Changes of gut microbiota after bariatric surgery and the mechanisms of improving metabolism_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

DU Jing , LIU Dandan , LIU Xiu , WANG Jiwei ,  XIE Ming

Digestive Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi MedicalUniversity, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

XIE Ming, Email: 2581303091@qq.com

Keywords：

gut microbiota; bariatric surgery; metabolic improvement; mechanism research

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202211042

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To review the changes of gut microbiota after bariatric surgery and the related mechanisms of improving metabolism. Method Domestic and international literatures in recent ten years on the changes of gut microbiota in bariatric surgery and the mechanisms of improving metabolism were collated and summarized. Result The common bariatric procedures performed to date were vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The changes of gut microbiota vary in different surgical procedures, which were related to the changes of diet habits, gastrointestinal anatomy, gastrointestinal hormone levels and metabolic complications. The gut microbiota might improve the body metabolism by regulating the levels of short chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids and bacterial endotoxin in the intestinal lumen. Conclusions Significant changes are found in gut microbiota after bariatric surgery, which may be involved in the improvement of body metabolism by regulating the level of bacterial endotoxin and microbial metabolite. However, more in-depth mechanisms need to be further clarified.

Citation： DU Jing, LIU Dandan, LIU Xiu, WANG Jiwei, XIE Ming. Changes of gut microbiota after bariatric surgery and the mechanisms of improving metabolism. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2023, 30(3): 279-284. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202211042 Copy

