Advances in study of sarcopenia among patients with breast cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

DONG Meng ¹ , SU Yang ² ,  YAO Feng ¹

1. Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China;
2. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YAO Feng, Email: yaofengrmh@163.com

Keywords：

sarcopenia; breast cancer; mechanism; prognosis

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202211045

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To explore the research progress of sarcopenia in breast cancer patients, with a view to providing new ideas for the treatment and prognosis of patients with sarcopenia in breast cancer. Method The literature relevant to studies on sarcopenia and breast cancer at home and abroad was searched and reviewed in recent years. Results Sarcopenia was highly prevalent in breast cancer patients and was associated with multiple poor prognoses in breast cancer patients. Exercise, nutritional support, and medication-assisted treatment could significantly improve the survival quality in breast cancer patients with sarcopenia. Conclusions As a common concomitant disease of breast cancer, sarcopenia seriously affects the survival quality and prognosis of patients. The development of sarcopenia in breast cancer patients should be closely monitored, and its mechanisms of action should continue to be studied and clarified in order to identify new therapeutic targets.

Citation： DONG Meng, SU Yang, YAO Feng. Advances in study of sarcopenia among patients with breast cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2023, 30(4): 501-505. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202211045 Copy

1.	Xia C, Dong X, Li H, et al. Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants. Chin Med J (Engl), 2022, 135(5): 584-590.
2.	Mayhew AJ, Amog K, Phillips S, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age Ageing, 2019, 48(1): 48-56.
3.	Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, et al. Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer, 2016, 57: 58-67.
4.	Hilmi M, Jouinot A, Burns R, et al. Body composition and sarcopenia: the next-generation of personalized oncology and pharmacology? Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 196: 135-159.
5.	Xia L, Zhao R, Wan Q, et al. Sarcopenia and adverse health-related outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(21): 7964-7978.
6.	Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2020, 21(3): 300-307.
7.	中华医学会老年医学分会老年康复学组, 肌肉衰减综合征专家共识撰写组. 肌肉衰减综合征中国专家共识 (草案). 中国综合临床, 2018, 34(3): 193-199.
8.	Ní Bhuachalla ÉB, Daly LE, Power DG, et al. Computed tomography diagnosed cachexia and sarcopenia in 725 oncology patients: is nutritional screening capturing hidden malnutrition? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018, 9(2): 295-305.
9.	Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Mazurak VC, Baracos V. Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2016, 54: 2-10.
10.	Batsis JA, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(9): 513-537.
11.	Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, et al. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 835-845.
12.	Papadopoulou SK, Voulgaridou G, Kondyli FS, et al. Nutritional and nutrition-related biomarkers as prognostic factors of sarcopenia, and their role in disease progression. Diseases, 2022, 10(3): 42. doi: 10.3390/diseases10030042.
13.	Pan L, Xie W, Fu X, et al. Inflammation and sarcopenia: a focus on circulating inflammatory cytokines. Exp Gerontol, 2021, 154: 111544. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111544.
14.	Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, et al. Cancer-mediated muscle cachexia: etiology and clinical management. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2021, 32(6): 382-402.
15.	Liang Z, Zhang T, Liu H, et al. Inflammaging: the ground for sarcopenia? Exp Gerontol, 2022, 168: 111931. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111931.
16.	Bano G, Trevisan C, Carraro S, et al. Inflammation and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 2017, 96: 10-15.
