吸入性肺炎相关危险因素研究进展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

 刘仁杰 , 刘丹

许昌市中心医院呼吸危重症二病区(河南许昌 461000);

Corresponding author：

刘仁杰, Email: liurenjie2010@126.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.2014157

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Citation： 刘仁杰, 刘丹. 吸入性肺炎相关危险因素研究进展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2014, 13(6): 628-632. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.2014157 Copy

1.	Ott SR,Lode H.Diagnosis and therapy of aspiration pneumonia.Dtsch Med Wochenschr,2006,131:624-628.
2.	Marik PE.Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia.N Engl J Med,2001,344:665-671.
3.	Mostafa G,Huynh T,Sing RF,et al.Gender-related outcomes in trauma.J Trauma,2002,53:430-434.
4.	Katzan IL,Cebul RD,Husak SH,et al.The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke.Neurology,2003,60:620-625.
5.	Aslanyan S,Weir CJ,Diener HC,et al.Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke:a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial.Eur J Neurol,2004,11:49-53.
6.	Walter U,Knoblich R,Steinhagen V,et al.Predictors of pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to a neurological intensive care unit.J Neurol,2007,254:1323-1329.
7.	Marik PE,Kaplan D.Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly.Chest,2003,124:328-336.
8.	Hilker R,Poetter C,Findeisen N,et al.Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke:implications for neurological intensive care medicine.Stroke,2003,34:975-981.
9.	Kwon HM,Jeong SW,Lee SH,et al.The pneumonia score:a simple grading scale for prediction of pneumonia after acute stroke.Am J Infect Control,2006,34:64-68.
10.	Sui R,Zhang L.Risk factors of stroke-associated pneumonia in Chinese patients.Neurol Res,2011,33:508-513.
11.	Frontera JA,Fernandez A,Claassen J,et al.Hyperglycemia after SAH:predictors,associated complications,and impact on outcome.Stroke,2006,37:199-203.
12.	Chumbler NR,Williams LS,Wells CK,et al.Derivation and validation of a clinical system for predicting pneumonia in acute stroke.Neuroepidemiology,2010,34:193-199.
13.	Sellars C,Bowie L,Bagg J,et al.Risk factors for chest infection in acute stroke:a prospective cohort study.Stroke,2007,38:2284-2291.
14.	van der Steen JT,Ooms ME,Mehr DR,et al.Severe dementia and adverse outcomes of nursing home-acquired pneumonia:evidence for mediation by functional and pathophysiological decline.J Am Geriatr Soc,2002,50:439-448.
15.	Wilson RD.Mortality and cost of pneumonia after stroke for different risk groups.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2012,21:61-67.
16.	Eom CS,Jeon CY,Lim JW,et al.Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia:a systematic review and meta-analysis.CMAJ,2011,183:310-319.
17.	Metheny NA.Risk factors for aspiration.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr,2002,26(6 Suppl):S26-S31.
18.	Gracies JM.Pathophysiology of impairment in patients with spasticity and use of stretch as a treatment of spastic hypertonia.Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am,2001,12:747-768.
19.	Hinchey JA,Shephard T,Furie K,et al.Formal dysphagia screening protocols prevent pneumonia.Stroke,2005,36:1972-1976.
20.	Martino R,Foley N,Bhogal S,et al.Dysphagia after stroke:incidence,diagnosis,and pulmonary complications.Stroke,2005,36:2756-2763.
21.	Feinberg MJ,Knebl J,Tully J.Prandial aspiration and pneumonia in an elderly population followed over 3 years.Dysphagia,1996,11:104-109.
22.	Schaller BJ,Graf R,Jacobs AH.Pathophysiological changes of the gastrointestinal tract in ischemic stroke.Am J Gastroenterol,2006,101:1655-1665.
23.	Ramsey DJ,Smithard DG,Kalra L.Early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients.Stroke,2003,34:1252-1257.
24.	van der Maarel-Wierink CD,Vanobbergen JN,Bronkhorst EM,et al.Meta-analysis of dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in frail elders.J Dent Res,2011,90:1398-1404.