1.	Yılmaz B, Gezmen Karadağ M. The current review of adolescent obesity: the role of genetic factors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 34(2): 151-162.
2.	Ayuningtyas D, Kusuma D, Amir V, et al. Disparities in obesity rates among adults: analysis of 514 districts in indonesia. Nutrients, 2022, 14(16): 3332. doi: 10.3390/nu14163332.
3.	El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Froguel P. From obesity genetics to the future of personalized obesity therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2013, 9(7): 402-413.
4.	Aron-Wisnewsky J, Doré J, Clement K. The importance of the gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 9(10): 590-598.
5.	杨华, 陈缘, 董志勇, 等. 中国肥胖代谢外科数据库: 2020年度报告. 中华肥胖与代谢病电子杂志, 2021, 7(1): 1-7.
6.	Valentí V, Cienfuegos JA, Becerril Mañas S, et al. Mechanism of bariatric and metabolic surgery: beyond surgeons, gastroenterologists and endocrinologists. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2020, 112(3): 229-233.
7.	Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101(44): 15718-15723.
8.	Debédat J, Clément K, Aron-Wisnewsky J. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in human obesity: impact of bariatric surgery. Curr Obes Rep, 2019, 8(3): 229-242.
9.	Pascale A, Marchesi N, Marelli C, et al. Microbiota and metabolic diseases. Endocrine, 2018, 61(3): 357-371.
10.	Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 2010, 464(7285): 59-65.
11.	Lager CJ, Esfandiari NH, Subauste AR, et al. Roux-En-Y gastric bypass vs. sleeve gastrectomy:balancing the risks of surgery with the benefits of weight loss. Obes Surg, 2017, 27(1): 154-161.
12.	Cӑtoi AF, Vodnar DC, Corina A, et al. Gut microbiota, obesity and bariatric surgery: current knowledge and future perspectives. Curr Pharm Des, 2019, 25(18): 2038-2050.
13.	Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009, 106(7): 2365-2370.
14.	Palleja A, Kashani A, Allin KH, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery of morbidly obese patients induces swift and persistent changes of the individual gut microbiota. Genome Med, 2016, 8(1): 67. doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0312-1.
15.	Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013, 110(22): 9066-9071.
16.	Dao MC, Everard A, Aron-Wisnewsky J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut, 2016, 65(3): 426-436.
17.	郭妍. 减重手术对肥胖糖尿病大鼠肠道菌群结构多样性的影响. 第二军医大学, 2014.
18.	Medina DA, Pedreros JP, Turiel D, et al. Distinct patterns in the gut microbiota after surgical or medical therapy in obese patients. PeerJ, 2017, 5: e3443. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3443.
19.	Murphy R, Tsai P, Jüllig M, et al. Differential changes in gut microbiota after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery vary according to diabetes remission. Obes Surg, 2017, 27(4): 917-925.
20.	陈国林. LSG和LRYGB对肥胖症患者肠道菌群影响的比较研究. 暨南大学, 2019.
21.	Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 16(1): 35-56.
22.	Janmohammadi P, Sajadi F, Alizadeh S, et al. Comparison of energy and food intake between gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Obes Surg, 2019, 29(3): 1040-1048.
23.	Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, et al. Gut microbiota during dietary restrictions: new insights in non-communicable diseases. Microorganisms, 2020, 8(8): 1140. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8081140.
24.	Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, et al. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 40(6): 582-609.
25.	Tap J, Furet JP, Bensaada M, et al. Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ Microbiol, 2015, 17(12): 4954-4964.
26.	Carvalho-Wells AL, Helmolz K, Nodet C, et al. Determination of the in vivo prebiotic potential of a maize-based whole grain breakfast cereal: a human feeding study. Br J Nutr, 2010, 104(9): 1353-1356.
27.	van de Wouw M, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: modulator of host metabolism and appetite. J Nutr, 2017, 147(5): 727-745.
28.	易显浩, 朱晒红, 李伟正, 等. 减重手术改善代谢的机制. 肿瘤代谢与营养电子杂志, 2021, 8(1): 93-98.
29.	Ding L, Fang Z, Liu Y, et al. Targeting bile acid-activated receptors in bariatric surgery. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2019, 256: 359-378.
30.	Ilhan ZE, DiBaise JK, Dautel SE, et al. Temporospatial shifts in the human gut microbiome and metabolome after gastric bypass surgery. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2020, 6(1): 12. doi: 10.1038/s41522-020-0122-5.
31.	Patti ME, Houten SM, Bianco AC, et al. Serum bile acids are higher in humans with prior gastric bypass: potential contribution to improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009, 17(9): 1671-1677.
32.	Cerreto M, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, et al. Bariatric surgery and liver disease: general considerations and role of the gut-liver axis. Nutrients, 2021, 13(8): 2649. doi: 10.3390/nu13082649.
33.	Salazar N, Ponce-Alonso M, Garriga M, et al. Fecal metabolome and bacterial composition in severe obesity: impact of diet and bariatric surgery. Gut Microbes, 2022, 14(1): 2106102. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2106102.
