Epidemiological characteristics of liver cancer worldwide and in China: an interpretation of global cancer statistics 2022_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

HAO Yun , LI Chuan , WEN Tianfu ,  PENG Wei

Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

PENG Wei, Email: pengwei@wchscu.edu.cn

Keywords：

liver cancer; global estimate; China estimate; incidence rate; mortality rate; GLOBOCAN 2022

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202405099

Video：

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Objective To understand the latest epidemiological situation of liver cancer worldwide and in China. Methods This team organized and briefly interpreted the results of the two reports, the International Agency for Research on Cancer team released the latest global cancer statistics report in its authoritative journal, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, in April 2024, the research team from the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published an article in the Lancet Public Health on the changes in cancer burden in China from 2005 to 2020. The epidemiological trends of liver cancer worldwide and in China from 2018 to 2022, the changes in age-standardized incidencerate by world standard population (ASIRW) and age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population (ASMRW) of liver cancer in countries with different human development index (HDI) and income levels in the world in 2022, the incidence and death of liver cancer in different age groups in the world and China in 2022, and the changes in the disease burden of liver cancer in China from 2005 to 2020 were anlyzed. Results In 2022, there were 865 269 new cases and 757 948 deaths of liver cancer globally, it was the sixth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The incidence and mortality of liver cancer worldwide and in China from 2018 to 2022 tended to be stable or declining, which in men were higher than those in women, and which in all population and males in China were higher than those in the world. The ASIRW and ASMRW were the highest in the countries with high HDI and upper-middle income levels. With the increase of age, the ASIRW and ASMRW of liver cancer continued to increase in the world and in China. The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in the deaths, ASMRW, year of life loss, and age-standardized year of life loss for all age groups in China from 2005 to 2020 were negative, indicating a downward trend for each of these indicators. The ASMRW of liver cancer increased with the increasing of age in 2020 in China. Conclusions Liver cancer continues to pose a significant disease burden worldwide and in China. Therefore, implementing primary and secondary prevention strategies for liver cancer in the future is a major measure for its prevention and control. Additionally, continuous efforts are needed to ensure multidisciplinary and standardized management of liver cancer throughout its course.

Citation： HAO Yun, LI Chuan, WEN Tianfu, PENG Wei. Epidemiological characteristics of liver cancer worldwide and in China: an interpretation of global cancer statistics 2022. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2024, 31(7): 781-789. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202405099 Copy

1.	Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2.	中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版). 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(5): 893-918.
3.	Zhou J, Sun H, Wang Z, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2019 edition). Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(6): 682-720.
4.	Singal AG, Kanwal F, Llovet JM. Global trends in hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology: implications for screening, prevention and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2023, 20(12): 864-884.
5.	Qi J, Li M, Wang L, et al. National and subnational trends in cancer burden in China, 2005-20: an analysis of national mortality surveillance data. Lancet Public Health, 2023, 8(12): e943-e955. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00211-6.
6.	World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of results. July 2022 . https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/.
7.	Han BF, Zheng RS, Zeng HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. JNCC, 2024, 4: 47-53.
8.	Bray F, Colombet M, Aitken J, et al. Cancer incidence in five Continents. Vol. Ⅻ. IARC Cancer Base No. 19. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2023. Accessed January 26, 2024. https:// ci5.iarc.who.int.
9.	Amini M, Looha MA, Zarean E, et al. Global pattern of trends in incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratio rates related to liver cancer, 1990-2019: a longitudinal analysis based on the global burden of disease study. BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 604. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12867-w.
10.	Goh GB, Chang PE, Tan CK. Changing epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2015, 29(6): 919-928.
11.	贾士杰, 张彬, 刘领弟, 等. 1990-2019年中国乙型肝炎病毒相关肝癌发病及死亡趋势分析. 中华肿瘤防治杂志, 2024, 31(8): 486-491.
12.	Liu J, Liang W, Jing W, et al. Countdown to 2030: eliminating hepatitis B disease, China. Bull World Health Organ, 2019, 97(3): 230-238.
13.	Yang F, Ma L, Yang Y, et al. Contribution of hepatitis B virus infection to the aggressiveness of primary liver cancer: a clinical epidemiological study in Eastern China. Front Oncol, 2019, 9: 370. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00370.
14.	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版). 实用肝脏病杂志, 2023, 26(3): S18-S39.
15.	Zhai M, Liu Z, Long J, et al. The incidence trends of liver cirrhosis caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via the GBD study 2017. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 5195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84577-z.
16.	Shao SY, Hu QD, Wang M, et al. Impact of national Human Development Index on liver cancer outcomes: Transition from 2008 to 2018. World J Gastroenterol, 2019, 25(32): 4749-4763.
17.	Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology, 2023, 78(6): 1966-1986.
18.	Liu Y, Zheng J, Hao J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer by five etiologies and global prediction by 2035 based on global burden of disease study 2019. Cancer Med, 2022, 11(5): 1310-1323.
19.	Kew MC. Synergistic interaction between aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. Liver Int, 2003, 23(6): 405-409.
20.	Ge X, Zheng L, Wang M, et al. Prevalence trends in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at the global, regional and national levels, 1990-2017: a population-based observational study. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(8): e036663. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036663.
21.	Cao M, Ding C, Xia C, et al. Attributable deaths of liver cancer in China. Chin J Cancer Res, 2021, 33(4): 480-489.
22.	Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, et al. Global, regional and national burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 161: 108-118.
23.	Rich NE, Murphy CC, Yopp AC, et al. Sex disparities in presentation and prognosis of 1 110 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 52(4): 701-709.
24.	Rumgay H, Arnold M, Ferlay J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol, 2022, 77(6): 1598-1606.
25.	Qu C, Chen T, Fan C, et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med, 2014, 11(12): e1001774. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001774.
26.	韩宁, 严丽波, 唐红. 《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》更新要点解读. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(11): 1301-1307.
27.	Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2023, 78(6): 1922-1965.
28.	Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int, 2017, 11(4): 317-370.
29.	European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice. eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236.
30.	文天夫, 李川, 张晓赟, 等. “健康中国2030”肝癌5年生存率提高15%的关键. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(11): 1281-1283.