25.	Ickenstein GW,Riecker A,Hohlig C,et al.Pneumonia and in-hospital mortality in the context of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (NOD) in stroke and a new NOD step-wise concept.J Neurol,2010,257:1492-1499.
26.	Ickenstein GW,Hohlig C,Prosiegel M,et al.Prediction of outcome in neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia within 72 hours of acute stroke.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2012,21:569-576.
27.	Zhou Z,Salle J,Daviet J,et al.Combined approach in bedside assessment of aspiration risk post stroke:PASS.Eur J Phys Rehabil Med,2011,47:441-446.
28.	Ebihara S,Kohzuki M,Sumi Y,et al.Sensory stimulation to improve swallowing reflex and prevent aspiration pneumonia in elderly dysphagic people.J Pharmacol Sci,2011,115:99-104.
29.	Schrock JW,Bernstein J,Glasenapp M,et al.A novel emergency department dysphagia screen for patients presenting with acute stroke.Acad Emerg Med,2011,18:584-589.
30.	Yeh SJ,Huang KY,Wang TG,et al.Dysphagia screening decreases pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit.J Neurol Sci,2011,306(1-2):38-41.
31.	Yoo SH,Kim JS,Kwon SU,et al.Undernutrition as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients.Arch Neurol,2008,65:39-43.
32.	Horner J,Massey EW,Riski JE,et al.Aspiration following stroke:clinical correlates and outcome.Neurology,1988,38:1359-1362.
33.	Chouinard J.Dysphagia in Alzheimer disease:a review.J Nutr Health Aging,2000,4:214-217.
34.	Nakajoh K,Nakagawa T,Sekizawa K,et al.Relation between incidence of pneumonia and protective reflexes in post-stroke patients with oral or tube feeding.J Intern Med,2000,247:39-42.
35.	Smith HC,Goldstein LB,Zajac DJ,et al.Assessment of aspiration risk in stroke patients with quantification of voluntary cough.Neurology,2001,56:502-506.
36.	Tzeng AC,Bach JR.Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease.Chest,2000,118:1390-1396.
37.	Ebihara S,Saito H,Kanda A,et al.Impaired efficacy of cough in patients with Parkinson disease.Chest,2003,124:1009-1015.
38.	Katsumata U,Sekizawa K,Ebihara T,et al.Aging effects on cough reflex.Chest,1995,107:290-291.
39.	Drakulovic MB,Torres A,Bauer TT,et al.Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients:a randomised trial.Lancet,1999,354:1851-1858.
40.	Neelakanta G,Chikyarappa A.A review of patients with pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during anesthesia reported to the Departmental Quality Assurance Committee.J Clin Anesth,2006,18:102-107.
41.	Arai T,Sekizawa K,Yoshimi N,et al.Cabergoline and silent aspiration in elderly patients with stroke.J Am Geriatr Soc,2003,51:1815-1816.
42.	Slowik A,Turaj W,Iskra T,et al.Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke:prevalence,clinical correlates,and prognostic significance.Cerebrovasc Dis,2002,14:15-21.
43.	Dziedzic T,Pera J,Klimkowicz A,et al.Serum albumin level and nosocomial pneumonia in stroke patients.Eur J Neurol,2006,13:299-301.
44.	Dziedzic T,Pera J,Wnuk M,et al.Serum albumin as a determinant of cortisol release in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Atherosclerosis,2012,221:212-214.
45.	Howard RJ,Simmons RL.Acquired immunologic deficiencies after trauma and surgical procedures.Surg Gynecol Obstet,1974,139:771-782.
46.	Dziedzic T,Pera J,Slowik A,et al.Hypoalbuminemia in acute ischemic stroke patients:frequency and correlates.Eur J Clin Nutr,2007,61:1318-1322.
47.	de Aguilar-Nascimento JE,Prado Silveira BR,Dock-Nascimento DB.Early enteral nutrition with whey protein or casein in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke:a double-blind randomized trial.Nutrition,2011,27:440-444.
48.	Hegazi RA,Wischmeyer PE.Clinical review:Optimizing enteral nutrition for critically ill patients--a simple data-driven formula.Crit Care,2011,15:234.