34.	Jia W, Xie G, Jia W. Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 15(2): 111-128.
35.	Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, et al. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97(1): 411-463.
36.	Federico A, Dallio M, Tolone S, et al. Gastrointestinal hormones, intestinal microbiota and metabolic homeostasis in obese patients: effect of bariatric surgery. In Vivo, 2016, 30(3): 321-330.
37.	Wang L, Li P, Tang Z, et al. Structural modulation of the gut microbiota and the relationship with body weight: compared evaluation of liraglutide and saxagliptin treatment. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 33251. doi: 10.1038/srep33251.
38.	Lach G, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, et al. Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: a role for gut peptides. Neurotherapeutics, 2018, 15(1): 36-59.
39.	Chen G, Zhuang J, Cui Q, et al. Two bariatric surgical procedures differentially alter the intestinal microbiota in obesity patients. Obes Surg, 2020, 30(6): 2345-2361.
40.	Kong LC, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, et al. Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr, 2013, 98(1): 16-24.
41.	朱江帆. 从上游探索减重手术治疗代谢综合征的机制. 中华消化外科杂志, 2017, 16(6): 559-561.
42.	Tremaroli V, Karlsson F, Werling M, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty induce long-term changes on the human gut microbiome contributing to fat mass regulation. Cell Metab, 2015, 22(2): 228-238.
43.	Anhê FF, Zlitni S, Zhang SY, et al. Human gut microbiota after bariatric surgery alters intestinal morphology and glucose absorption in mice independently of obesity. Gut, 2022, gutjnl-2022-328185. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328185.
44.	de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Mueller NT, Álvarez-Quintero R, et al. Higher fecal short-chain fatty acid levels are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, obesity, hypertension and cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Nutrients, 2018, 11(1): 51. doi: 10.3390/nu11010051.
45.	Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano JM, et al. Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med, 2013, 5(178): 178ra41. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005687.
46.	Farup PG, Valeur J. Changes in faecal short-chain fatty acids after weight-loss interventions in subjects with morbid obesity. Nutrients, 2020, 12(3): 802. doi: 10.3390/nu12030802.
47.	Juárez-Fernández M, Román-Sagüillo S, Porras D, et al. Long-term effects of bariatric surgery on gut microbiota composition and faecal metabolome related to obesity remission. Nutrients, 2021, 13(8): 2519. doi: 10.3390/nu13082519.
48.	Lin W, Wen L, Wen J, et al. Effects of sleeve gastrectomy on fecal gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid content in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12: 747888. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.747888.
49.	Duan L, An X, Zhang Y, et al. Gut microbiota as the critical correlation of polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother, 2021, 142: 112094. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112094.
50.	Gojda J, Cahova M. Gut microbiota as the link between elevated bcaa serum levels and insulin resistance. Biomolecules, 2021, 11(10): 1414. doi: 10.3390/biom11101414.
51.	Zhou M, Shao J, Wu CY, et al. Targeting BCAA catabolism to treat obesity-associated insulin resistance. Diabetes, 2019, 68(9): 1730-1746.
52.	Hanvold SE, Vinknes KJ, Bastani NE, et al. Plasma amino acids, adiposity, and weight change after gastric bypass surgery: are amino acids associated with weight regain? Eur J Nutr, 2018, 57(7): 2629-2637.
53.	Yoshida N, Yamashita T, Osone T, et al. Bacteroides spp. promotes branched-chain amino acid catabolism in brown fat and inhibits obesity. iScience, 2021, 24(11): 103342. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103342.
54.	Bozadjieva Kramer N, Evers SS, Shin JH, et al. The role of elevated branched-chain amino acids in the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy to reduce weight and improve glucose regulation. Cell Rep, 2020, 33(2): 108239. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108239.
55.	Trøseid M, Nestvold TK, Rudi K, et al. Plasma lipopolysaccharide is closely associated with glycemic control and abdominal obesity: evidence from bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(11): 3627-3632.
56.	Monte SV, Caruana JA, Ghanim H, et al. Reduction in endotoxemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surgery, 2012, 151(4): 587-593.
57.	Lu C, Li Y, Li L, et al. Alterations of serum uric acid level and gut microbiota after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in a hyperuricemic rat model. Obes Surg, 2020, 30(5): 1799-1807.
58.	Scheithauer TPM, Davids M, Winkelmeijer M, et al. Compensatory intestinal antibody response against pro-inflammatory microbiota after bariatric surgery. Gut Microbes, 2022, 14(1): 2031696. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2031696.

