Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of chronic venous diseases in the elderly_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

 ZHAO Yu ¹ ,  ZHAO Jichun ² ,  ZHANG Lan ³ ,  HUANG Jianhua ⁴ ,  GUO Pingfan ⁵ ,  WANG Tao ⁶ ,  LI Yongjun ⁷ ,  WANG Haiyang ⁸ ,  CHEN Quan ⁹ , Peripheral Vascular Disease Management Branch of the Chinese Geriatric Society

1. The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China;
2. West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;
3. Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China;
4. Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410028, P. R. China;
5. The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China;
6. Shenzhen Guangming District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, P. R. China;
7. Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P. R. China;
8. The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, P. R. China;
9. Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523059, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHAO Yu, Email: 820994765@qq.com; ZHAO Jichun, Email: zhaojc3@126.com; ZHANG Lan, Email: lucky200207@aliyun.com; HUANG Jianhua, Email: 13507319258@139.com; GUO Pingfan, Email: fjxgguo@126.com; WANG Tao, Email: 794479116@qq.com; LI Yongjun, Email: liyongjun4679@bjhmoh.cn; WANG Haiyang, Email: wanghaiyangguan@163.com; CHEN Quan, Email: 13919093907@126.com

Keywords：

chronic venous disease; aged; expert consensus

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202502108

Video：

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The incidence of chronic venous disease (CVD) is significantly higher in the elderly population compared to non-elderly individuals, with more severe disease manifestations. Additionally, elderly CVD patients often have comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, making the evaluation process more complex and increasing treatment difficulty. Currently, there are no established recommendations in China for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD in individuals aged 60 and above. Against this backdrop, the Peripheral Vascular Disease Management Branch of the Chinese Geriatric Society has developed the Chinese Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease in the Elderly based on domestic and international guidelines, relevant evidence-based medical research, and the physiological and clinical characteristics of the elderly population in China. This consensus aims to provide an important reference for improving the diagnosis and treatment of CVD in elderly patients in China.

Citation： ZHAO Yu, ZHAO Jichun, ZHANG Lan, HUANG Jianhua, GUO Pingfan, WANG Tao, LI Yongjun, WANG Haiyang, CHEN Quan, Peripheral Vascular Disease Management Branch of the Chinese Geriatric Society. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of chronic venous diseases in the elderly. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2025, 32(4): 397-409. doi: 10.7507/1007-9424.202502108 Copy