49.	Langdon PC,Lee AH,Binns CW.High incidence of respiratory infections in 'nil by mouth' tube-fed acute ischemic stroke patients.Neuroepidemiology,2009,32:107-113.
50.	Lee JS,Kwok T,Chui PY,et al.Can continuous pump feeding reduce the incidence of pneumonia in nasogastric tube-fed patients? A randomized controlled trial.Clin Nutr,2010,29:453-458.
51.	Leder SB,Suiter DM.Effect of nasogastric tubes on incidence of aspiration.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2008,89:648-651.
52.	Pongprasobchai S,Kridkratoke S,Nopmaneejumruslers C.Proton pump inhibitors for the prevention of stress-related mucosal disease in critically-ill patients:a meta-analysis.J Med Assoc Thai,2009,92:632-637.
53.	Herzig SJ,Howell MD,Ngo LH,et al.Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia.JAMA,2009,301:2120-2128.
54.	Beaulieu M,Williamson D,Sirois C,et al.Do proton-pump inhibitors increase the risk for nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit? J Crit Care,2008,23:513-518.
55.	Valencia M,Badia JR,Cavalcanti M,et al.Pneumonia severity index class v patients with community-acquired pneumonia:characteristics,outcomes,and value of severity scores.Chest,2007,132:515-522.
56.	Marciniak C,Korutz AW,Lin E,et al.Examination of selected clinical factors and medication use as risk factors for pneumonia during stroke rehabilitation:a case-control study.Am J Phys Med Rehabil,2009,88:30-38.
57.	Japanese Respiratory Society.Aspiration pneumonia.Respirology,2009,14 Suppl 2:S59-S64.
58.	Pikus L,Levine MS,Yang YX,et al.Videofluoroscopic studies of swallowing dysfunction and the relative risk of pneumonia.AJR Am J Roentgenol,2003,180:1613-1616.
59.	Terpenning M.Geriatric oral health and pneumonia risk.Clin Infect Dis,2005,40:1807-1810.
60.	Ishikawa A,Yoneyama T,Hirota K,et al.Professional oral health care reduces the number of oropharyngeal bacteria.J Dent Res,2008,87:594-598.
61.	Scannapieco FA.Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection.J Periodontol,1999,70:793-802.
62.	Yoneyama T,Yoshida M,Ohrui T,et al.Oral care reduces pneumonia in older patients in nursing homes.J Am Geriatr Soc,2002,50:430-433.
63.	Westendorp WF,Nederkoorn PJ,Vermeij JD,et al.Post-stroke infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Neurol,2011,11:110.
64.	Bakheit AM.Management of neurogenic dysphagia.Postgrad Med J,2001,77:694-699.
65.	Troche MS,Okun MS,Rosenbek JC,et al.Aspiration and swallowing in Parkinson disease and rehabilitation with EMST:a randomized trial.Neurology,2010,75:1912-1919.
66.	Dirnagl U,Klehmet J,Braun JS,et al.Stroke-induced immunodepression:experimental evidence and clinical relevance.Stroke,2007,38(2 Suppl):770-773.
67.	Prass K,Braun JS,Dirnagl U,et al.Stroke propagates bacterial aspiration to pneumonia in a model of cerebral ischemia.Stroke,2006,37:2607-2612.
68.	Klehmet J,Harms H,Richter M,et al.Stroke-induced immunodepression and post-stroke infections:lessons from the preventive antibacterial therapy in stroke trial.Neuroscience,2009,158:1184-1193.
69.	Darwiche G,Almer LO,Bjorgell O,et al.Delayed gastric emptying rate in Type 1 diabetics with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.J Diabetes Complications,2001,15:128-134.
70.	Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL,García-Fernandez FP,Ramírez-Pérez C.Complications associated with enteral nutrition by nasogastric tube in an internal medicine unit.J Clin Nurs,2001,10:482-490.
71.	Ros L,Garcia M,Prat J,et al.Predictors of nosocomial infection in acute stroke.Relation with morbimortality and outcome.Med Clin (Barc),2007,128:441-447.
72.	Dziedzic T,Slowik A,Pera J,et al.Association between hyperglycemia,heart failure and mortality in stroke patients.Eur J Neurol,2009,16:251-256.
73.	Matsuyama T,Okuchi K,Nishiguchi T,et al.Neurogenic pulmonary edema caused by a medulla oblongata lesion after head trauma.J Trauma,2007,63:700-702.