1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024, 74(3): 229-263.
2. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版). 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(5): 893-918.
3. Zhou J, Sun H, Wang Z, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2019 edition). Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(6): 682-720.
4. Singal AG, Kanwal F, Llovet JM. Global trends in hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology: implications for screening, prevention and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2023, 20(12): 864-884.
5. Qi J, Li M, Wang L, et al. National and subnational trends in cancer burden in China, 2005-20: an analysis of national mortality surveillance data. Lancet Public Health, 2023, 8(12): e943-e955. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00211-6.
6. World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of results. July 2022 . https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/.
7. Han BF, Zheng RS, Zeng HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. JNCC, 2024, 4: 47-53.
8. Bray F, Colombet M, Aitken J, et al. Cancer incidence in five Continents. Vol. Ⅻ. IARC Cancer Base No. 19. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2023. Accessed January 26, 2024. https:// ci5.iarc.who.int.
9. Amini M, Looha MA, Zarean E, et al. Global pattern of trends in incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratio rates related to liver cancer, 1990-2019: a longitudinal analysis based on the global burden of disease study. BMC Public Health, 2022, 22(1): 604. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12867-w.
10. Goh GB, Chang PE, Tan CK. Changing epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2015, 29(6): 919-928.
11. 贾士杰, 张彬, 刘领弟, 等. 1990-2019年中国乙型肝炎病毒相关肝癌发病及死亡趋势分析. 中华肿瘤防治杂志, 2024, 31(8): 486-491.
12. Liu J, Liang W, Jing W, et al. Countdown to 2030: eliminating hepatitis B disease, China. Bull World Health Organ, 2019, 97(3): 230-238.
13. Yang F, Ma L, Yang Y, et al. Contribution of hepatitis B virus infection to the aggressiveness of primary liver cancer: a clinical epidemiological study in Eastern China. Front Oncol, 2019, 9: 370. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00370.
14. 中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版). 实用肝脏病杂志, 2023, 26(3): S18-S39.
15. Zhai M, Liu Z, Long J, et al. The incidence trends of liver cirrhosis caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via the GBD study 2017. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 5195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84577-z.
16. Shao SY, Hu QD, Wang M, et al. Impact of national Human Development Index on liver cancer outcomes: Transition from 2008 to 2018. World J Gastroenterol, 2019, 25(32): 4749-4763.
17. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology, 2023, 78(6): 1966-1986.
18. Liu Y, Zheng J, Hao J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer by five etiologies and global prediction by 2035 based on global burden of disease study 2019. Cancer Med, 2022, 11(5): 1310-1323.
19. Kew MC. Synergistic interaction between aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. Liver Int, 2003, 23(6): 405-409.
20. Ge X, Zheng L, Wang M, et al. Prevalence trends in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at the global, regional and national levels, 1990-2017: a population-based observational study. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(8): e036663. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036663.
21. Cao M, Ding C, Xia C, et al. Attributable deaths of liver cancer in China. Chin J Cancer Res, 2021, 33(4): 480-489.
22. Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, et al. Global, regional and national burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer, 2022, 161: 108-118.
23. Rich NE, Murphy CC, Yopp AC, et al. Sex disparities in presentation and prognosis of 1 110 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 52(4): 701-709.
24. Rumgay H, Arnold M, Ferlay J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol, 2022, 77(6): 1598-1606.
25. Qu C, Chen T, Fan C, et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med, 2014, 11(12): e1001774. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001774.
26. 韩宁, 严丽波, 唐红. 《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》更新要点解读. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(11): 1301-1307.
27. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2023, 78(6): 1922-1965.
28. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int, 2017, 11(4): 317-370.
29. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice. eu; European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236.
30. 文天夫, 李川, 张晓赟, 等. “健康中国2030”肝癌5年生存率提高15%的关键. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2023, 30(11): 1281-1283.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Epidemiological characteristics of liver cancer worldwide and in China: an interpretation of global cancer statistics 2022

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