17.	Borges TC, Gomes TL, Pichard C, et al. High neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio is associated with sarcopenia risk in hospitalized cancer patients. Clin Nutr, 2021, 40(1): 202-206.
18.	Bhatnagar S, Mittal A, Gupta SK, et al. TWEAK causes myotube atrophy through coordinated activation of ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and caspases. J Cell Physiol, 2012, 227(3): 1042-1051.
19.	Zimmers TA, Fishel ML, Bonetto A. STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2016, 54: 28-41.
20.	Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2013, 14(12): 877-882.
21.	Braun TP, Zhu X, Szumowski M, et al. Central nervous system inflammation induces muscle atrophy via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Exp Med, 2011, 208(12): 2449-2463.
22.	Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, et al. Cancer cachexia-pathophysiology and management. J Gastroenterol, 2013, 48(5): 574-594.
23.	Busquets S, Almendro V, Barreiro E, et al. Activation of UCPs gene expression in skeletal muscle can be independent on both circulating fatty acids and food intake. Involvement of ROS in a model of mouse cancer cachexia. FEBS Lett, 2005, 579(3): 717-722.
24.	Tseng LM, Yin PH, Chi CW, et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial DNA depletion in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2006, 45(7): 629-638.
25.	Poole LP, Macleod KF. Mitophagy in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2021, 78(8): 3817-3851.
26.	Cao DX, Wu GH, Zhang B, et al. Resting energy expenditure and body composition in patients with newly detected cancer. Clin Nutr, 2010, 29(1): 72-77.
27.	Friesen DE, Baracos VE, Tuszynski JA. Modeling the energetic cost of cancer as a result of altered energy metabolism: implications for cachexia. Theor Biol Med Model, 2015, 12: 17. doi: 10.1186/s12976-015-0015-0.
28.	DeBerardinis RJ, Mancuso A, Daikhin E, et al. Beyond aerobic glycolysis: transformed cells can engage in glutamine metabolism that exceeds the requirement for protein and nucleotide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007, 104(49): 19345-19350.
29.	Guppy M, Leedman P, Zu X, et al. Contribution by different fuels and metabolic pathways to the total ATP turnover of proliferating MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem J, 2002, 364(Pt 1): 309-315.
30.	Hensley CT, Wasti AT, DeBerardinis RJ. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123(9): 3678-3684.
31.	Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson BL, Winer EP, et al. Changes in weight, body composition, and factors influencing energy balance among premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(9): 2381-2389.
32.	Gordon AM, Hurwitz S, Shapiro CL, et al. Premature ovarian failure and body composition changes with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Menopause, 2011, 18(11): 1244-1248.
33.	Sorensen JC, Cheregi BD, Timpani CA, et al. Mitochondria: inadvertent targets in chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle toxicity and wasting? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2016, 78(4): 673-683.
34.	Dirks-Naylor AJ, Tran NT, Yang S, et al. The effects of acute doxorubicin treatment on proteome lysine acetylation status and apical caspases in skeletal muscle of fasted animals. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2013, 4(3): 239-243.
35.	Gilliam LA, Moylan JS, Patterson EW, et al. Doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate catabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2012, 302(1): C195-C202. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00217.2011.
36.	Nakamura H, Makiguchi T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Impact of skeletal muscle mass on complications following expander breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2020, 73(7): 1285-1291.
37.	Yabe S, Nakagawa T, Oda G, et al. Association between skin flap necrosis and sarcopenia in patients who underwent total mastectomy. Asian J Surg, 2021, 44(2): 465-470.