1. Ott SR,Lode H.Diagnosis and therapy of aspiration pneumonia.Dtsch Med Wochenschr,2006,131:624-628.
2. Marik PE.Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia.N Engl J Med,2001,344:665-671.
3. Mostafa G,Huynh T,Sing RF,et al.Gender-related outcomes in trauma.J Trauma,2002,53:430-434.
4. Katzan IL,Cebul RD,Husak SH,et al.The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke.Neurology,2003,60:620-625.
5. Aslanyan S,Weir CJ,Diener HC,et al.Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke:a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial.Eur J Neurol,2004,11:49-53.
6. Walter U,Knoblich R,Steinhagen V,et al.Predictors of pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to a neurological intensive care unit.J Neurol,2007,254:1323-1329.
7. Marik PE,Kaplan D.Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly.Chest,2003,124:328-336.
8. Hilker R,Poetter C,Findeisen N,et al.Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke:implications for neurological intensive care medicine.Stroke,2003,34:975-981.
9. Kwon HM,Jeong SW,Lee SH,et al.The pneumonia score:a simple grading scale for prediction of pneumonia after acute stroke.Am J Infect Control,2006,34:64-68.
10. Sui R,Zhang L.Risk factors of stroke-associated pneumonia in Chinese patients.Neurol Res,2011,33:508-513.
11. Frontera JA,Fernandez A,Claassen J,et al.Hyperglycemia after SAH:predictors,associated complications,and impact on outcome.Stroke,2006,37:199-203.
12. Chumbler NR,Williams LS,Wells CK,et al.Derivation and validation of a clinical system for predicting pneumonia in acute stroke.Neuroepidemiology,2010,34:193-199.
13. Sellars C,Bowie L,Bagg J,et al.Risk factors for chest infection in acute stroke:a prospective cohort study.Stroke,2007,38:2284-2291.
14. van der Steen JT,Ooms ME,Mehr DR,et al.Severe dementia and adverse outcomes of nursing home-acquired pneumonia:evidence for mediation by functional and pathophysiological decline.J Am Geriatr Soc,2002,50:439-448.
15. Wilson RD.Mortality and cost of pneumonia after stroke for different risk groups.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2012,21:61-67.
16. Eom CS,Jeon CY,Lim JW,et al.Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia:a systematic review and meta-analysis.CMAJ,2011,183:310-319.
17. Metheny NA.Risk factors for aspiration.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr,2002,26(6 Suppl):S26-S31.
18. Gracies JM.Pathophysiology of impairment in patients with spasticity and use of stretch as a treatment of spastic hypertonia.Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am,2001,12:747-768.
19. Hinchey JA,Shephard T,Furie K,et al.Formal dysphagia screening protocols prevent pneumonia.Stroke,2005,36:1972-1976.
20. Martino R,Foley N,Bhogal S,et al.Dysphagia after stroke:incidence,diagnosis,and pulmonary complications.Stroke,2005,36:2756-2763.
21. Feinberg MJ,Knebl J,Tully J.Prandial aspiration and pneumonia in an elderly population followed over 3 years.Dysphagia,1996,11:104-109.
22. Schaller BJ,Graf R,Jacobs AH.Pathophysiological changes of the gastrointestinal tract in ischemic stroke.Am J Gastroenterol,2006,101:1655-1665.
23. Ramsey DJ,Smithard DG,Kalra L.Early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients.Stroke,2003,34:1252-1257.
24. van der Maarel-Wierink CD,Vanobbergen JN,Bronkhorst EM,et al.Meta-analysis of dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in frail elders.J Dent Res,2011,90:1398-1404.
25. Ickenstein GW,Riecker A,Hohlig C,et al.Pneumonia and in-hospital mortality in the context of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (NOD) in stroke and a new NOD step-wise concept.J Neurol,2010,257:1492-1499.