1. Yılmaz B, Gezmen Karadağ M. The current review of adolescent obesity: the role of genetic factors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 34(2): 151-162.
2. Ayuningtyas D, Kusuma D, Amir V, et al. Disparities in obesity rates among adults: analysis of 514 districts in indonesia. Nutrients, 2022, 14(16): 3332. doi: 10.3390/nu14163332.
3. El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Froguel P. From obesity genetics to the future of personalized obesity therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2013, 9(7): 402-413.
4. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Doré J, Clement K. The importance of the gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 9(10): 590-598.
5. 杨华, 陈缘, 董志勇, 等. 中国肥胖代谢外科数据库: 2020年度报告. 中华肥胖与代谢病电子杂志, 2021, 7(1): 1-7.
6. Valentí V, Cienfuegos JA, Becerril Mañas S, et al. Mechanism of bariatric and metabolic surgery: beyond surgeons, gastroenterologists and endocrinologists. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2020, 112(3): 229-233.
7. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101(44): 15718-15723.
8. Debédat J, Clément K, Aron-Wisnewsky J. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in human obesity: impact of bariatric surgery. Curr Obes Rep, 2019, 8(3): 229-242.
9. Pascale A, Marchesi N, Marelli C, et al. Microbiota and metabolic diseases. Endocrine, 2018, 61(3): 357-371.
10. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 2010, 464(7285): 59-65.
11. Lager CJ, Esfandiari NH, Subauste AR, et al. Roux-En-Y gastric bypass vs. sleeve gastrectomy:balancing the risks of surgery with the benefits of weight loss. Obes Surg, 2017, 27(1): 154-161.
12. Cӑtoi AF, Vodnar DC, Corina A, et al. Gut microbiota, obesity and bariatric surgery: current knowledge and future perspectives. Curr Pharm Des, 2019, 25(18): 2038-2050.
13. Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009, 106(7): 2365-2370.
14. Palleja A, Kashani A, Allin KH, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery of morbidly obese patients induces swift and persistent changes of the individual gut microbiota. Genome Med, 2016, 8(1): 67. doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0312-1.
15. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013, 110(22): 9066-9071.
16. Dao MC, Everard A, Aron-Wisnewsky J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut, 2016, 65(3): 426-436.
17. 郭妍. 减重手术对肥胖糖尿病大鼠肠道菌群结构多样性的影响. 第二军医大学, 2014.
18. Medina DA, Pedreros JP, Turiel D, et al. Distinct patterns in the gut microbiota after surgical or medical therapy in obese patients. PeerJ, 2017, 5: e3443. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3443.
19. Murphy R, Tsai P, Jüllig M, et al. Differential changes in gut microbiota after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery vary according to diabetes remission. Obes Surg, 2017, 27(4): 917-925.
20. 陈国林. LSG和LRYGB对肥胖症患者肠道菌群影响的比较研究. 暨南大学, 2019.
21. Zmora N, Suez J, Elinav E. You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 16(1): 35-56.
22. Janmohammadi P, Sajadi F, Alizadeh S, et al. Comparison of energy and food intake between gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Obes Surg, 2019, 29(3): 1040-1048.
23. Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, et al. Gut microbiota during dietary restrictions: new insights in non-communicable diseases. Microorganisms, 2020, 8(8): 1140. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8081140.
24. Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, et al. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 40(6): 582-609.
25. Tap J, Furet JP, Bensaada M, et al. Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ Microbiol, 2015, 17(12): 4954-4964.
26. Carvalho-Wells AL, Helmolz K, Nodet C, et al. Determination of the in vivo prebiotic potential of a maize-based whole grain breakfast cereal: a human feeding study. Br J Nutr, 2010, 104(9): 1353-1356.
27. van de Wouw M, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: modulator of host metabolism and appetite. J Nutr, 2017, 147(5): 727-745.
28. 易显浩, 朱晒红, 李伟正, 等. 减重手术改善代谢的机制. 肿瘤代谢与营养电子杂志, 2021, 8(1): 93-98.
29. Ding L, Fang Z, Liu Y, et al. Targeting bile acid-activated receptors in bariatric surgery. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2019, 256: 359-378.
30. Ilhan ZE, DiBaise JK, Dautel SE, et al. Temporospatial shifts in the human gut microbiome and metabolome after gastric bypass surgery. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2020, 6(1): 12. doi: 10.1038/s41522-020-0122-5.
31. Patti ME, Houten SM, Bianco AC, et al. Serum bile acids are higher in humans with prior gastric bypass: potential contribution to improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009, 17(9): 1671-1677.
32. Cerreto M, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, et al. Bariatric surgery and liver disease: general considerations and role of the gut-liver axis. Nutrients, 2021, 13(8): 2649. doi: 10.3390/nu13082649.
33. Salazar N, Ponce-Alonso M, Garriga M, et al. Fecal metabolome and bacterial composition in severe obesity: impact of diet and bariatric surgery. Gut Microbes, 2022, 14(1): 2106102. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2106102.