38.	Sadok N, Hartmans ME, de Bock GH, et al. The effect of sarcopenic obesity and muscle quality on complications after DIEP-flap breast reconstruction. Heliyon, 2022, 8(5): e09381. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09381.
39.	Iwase T, Wang X, Shrimanker TV, et al. Body composition and breast cancer risk and treatment: mechanisms and impact. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2021, 186(2): 273-283.
40.	Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, et al. Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment. Clin Cancer Res, 2009, 15(8): 2920-2926.
41.	Shachar SS, Deal AM, Weinberg M, et al. Body composition as a predictor of toxicity in patients receiving anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23(14): 3537-3543.
42.	Prado CM, Lima IS, Baracos VE, et al. An exploratory study of body composition as a determinant of epirubicin pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2011, 67(1): 93-101.
43.	Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, et al. Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity. Clin Cancer Res, 2007, 13(11): 3264-3268.
44.	Aleixo GFP, Valente SA, Wei W, et al. Association of sarcopenia with endocrine therapy toxicity in patients with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2022, 196(2): 323-328.
45.	Thormann M, Heitmann F, March C, et al. Sarcopenia does not limit overall survival after interstitial brachytherapy for breast cancer liver metastases. J Contemp Brachytherapy, 2022, 14(4): 364-369.
46.	Caan BJ, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Prado CM, et al. Association of muscle and adiposity measured by computed tomography with survival in patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(6): 798-804.
47.	Villaseñor A, Ballard-Barbash R, Baumgartner K, et al. Prevalence and prognostic effect of sarcopenia in breast cancer survivors: the HEAL Study. J Cancer Surviv, 2012, 6(4): 398-406.
48.	Rier HN, Jager A, Sleijfer S, et al. Low muscle attenuation is a prognostic factor for survival in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with first line palliative chemotherapy. Breast, 2017, 31: 9-15.
49.	Deluche E, Leobon S, Desport JC, et al. Impact of body composition on outcome in patients with early breast cancer. Support Care Cancer, 2018, 26(3): 861-868.
50.	Liu X, Zhang E, Wang S, et al. Association of body composition with clinical outcome in Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 957527. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957527.
51.	Courneya KS, McKenzie DC, Mackey JR, et al. Subgroup effects in a randomised trial of different types and doses of exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer, 2014, 111(9): 1718-1725.
52.	Adams SC, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, et al. Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2016, 158(3): 497-507.
53.	Hojan K, Milecki P, Molińska-Glura M, et al. Effect of physical activity on bone strength and body composition in breast cancer premenopausal women during endocrine therapy. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2013, 49(3): 331-339.
54.	Deutz NE, Safar A, Schutzler S, et al. Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food. Clin Nutr, 2011, 30(6): 759-768.
55.	Verlaan S, Maier AB, Bauer JM, et al. Sufficient levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and protein intake required to increase muscle mass in sarcopenic older adults-The PROVIDE study. Clin Nutr, 2018, 37(2): 551-557.
56.	Kämmerer U, Klement RJ, Joos FT, et al. Low carb and ketogenic diets increase quality of life, physical performance, body composition, and metabolic health of women with breast cancer. Nutrients, 2021, 13(3): 1029. doi: 10.3390/nu13031029.
57.	Wright TJ, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, et al. A randomized trial of adjunct testosterone for cancer-related muscle loss in men and women. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018, 9(3): 482-496.
58.	Feng J, Li L, Zhang N, et al. Androgen and AR contribute to breast cancer development and metastasis: an insight of mechanisms. Oncogene, 2017, 36(20): 2775-2790.