26. Ickenstein GW,Hohlig C,Prosiegel M,et al.Prediction of outcome in neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia within 72 hours of acute stroke.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2012,21:569-576.
27. Zhou Z,Salle J,Daviet J,et al.Combined approach in bedside assessment of aspiration risk post stroke:PASS.Eur J Phys Rehabil Med,2011,47:441-446.
28. Ebihara S,Kohzuki M,Sumi Y,et al.Sensory stimulation to improve swallowing reflex and prevent aspiration pneumonia in elderly dysphagic people.J Pharmacol Sci,2011,115:99-104.
29. Schrock JW,Bernstein J,Glasenapp M,et al.A novel emergency department dysphagia screen for patients presenting with acute stroke.Acad Emerg Med,2011,18:584-589.
30. Yeh SJ,Huang KY,Wang TG,et al.Dysphagia screening decreases pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit.J Neurol Sci,2011,306(1-2):38-41.
31. Yoo SH,Kim JS,Kwon SU,et al.Undernutrition as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients.Arch Neurol,2008,65:39-43.
32. Horner J,Massey EW,Riski JE,et al.Aspiration following stroke:clinical correlates and outcome.Neurology,1988,38:1359-1362.
33. Chouinard J.Dysphagia in Alzheimer disease:a review.J Nutr Health Aging,2000,4:214-217.
34. Nakajoh K,Nakagawa T,Sekizawa K,et al.Relation between incidence of pneumonia and protective reflexes in post-stroke patients with oral or tube feeding.J Intern Med,2000,247:39-42.
35. Smith HC,Goldstein LB,Zajac DJ,et al.Assessment of aspiration risk in stroke patients with quantification of voluntary cough.Neurology,2001,56:502-506.
36. Tzeng AC,Bach JR.Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease.Chest,2000,118:1390-1396.
37. Ebihara S,Saito H,Kanda A,et al.Impaired efficacy of cough in patients with Parkinson disease.Chest,2003,124:1009-1015.
38. Katsumata U,Sekizawa K,Ebihara T,et al.Aging effects on cough reflex.Chest,1995,107:290-291.
39. Drakulovic MB,Torres A,Bauer TT,et al.Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients:a randomised trial.Lancet,1999,354:1851-1858.
40. Neelakanta G,Chikyarappa A.A review of patients with pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during anesthesia reported to the Departmental Quality Assurance Committee.J Clin Anesth,2006,18:102-107.
41. Arai T,Sekizawa K,Yoshimi N,et al.Cabergoline and silent aspiration in elderly patients with stroke.J Am Geriatr Soc,2003,51:1815-1816.
42. Slowik A,Turaj W,Iskra T,et al.Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke:prevalence,clinical correlates,and prognostic significance.Cerebrovasc Dis,2002,14:15-21.
43. Dziedzic T,Pera J,Klimkowicz A,et al.Serum albumin level and nosocomial pneumonia in stroke patients.Eur J Neurol,2006,13:299-301.
44. Dziedzic T,Pera J,Wnuk M,et al.Serum albumin as a determinant of cortisol release in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Atherosclerosis,2012,221:212-214.
45. Howard RJ,Simmons RL.Acquired immunologic deficiencies after trauma and surgical procedures.Surg Gynecol Obstet,1974,139:771-782.
46. Dziedzic T,Pera J,Slowik A,et al.Hypoalbuminemia in acute ischemic stroke patients:frequency and correlates.Eur J Clin Nutr,2007,61:1318-1322.
47. de Aguilar-Nascimento JE,Prado Silveira BR,Dock-Nascimento DB.Early enteral nutrition with whey protein or casein in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke:a double-blind randomized trial.Nutrition,2011,27:440-444.
48. Hegazi RA,Wischmeyer PE.Clinical review:Optimizing enteral nutrition for critically ill patients--a simple data-driven formula.Crit Care,2011,15:234.
49. Langdon PC,Lee AH,Binns CW.High incidence of respiratory infections in 'nil by mouth' tube-fed acute ischemic stroke patients.Neuroepidemiology,2009,32:107-113.
50. Lee JS,Kwok T,Chui PY,et al.Can continuous pump feeding reduce the incidence of pneumonia in nasogastric tube-fed patients? A randomized controlled trial.Clin Nutr,2010,29:453-458.