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33.	Molski P, Kruczyński J, Molski A, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage improves the quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Med Sci, 2013, 9(3): 452-458.
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1. De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor’s Choice–European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2022, 63(2): 184-267.
2. Vuylsteke ME, Thomis S, Guillaume G, et al. Epidemiological study on chronic venous disease in Belgium and Luxembourg: prevalence, risk factors, and symptomatology. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2015, 49(4): 432-439.
3. 中华医学会外科学分会血管外科学组, 中国医师协会血管外科医师分会, 中国医疗保健国际交流促进会血管外科分会, 等. 中国慢性静脉疾病诊断与治疗指南. 中华医学杂志, 2019, 99(39): 3047-3061.
4. Xie T, Ye J, Rerkasem K, et al. The venous ulcer continues to be a clinical challenge: an update. Burns Trauma, 2018, 6: 18. doi: 10.1186/s41038-018-0119-y.
5. Davies AH. The seriousness of chronic venous disease: a review of real-world evidence. Adv Ther, 2019, 36(Suppl 1): 5-12.
6. Vuylsteke ME, Colman R, Thomis S, et al. An epidemiological survey of venous disease among general practitioner attendees in different geographical regions on the globe: the final results of the Vein Consult Program. Angiology, 2018, 69(9): 779-785.
7. Pappas PJ, Lakhanpal S, Nguyen KQ, et al. The Center for Vein Restoration Study on presenting symptoms, treatment modalities, and outcomes in Medicare-eligible patients with chronic venous disorders. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2018, 6(1): 13-24.
8. Bozkurt AK, Balkanay OO. Approach to venous diseases in the elderly. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars, 2017, 45(Suppl 5): 102-107.
9. Fox KR, Ku PW, Hillsdon M, et al. Objectively assessed physical activity and lower limb function and prospective associations with mortality and newly diagnosed disease in UK older adults: an OPAL four-year follow-up study. Age Ageing, 2015, 44(2): 261-268.
10. Jockenhöfer F, Gollnick H, Herberger K, et al. Aetiology, comorbidities and cofactors of chronic leg ulcers: retrospective evaluation of 1 000 patients from 10 specialised dermatological wound care centers in Germany. Int Wound J, 2016, 13(5): 821-828.
11. Lee BB, Nicolaides AN, Myers K, et al. Venous hemodynamic changes in lower limb venous disease: the UIP consensus according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol, 2016, 35(3): 236-352.
12. Eberhardt RT, Raffetto JD. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation, 2005, 111(18): 2398-2409.
13. Kachlik D, Pechacek V, Musil V, et al. The venous system of the pelvis: new nomenclature. Phlebology, 2010, 25(4): 162-173.
14. Lee BBB. Phlebolymphedema is the ultimate comorbidity/outcome of lymphedema. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2019, 7(5): 731. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.001.
15. Vuylsteke ME, Colman R, Thomis S, et al. The influence of age and gender on venous symptomatology. An epidemiological survey in Belgium and Luxembourg. Phlebology, 2016, 31(5): 325-333.
16. Porter JM, Moneta GL. Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. International Consensus Committee on Chronic Venous Disease. J Vasc Surg, 1995, 21(4): 635-645.
17. Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, et al. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 40(6): 1248-1252.
18. Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2020, 8(3): 342-352.
19. Passman MA, McLafferty RB, Lentz MF, et al. Validation of Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) with other venous severity assessment tools from the American Venous Forum, National Venous Screening Program. J Vasc Surg, 2011, 54(6 Suppl): 2S-9S.
20. 中国微循环学会周围血管疾病专业委员会. 原发性下肢浅静脉曲张诊治专家共识 (2021版). 血管与腔内血管外科杂志, 2021, 7(7): 762-772.
21. Mezalek ZT, Feodor T, Chernukha L, et al. VEIN STEP: a prospective, observational, international study to assess effectiveness of conservative treatments in chronic venous disease. Adv Ther, 2023, 40(11): 5016-5036.
22. Thangjui S, Trongtorsak A, Zoltick JM, et al. May-Thurner syndrome in an elderly man. Cureus, 2022, 14(1): e21611. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21611.
23. Park JY, Park KM, Cho SG, et al. Atypical iliac vein compression in patients with symptomatic May-Thurner syndrome. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2021, 27(3): 372-377.
24. Wang X, Chen X, Gao X, et al. Iliac vein compression syndrome caused by a large bladder diverticulum: case report and literature review. J Int Med Res, 2022, 50(9): 3000605221123670. doi: 10.1177/03000605221123670.
25. Tago M, Fujiwara M, Tokushima Y, et al. May-Thurner syndrome: a cause of unexplained unilateral leg edema. Clin Case Rep, 2021, 9(6): e04315. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.4315.
26. Gorog DA, Gue YX, Chao TF, et al. Assessment and mitigation of bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: A Position Paper from the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis, in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care and the Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Europace, 2022, 24(11): 1844-1871.
27. Uhl JF, Gillot C. Anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb. Phlebology, 2015, 30(3): 180-193.
28. Kahn SR, Shrier I, Shapiro S, et al. Six-month exercise training program to treat post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized controlled two-centre trial. CMAJ, 2011, 183(1): 37-44.
29. Gürdal Karakelle S, Ipek Y, Tulin O, et al. The efficiency of exercise training in patients with venous insufficiency: a double blinded, randomized controlled trial. Phlebology, 2021, 36(6): 440-449.
30. Silva KLS, Figueiredo EAB, Lopes CP, et al. The impact of exercise training on calf pump function, muscle strength, ankle range of motion, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic venous insufficiency at different stages of severity: a systematic review. J Vasc Bras, 2021, 20: e20200125. doi: 10.1590/1677-5449.200125.
31. Saggini R, Bellomo RG, Iodice P, et al. Venous insufficiency and foot dysmorphism: effectiveness of visco-elastic rehabilitation systems on veno-muscle system of the foot and of the calf. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2009, 22(3 Suppl): 1-8.
32. Aydin G, Yeldan I, Akgul A, et al. Effects of inspiratory muscle training versus calf muscle training on quality of life, pain, venous function and activity in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2022, 10(5): 1137-1146.
33. Molski P, Kruczyński J, Molski A, et al. Manual lymphatic drainage improves the quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Med Sci, 2013, 9(3): 452-458.
34. de Moraes Silva MA, Nakano LC, Cisneros LL, et al. Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023, 1(1): CD013085. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013085.pub3.
35. Kakkos SK, Timpilis M, Patrinos P, et al. Acute effects of graduated elastic compression stockings in patients with symptomatic varicose veins: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2018, 55(1): 118-125.
36. Riebe H, Konschake W, Haase H, et al. Advantages and disadvantages of graduated and inverse graduated compression hosiery in patients with chronic venous insufficiency and healthy volunteers: a prospective, mono-centric, blinded, open randomised, controlled and cross-over trial. Phlebology, 2018, 33(1): 14-26.
37. Nyamekye IK. European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. J Med Vasc, 2022, 47(2): 53-55.
38. Rabe E, Partsch H, Morrison N, et al. Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment—a critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement. Phlebology, 2020, 35(7): 447-460.
39. Ashby RL, Gabe R, Ali S, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of compression hosiery versus compression bandages in treatment of venous leg ulcers (Venous leg Ulcer Study Ⅳ, VenUS Ⅳ): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2014, 383(9920): 871-879.
40. Sippel K, Seifert B, Hafner J. Donning devices (foot slips and frames) enable elderly people with severe chronic venous insufficiency to put on compression stockings. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2015, 49(2): 221-229.
41. Guest JF, Staines K, Murphy N. Cost-effectiveness of using intermittent pneumatic compression to manage hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers in the UK. J Wound Care, 2021, 30(7): 544-552.
42. 中国微循环学会周围血管疾病专业委员会压力学组. 血管压力治疗中国专家共识 (2021版). 中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(17): 1214-1225.
43. Nicolaides AN. The benefits of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) throughout the progression of chronic venous disease. Adv Ther, 2020, 37(Suppl 1): 1-5.
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