1. Xia C, Dong X, Li H, et al. Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants. Chin Med J (Engl), 2022, 135(5): 584-590.
2. Mayhew AJ, Amog K, Phillips S, et al. The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age Ageing, 2019, 48(1): 48-56.
3. Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, et al. Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer, 2016, 57: 58-67.
4. Hilmi M, Jouinot A, Burns R, et al. Body composition and sarcopenia: the next-generation of personalized oncology and pharmacology? Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 196: 135-159.
5. Xia L, Zhao R, Wan Q, et al. Sarcopenia and adverse health-related outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. Cancer Med, 2020, 9(21): 7964-7978.
6. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2020, 21(3): 300-307.
7. 中华医学会老年医学分会老年康复学组, 肌肉衰减综合征专家共识撰写组. 肌肉衰减综合征中国专家共识 (草案). 中国综合临床, 2018, 34(3): 193-199.
8. Ní Bhuachalla ÉB, Daly LE, Power DG, et al. Computed tomography diagnosed cachexia and sarcopenia in 725 oncology patients: is nutritional screening capturing hidden malnutrition? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018, 9(2): 295-305.
9. Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Mazurak VC, Baracos V. Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2016, 54: 2-10.
10. Batsis JA, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(9): 513-537.
11. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, et al. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 835-845.
12. Papadopoulou SK, Voulgaridou G, Kondyli FS, et al. Nutritional and nutrition-related biomarkers as prognostic factors of sarcopenia, and their role in disease progression. Diseases, 2022, 10(3): 42. doi: 10.3390/diseases10030042.
13. Pan L, Xie W, Fu X, et al. Inflammation and sarcopenia: a focus on circulating inflammatory cytokines. Exp Gerontol, 2021, 154: 111544. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111544.
14. Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, et al. Cancer-mediated muscle cachexia: etiology and clinical management. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2021, 32(6): 382-402.
15. Liang Z, Zhang T, Liu H, et al. Inflammaging: the ground for sarcopenia? Exp Gerontol, 2022, 168: 111931. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111931.
16. Bano G, Trevisan C, Carraro S, et al. Inflammation and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 2017, 96: 10-15.
17. Borges TC, Gomes TL, Pichard C, et al. High neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio is associated with sarcopenia risk in hospitalized cancer patients. Clin Nutr, 2021, 40(1): 202-206.
18. Bhatnagar S, Mittal A, Gupta SK, et al. TWEAK causes myotube atrophy through coordinated activation of ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and caspases. J Cell Physiol, 2012, 227(3): 1042-1051.
19. Zimmers TA, Fishel ML, Bonetto A. STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2016, 54: 28-41.
20. Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2013, 14(12): 877-882.
21. Braun TP, Zhu X, Szumowski M, et al. Central nervous system inflammation induces muscle atrophy via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Exp Med, 2011, 208(12): 2449-2463.
22. Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, et al. Cancer cachexia-pathophysiology and management. J Gastroenterol, 2013, 48(5): 574-594.
23. Busquets S, Almendro V, Barreiro E, et al. Activation of UCPs gene expression in skeletal muscle can be independent on both circulating fatty acids and food intake. Involvement of ROS in a model of mouse cancer cachexia. FEBS Lett, 2005, 579(3): 717-722.
24. Tseng LM, Yin PH, Chi CW, et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial DNA depletion in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2006, 45(7): 629-638.
25. Poole LP, Macleod KF. Mitophagy in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2021, 78(8): 3817-3851.
26. Cao DX, Wu GH, Zhang B, et al. Resting energy expenditure and body composition in patients with newly detected cancer. Clin Nutr, 2010, 29(1): 72-77.
27. Friesen DE, Baracos VE, Tuszynski JA. Modeling the energetic cost of cancer as a result of altered energy metabolism: implications for cachexia. Theor Biol Med Model, 2015, 12: 17. doi: 10.1186/s12976-015-0015-0.
28. DeBerardinis RJ, Mancuso A, Daikhin E, et al. Beyond aerobic glycolysis: transformed cells can engage in glutamine metabolism that exceeds the requirement for protein and nucleotide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007, 104(49): 19345-19350.
29. Guppy M, Leedman P, Zu X, et al. Contribution by different fuels and metabolic pathways to the total ATP turnover of proliferating MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem J, 2002, 364(Pt 1): 309-315.
30. Hensley CT, Wasti AT, DeBerardinis RJ. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123(9): 3678-3684.
31. Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson BL, Winer EP, et al. Changes in weight, body composition, and factors influencing energy balance among premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(9): 2381-2389.
32. Gordon AM, Hurwitz S, Shapiro CL, et al. Premature ovarian failure and body composition changes with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Menopause, 2011, 18(11): 1244-1248.
