiation of renal-replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(3): 240-251.
51. Ren A, Li Z, Zhang X, et al. Optimal timing of initiating CRRT in patients with acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Ann Transl Med, 2020, 8(21): 1361. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-2352.

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