34. Jia W, Xie G, Jia W. Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 15(2): 111-128.
35. Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, et al. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97(1): 411-463.
36. Federico A, Dallio M, Tolone S, et al. Gastrointestinal hormones, intestinal microbiota and metabolic homeostasis in obese patients: effect of bariatric surgery. In Vivo, 2016, 30(3): 321-330.
37. Wang L, Li P, Tang Z, et al. Structural modulation of the gut microbiota and the relationship with body weight: compared evaluation of liraglutide and saxagliptin treatment. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 33251. doi: 10.1038/srep33251.
38. Lach G, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, et al. Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: a role for gut peptides. Neurotherapeutics, 2018, 15(1): 36-59.
39. Chen G, Zhuang J, Cui Q, et al. Two bariatric surgical procedures differentially alter the intestinal microbiota in obesity patients. Obes Surg, 2020, 30(6): 2345-2361.
40. Kong LC, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, et al. Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr, 2013, 98(1): 16-24.
41. 朱江帆. 从上游探索减重手术治疗代谢综合征的机制. 中华消化外科杂志, 2017, 16(6): 559-561.
42. Tremaroli V, Karlsson F, Werling M, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty induce long-term changes on the human gut microbiome contributing to fat mass regulation. Cell Metab, 2015, 22(2): 228-238.
43. Anhê FF, Zlitni S, Zhang SY, et al. Human gut microbiota after bariatric surgery alters intestinal morphology and glucose absorption in mice independently of obesity. Gut, 2022, gutjnl-2022-328185. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328185.
44. de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Mueller NT, Álvarez-Quintero R, et al. Higher fecal short-chain fatty acid levels are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, obesity, hypertension and cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Nutrients, 2018, 11(1): 51. doi: 10.3390/nu11010051.
45. Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano JM, et al. Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med, 2013, 5(178): 178ra41. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005687.
46. Farup PG, Valeur J. Changes in faecal short-chain fatty acids after weight-loss interventions in subjects with morbid obesity. Nutrients, 2020, 12(3): 802. doi: 10.3390/nu12030802.
47. Juárez-Fernández M, Román-Sagüillo S, Porras D, et al. Long-term effects of bariatric surgery on gut microbiota composition and faecal metabolome related to obesity remission. Nutrients, 2021, 13(8): 2519. doi: 10.3390/nu13082519.
48. Lin W, Wen L, Wen J, et al. Effects of sleeve gastrectomy on fecal gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid content in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12: 747888. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.747888.
49. Duan L, An X, Zhang Y, et al. Gut microbiota as the critical correlation of polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother, 2021, 142: 112094. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112094.
50. Gojda J, Cahova M. Gut microbiota as the link between elevated bcaa serum levels and insulin resistance. Biomolecules, 2021, 11(10): 1414. doi: 10.3390/biom11101414.
51. Zhou M, Shao J, Wu CY, et al. Targeting BCAA catabolism to treat obesity-associated insulin resistance. Diabetes, 2019, 68(9): 1730-1746.
52. Hanvold SE, Vinknes KJ, Bastani NE, et al. Plasma amino acids, adiposity, and weight change after gastric bypass surgery: are amino acids associated with weight regain? Eur J Nutr, 2018, 57(7): 2629-2637.
53. Yoshida N, Yamashita T, Osone T, et al. Bacteroides spp. promotes branched-chain amino acid catabolism in brown fat and inhibits obesity. iScience, 2021, 24(11): 103342. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103342.
54. Bozadjieva Kramer N, Evers SS, Shin JH, et al. The role of elevated branched-chain amino acids in the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy to reduce weight and improve glucose regulation. Cell Rep, 2020, 33(2): 108239. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108239.
55. Trøseid M, Nestvold TK, Rudi K, et al. Plasma lipopolysaccharide is closely associated with glycemic control and abdominal obesity: evidence from bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(11): 3627-3632.
56. Monte SV, Caruana JA, Ghanim H, et al. Reduction in endotoxemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surgery, 2012, 151(4): 587-593.
57. Lu C, Li Y, Li L, et al. Alterations of serum uric acid level and gut microbiota after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in a hyperuricemic rat model. Obes Surg, 2020, 30(5): 1799-1807.
58. Scheithauer TPM, Davids M, Winkelmeijer M, et al. Compensatory intestinal antibody response against pro-inflammatory microbiota after bariatric surgery. Gut Microbes, 2022, 14(1): 2031696. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2031696.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Changes of gut microbiota after bariatric surgery and the mechanisms of improving metabolism

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content