33. Sorensen JC, Cheregi BD, Timpani CA, et al. Mitochondria: inadvertent targets in chemotherapy-induced skeletal muscle toxicity and wasting? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2016, 78(4): 673-683.
34. Dirks-Naylor AJ, Tran NT, Yang S, et al. The effects of acute doxorubicin treatment on proteome lysine acetylation status and apical caspases in skeletal muscle of fasted animals. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2013, 4(3): 239-243.
35. Gilliam LA, Moylan JS, Patterson EW, et al. Doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate catabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2012, 302(1): C195-C202. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00217.2011.
36. Nakamura H, Makiguchi T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Impact of skeletal muscle mass on complications following expander breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2020, 73(7): 1285-1291.
37. Yabe S, Nakagawa T, Oda G, et al. Association between skin flap necrosis and sarcopenia in patients who underwent total mastectomy. Asian J Surg, 2021, 44(2): 465-470.
38. Sadok N, Hartmans ME, de Bock GH, et al. The effect of sarcopenic obesity and muscle quality on complications after DIEP-flap breast reconstruction. Heliyon, 2022, 8(5): e09381. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09381.
39. Iwase T, Wang X, Shrimanker TV, et al. Body composition and breast cancer risk and treatment: mechanisms and impact. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2021, 186(2): 273-283.
40. Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, et al. Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment. Clin Cancer Res, 2009, 15(8): 2920-2926.
41. Shachar SS, Deal AM, Weinberg M, et al. Body composition as a predictor of toxicity in patients receiving anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23(14): 3537-3543.
42. Prado CM, Lima IS, Baracos VE, et al. An exploratory study of body composition as a determinant of epirubicin pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2011, 67(1): 93-101.
43. Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, et al. Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity. Clin Cancer Res, 2007, 13(11): 3264-3268.
44. Aleixo GFP, Valente SA, Wei W, et al. Association of sarcopenia with endocrine therapy toxicity in patients with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2022, 196(2): 323-328.
45. Thormann M, Heitmann F, March C, et al. Sarcopenia does not limit overall survival after interstitial brachytherapy for breast cancer liver metastases. J Contemp Brachytherapy, 2022, 14(4): 364-369.
46. Caan BJ, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Prado CM, et al. Association of muscle and adiposity measured by computed tomography with survival in patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(6): 798-804.
47. Villaseñor A, Ballard-Barbash R, Baumgartner K, et al. Prevalence and prognostic effect of sarcopenia in breast cancer survivors: the HEAL Study. J Cancer Surviv, 2012, 6(4): 398-406.
48. Rier HN, Jager A, Sleijfer S, et al. Low muscle attenuation is a prognostic factor for survival in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with first line palliative chemotherapy. Breast, 2017, 31: 9-15.
49. Deluche E, Leobon S, Desport JC, et al. Impact of body composition on outcome in patients with early breast cancer. Support Care Cancer, 2018, 26(3): 861-868.
50. Liu X, Zhang E, Wang S, et al. Association of body composition with clinical outcome in Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 957527. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957527.
51. Courneya KS, McKenzie DC, Mackey JR, et al. Subgroup effects in a randomised trial of different types and doses of exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer, 2014, 111(9): 1718-1725.
52. Adams SC, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, et al. Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2016, 158(3): 497-507.
53. Hojan K, Milecki P, Molińska-Glura M, et al. Effect of physical activity on bone strength and body composition in breast cancer premenopausal women during endocrine therapy. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2013, 49(3): 331-339.
54. Deutz NE, Safar A, Schutzler S, et al. Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food. Clin Nutr, 2011, 30(6): 759-768.
55. Verlaan S, Maier AB, Bauer JM, et al. Sufficient levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and protein intake required to increase muscle mass in sarcopenic older adults-The PROVIDE study. Clin Nutr, 2018, 37(2): 551-557.
56. Kämmerer U, Klement RJ, Joos FT, et al. Low carb and ketogenic diets increase quality of life, physical performance, body composition, and metabolic health of women with breast cancer. Nutrients, 2021, 13(3): 1029. doi: 10.3390/nu13031029.
57. Wright TJ, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, et al. A randomized trial of adjunct testosterone for cancer-related muscle loss in men and women. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018, 9(3): 482-496.
58. Feng J, Li L, Zhang N, et al. Androgen and AR contribute to breast cancer development and metastasis: an insight of mechanisms. Oncogene, 2017, 36(20): 2775-2790.

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Advances in study of sarcopenia among patients with breast cancer

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