51. Leder SB,Suiter DM.Effect of nasogastric tubes on incidence of aspiration.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2008,89:648-651.
52. Pongprasobchai S,Kridkratoke S,Nopmaneejumruslers C.Proton pump inhibitors for the prevention of stress-related mucosal disease in critically-ill patients:a meta-analysis.J Med Assoc Thai,2009,92:632-637.
53. Herzig SJ,Howell MD,Ngo LH,et al.Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia.JAMA,2009,301:2120-2128.
54. Beaulieu M,Williamson D,Sirois C,et al.Do proton-pump inhibitors increase the risk for nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit? J Crit Care,2008,23:513-518.
55. Valencia M,Badia JR,Cavalcanti M,et al.Pneumonia severity index class v patients with community-acquired pneumonia:characteristics,outcomes,and value of severity scores.Chest,2007,132:515-522.
56. Marciniak C,Korutz AW,Lin E,et al.Examination of selected clinical factors and medication use as risk factors for pneumonia during stroke rehabilitation:a case-control study.Am J Phys Med Rehabil,2009,88:30-38.
57. Japanese Respiratory Society.Aspiration pneumonia.Respirology,2009,14 Suppl 2:S59-S64.
58. Pikus L,Levine MS,Yang YX,et al.Videofluoroscopic studies of swallowing dysfunction and the relative risk of pneumonia.AJR Am J Roentgenol,2003,180:1613-1616.
59. Terpenning M.Geriatric oral health and pneumonia risk.Clin Infect Dis,2005,40:1807-1810.
60. Ishikawa A,Yoneyama T,Hirota K,et al.Professional oral health care reduces the number of oropharyngeal bacteria.J Dent Res,2008,87:594-598.
61. Scannapieco FA.Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection.J Periodontol,1999,70:793-802.
62. Yoneyama T,Yoshida M,Ohrui T,et al.Oral care reduces pneumonia in older patients in nursing homes.J Am Geriatr Soc,2002,50:430-433.
63. Westendorp WF,Nederkoorn PJ,Vermeij JD,et al.Post-stroke infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Neurol,2011,11:110.
64. Bakheit AM.Management of neurogenic dysphagia.Postgrad Med J,2001,77:694-699.
65. Troche MS,Okun MS,Rosenbek JC,et al.Aspiration and swallowing in Parkinson disease and rehabilitation with EMST:a randomized trial.Neurology,2010,75:1912-1919.
66. Dirnagl U,Klehmet J,Braun JS,et al.Stroke-induced immunodepression:experimental evidence and clinical relevance.Stroke,2007,38(2 Suppl):770-773.
67. Prass K,Braun JS,Dirnagl U,et al.Stroke propagates bacterial aspiration to pneumonia in a model of cerebral ischemia.Stroke,2006,37:2607-2612.
68. Klehmet J,Harms H,Richter M,et al.Stroke-induced immunodepression and post-stroke infections:lessons from the preventive antibacterial therapy in stroke trial.Neuroscience,2009,158:1184-1193.
69. Darwiche G,Almer LO,Bjorgell O,et al.Delayed gastric emptying rate in Type 1 diabetics with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.J Diabetes Complications,2001,15:128-134.
70. Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL,García-Fernandez FP,Ramírez-Pérez C.Complications associated with enteral nutrition by nasogastric tube in an internal medicine unit.J Clin Nurs,2001,10:482-490.
71. Ros L,Garcia M,Prat J,et al.Predictors of nosocomial infection in acute stroke.Relation with morbimortality and outcome.Med Clin (Barc),2007,128:441-447.
72. Dziedzic T,Slowik A,Pera J,et al.Association between hyperglycemia,heart failure and mortality in stroke patients.Eur J Neurol,2009,16:251-256.
73. Matsuyama T,Okuchi K,Nishiguchi T,et al.Neurogenic pulmonary edema caused by a medulla oblongata lesion after head trauma.J Trauma,2007,63:700-702.

Previous Article
变应性支气管肺曲霉病一例
Next Article
慢性阻塞性肺疾病表型研究进展

Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

吸入性肺炎相关危险因素研究进展

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content